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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Work and general psychological and physical well-being.

This article describes a study of the influence of job factors (e.g. job control, pay, etc.) on job attitudes (satisfaction, alienation, stress) as well as the joint influence of job factors and job attitudes on general psychological and physical well-being. Satisfaction/alienation and felt stress were found to be two different modes of response to work. Prestige, control, variety, and opportunity for promotion were powerful predictors of satisfaction/alienation. Number of deadlines and job overlap with family life were important predictors of stress. The job factors and job attitudes showed substantively important relationships to general well-being. The testing of various alternate hypotheses supported the inference of a causal work-health link. Implications of the findings are that work must be viewed in a wider context than simply as a form of economic activity if the well-being of the population is to be improved and that a focus on individual "life-styles" as causes of lowered well-being leads to neglect of the underlying social structural bases of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities.

This investigation was designed to study the influence of simple sensory perceptual ability (tactile perception) on various human abilities such as language acquisition, visuo-spatial problem solving, concept formation, motor skills, memory, and learning. Children with documented evidence of impaired brain functions (seizure disorder and corresponding EEG abnormality) and children without evidence or suspicion of neurological impairment were examined. The results suggest that tactile perceptual ability exerts a significant effect on the adequacy of a broad range of human abilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic neuralgia.

A double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial was carried out in 25 patients with post-herpetic neuralgia to determine the efficacy and tolerability of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') compared with placebo. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment with either 'Cronassial' (100 mg in 2 ml buffered solution) or placebo given by 11 subcutaneous injections over a period of 27 days, and their symptoms assessed on entry and after 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The four aspects of pain considered (overall pain, hyperaesthesia, stabbing pain and constant ache) all showed maintained reductions in severity with 'Cronassial' treatment, but not with placebo. In the case of hyperaesthesia, this difference between treatments was statistically significant (both during and after the course of injections), even with the relatively small number of patients in this study. Sleep patterns showed significant sustained improvements with 'Cronassial', but not with placebo treatment. Other psychological assessments (general psychological state, appetite and mood) showed little difference between 'Cronassial' and placebo treatment. Although 'Cronassial' was well tolerated systemically, 1 of the 12 patients was withdrawn because of general malaise, and 5 patients had local pain at the injection sites. Two of these 5 patients were withdrawn from the study. There were no withdrawals in the placebo group. It is suggested that further studies employing greater numbers of patients should be carried out to confirm the efficacy of gangliosides in improving symptoms of patients with post-herpetic neuralgia.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Psychological effects of symptoms associated with labyrinthitis. a case study.

The psychological effects of postviral labyrinthitis in a patient who had been undergoing intensive psychotherapy are reported. The mildness of the physiological symptome was in contrast to the magnitude of the psychological consequences. The general psychological effects of illness on the patient are differentiated from the specific psychological correlates of vertiginous symptoms. The factors that contributed to the psychological effects and the psychological impact of these symptoms are discussed. There is a special potency to the cited effects in patients with specific personality characteristics.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1991

A two-factor model of caregiving appraisal and psychological well-being.

Groups of spouse (N = 285) and adult child (N = 244) caregivers of elderly parents suffering from Alzheimer's disease were interviewed regarding their caregiving behaviors, evaluations of caregiving, and general psychological well-being. A model of caregiving dynamics where the objective stressor, caregiver resources, and subjective appraisal of caregiving (operationalized as caregiving satisfaction and burden) were studied as they affected both positive affect and depression was tested. For spouses, caregiving satisfaction was not related to aspects of the stressor, but was a significant determinant of positive affect. Among adult children, high levels of caregiving behavior resulted in both greater caregiving satisfaction and burden. Burden, in turn, was related to depression in both groups but, among adult child caregivers, positive affect was not affected by caregiving satisfaction. Limited support was found for the hypothesis that the positive and negative aspects of caregiving contributed to analogous aspects of generalized psychological well-being but not to the opposite-valence outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Patterns of appraisal and coping across different stressor conditions among former prisoners of war with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.

Little is known about how survivors of extreme events cope with traumatic memories and subsequent negative life experiences. The present study compared (a) repatriated prisoners of war (RPWs) from World War II (WW II) with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (b) RPWs without PTSD, and (c) noncombat veterans on measures of general psychological functioning, appraisal, and coping. Appraisal and coping were assessed under 2 stressor conditions: memories of war/captivity and recent negative life events. RPWs with PTSD reported poorer general psychological functioning; significantly less control over memories of WW II: and more frequent use of self-isolation, wishful thinking, self-blame, and social support in an effort to cope with these memories than did the 2 comparison groups. Fewer between-groups differences were found for the recent stressor condition. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that may explain the perseverance of coping difficulties associated with PTSD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Clinical psychology and general practice.

General practitioners who secure the collaboration of a clinical psychologist in treating patients, especially in a community setting, are likely to benefit the patients and themselves. Transfer of skills may be an important way for the two professions to collaborate. Health promotion could be a fruitful field for collaboration but has so far been little explored.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1992

Quality of life with three antihypertensive treatments. Cilazapril, atenolol, nifedipine.

A multicenter, randomized double-blind study of 6 months' duration was performed in 540 patients (average age 54 years, 57% male) with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension to determine the relative effects on quality of life of cilazapril, atenolol, and nifedipine retard. Quality of life was assessed by using both a self-administered and an interviewer-administered questionnaire; the assessment included a complaint score (symptoms checklist), Health Status Index, assessment of work satisfaction, Psychological General Well-being Index, Profile of Mood States subscales, and life satisfaction assessment. Psychomotor function was measured by the Reitan Trail Making test B. At the end of the trial, diastolic blood pressure had fallen by an average of 15 mm Hg in all three groups, but significantly (p = 0.01) more patients taking cilazapril required the addition of a diuretic (36%) compared with those taking atenolol (25%) or nifedipine retard (24%). No significant differences in quality of life were observed between cilazapril and atenolol during the trial. Symptomatic complaints increased on nifedipine retard (p = 0.02) and contributed to a higher discontinuation rate (21% discontinued treatment compared with 13% and 14% taking atenolol and cilazapril, respectively, p = 0.04). However, a possible improvement in the fatigue subscale (p = 0.04) was also observed on nifedipine retard. The 95% confidence intervals showed that none of the drugs in this trial produced an effect equivalent to that previously reported between captopril and methyldopa in the Psychological General Well Being Index or between captopril and methyldopa or propranolol in Trail Making test B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1976

Juvenile delinquency and the psychology of general deterrence.

The study was concerned with the relevance of the judicial concept of general deterrence of juvenile delinquency. A comparison of attitudes of high-school boys, in areas of low and high delinquency, towards the likelihood of apprehension and the painfulness of punishment for criminal offences, and of the boys' factual knowledge of judicial punishment, did not support the hypothesis that potential juvenile offenders are deterred by fear of apprehension and punishment, or by having an objective knowledge of penal measures. The attitudes of the boys were found to vary with different combinations of socio-economic status and delinquency levels in their geographic areas. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It was concluded that prevention of juvenile delinquency should be based on the acquisition of appropriate social values at home and in school, and not on fear of judicial retribution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of psychological care in general practice.

OBJECTIVE: To pilot a method of assessing psychological care by general practitioners. DESIGN: Prospective examination of psychological care given in general practice by using general health questionnaire with predetermined quantifiable and case specific indices of outcome established at the original consultation. SETTING: Rural general practice in Clwyd, North Wales. SUBJECTS: 447 consecutive adult general practice attenders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three month follow up consultation rates, one year retrospective consultation rates, continuity of care, changes in general health questionnaire scores at follow up, general satisfaction, and acceptability of outcome measures. RESULTS: The principal and trainee identified 72 patients with psychological problems, 46 of whom had new conditions. 133 patients scored over 6 on the 28 item general health questionnaire, 33 of whom were identified as new cases by the general practitioners. 62 patients were seen at follow up, including 23 patients identified by the questionnaire but not by the doctor. The doctors used diagnostic terms to describe the presenting condition in 38 cases. At three month follow up the general health questionnaire scores had fallen by more than 5 points in 22/39 patients identified and managed by doctors and 11/23 identified by the questionnaire. The agreed index of good outcome was almost or completely achieved by 20 of the 39 patients managed by doctors. CONCLUSION: Quantifiable methods of evaluating the quality of the structure, process, and outcome of psychological care can be achieved in general practice.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1991

Effects of parent training on families of children with mental retardation: increased burden or generalized benefit?

Parents of children with mental retardation have become increasingly involved in special education, including training programs to facilitate teaching at home. Although some writers have argued that families accrue generalized psychological benefits of such participation, others have cautioned that the result may be increasing the burden of child-rearing. Forty-nine families of children with mental retardation were assessed before and after a parent training program, on a variety of parent, marital, and family measures. Parents reported high satisfaction with the program and showed small but statistically significant decreases in reports of symptoms of depression, parent and family problems, overall family stress, and dissatisfaction with the family's adaptability. Family characteristics were also predictive of teaching at home one year following training. The families that reported doing the least productive teaching had entered training reporting greater child-related stress and lower satisfaction with the marriage and the family.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The effects of moderate exercise training on psychological well-being and mood state in women.

The relationship between moderate exercise training (five 45 min sessions/week, brisk walking at 62 beta +/- 2% VO2max for 15 weeks, psychological well-being and mood state was investigated in a group of 35 sedentary, mildly obese women. A 2 (exercise (EX) (N = 18), and nonexercise (NEX) (N = 17) groups) x 3 (baseline, 6-week, 15-week testing sessions) factorial design was used with data analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Four psychological tests were administered: Daily Hassles Scale (DHS), General Well-being Schedule (GWB), Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (S-Anxiety), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). The EX and NEX groups had significantly different patterns of change over time for GWB total scores [F(2,66) = 5.72, p = 0.005] and the GWB subscales 'energy level' and 'freedom from health concern or worry'. Scores for the EX group were elevated at both 6 and 15 weeks. General well-being total scores and subscale 'energy level' scores were significantly correlated with improvement in submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness (r = -0.41, p = 0.014; r = -0.40, p = 0.017, respectively). Exercise training also had a significant effect on frequency but not intensity of DHS scores, and S-Anxiety, with a significant decrease seen in the EX group at 6 weeks but not 15 weeks. Profile of Mood States scores were not significantly related to exercise training. These data support the results of other studies that have reported improvement in general psychological well-being with exercise training.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Sleep quality subtypes in midlife women.

Eighty-two midlife women (40-59 years) were classified as poor or good sleepers according to either self-reported sleep quality or a sleep efficiency index (SEI) criterion, for comparison of wakefulness, fragmentation and other somnographic sleep variables; as well as psychological (SCL-90) and somatic symptom distress. When classified solely by self-report, the good and poor sleeper groups did not differ on any somnographic variables but self-declared poor sleepers had higher psychological distress scores than good sleepers (p less than or equal to 0.01). When classified solely by the SEI criterion, the good and poor sleepers did not differ on psychological distress but, as expected, differed on various somnographic wakefulness as well as rapid eye movement and stage 2 sleep variables. Further analysis of four subgroups derived by combining objective and subjective, good and poor sleep scores indicated that 15% of this sample (n = 12) perceived but had no objective evidence of poor sleep, and this group scored highest in psychological distress. Only seven women perceived poor sleep in concert with demonstrating low SEI. They scored highest in menopausal symptoms but not in general psychological distress.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Medico-psychological treatment of retentive encopresis].

A 'behavioral pediatric' approach applied to the treatment of children with chronic retentive encopresis is reported. The treatment program, based on behavioral psychological principles, in which the parents participate, is found to be highly effective in eliminating the problem of encopresis. However, it will be shown through casuistry that general psychological functioning in children can affect the course of the therapeutic process. Both 'somatic' attitudes and psychological obstacles need to be taken into account. Unbiased diagnostics and more differentiated therapeutic indications are necessary conditions for a favourable outcome of treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗