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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of methionine-enkephalin on nitric oxide release in mice is age and gender related.

Gender- and age-related differences in nitric oxide (NO) release and in response to drugs of abuse has been reported in both humans and experimental animals. So far, we have demonstrated in vivo methionine-enkephalin- (MENK-) modulated NO release in mice. However, no data on the influence of age and gender on this immunomodulatory effect of MENK have been reported. In this study we examined the influence of age (2, 4, 8 month old mice) and gender (male and female mice) on MENK-induced NO release of mouse peritoneal macrophages (PEMs) of the CBA strain of mice. NO release was not age but was gender related in that males generally produced more NO than females. The effect of MENK on NO release was age (demonstrated only in mature 4 and 8 month old mice) and gender related in that it could be observed only in female mice. Apoptotic cells that paralleled the increase of NO in MENK-treated female mice were, however, observed also in male mice although MENK was in males without effect. These data provide evidence that some immunomodulatory properties of MENK are age and gender related which may be relevant to the potential use of MENK in adjuvant therapy for immunocompromised status.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Gender-related traits and gender ideology: evidence for a multifactorial theory.

Male (n = 95) and female (n = 221) college students were given 2 measures of gender-related personality traits, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and 3 measures of sex role attitudes. Correlations between the personality and the attitude measures were traced to responses to the pair of negatively correlated BSRI items, masculine and feminine, thus confirming a multifactorial approach to gender, as opposed to a unifactorial gender schema theory.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Gender related and dexamethasone induced differences in the mRNA levels of the MRF genes in rat anterior tibial skeletal muscle.

Muscle formation and postnatal growth is under the control of the muscle regulatory factors (MRF) gene family, consisting of four genes: MyoD1, myogenin, myf-5, and myf-6. Muscle mass is also known to be affected by specific drugs, like glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have also been characterized as muscle atrophying agents. However, glucocorticoids are also the only drugs reported to have a beneficial effect on the treatment of muscle degenerative disorders. Since muscle mass relates to gender, this may be partially caused by gender. The aim of this study is to investigate gender-related basal and dexamethasone-induced expression of the MRF genes. Gender-specific MRF mRNA levels were investigated in anterior tibial muscles of the rat. Myogenin, myf-5, and myf-6 mRNA level was significantly higher in female rats than in male rats. Since muscle mass is usually higher in males, we conclude that the development of gender-related differences in muscle mass is not primarily under the control of the mRNA levels of the MRF genes. Male rats treated with dexamethasone for 14 days (1 mg per kg body weight) showed increased levels of MyoD1, myogenin and myf-5 compared to control male rats. Female rats treated with dexamethasone showed decreased expression of myf-6 compared to control female rats. These results suggest that dexamethasone increase satellite cell-specific MRF activity in male muscle tissue, which is suggested to be associated with muscle hypertrophy, while maintenance of muscle tissue is affected in female muscle tissue. Therefore, we conclude that both basal and dexamethasone-induced MRF gene mRNA levels are regulated gender-specific.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Age-related and gender-related changes in monaural speech recognition.

Previous studies of older listeners suggest age-related declines in speech recognition. However, the interpretation of these results is not straightforward because auditory thresholds, which account for the largest proportion of the variance in speech-recognition scores, also vary considerably with age. Here, effects of age, gender, and auditory thresholds on several measures of speech recognition were assessed for a large sample of individuals enrolled in a longitudinal study of age-related hearing loss. Participants ranged in age from 55-84 years. They were evaluated with a battery of conventional audiometric measures and speech-recognition materials, including NU-6 monosyllabic words, Synthetic Sentence Identification sentences, and high-context and low-context sentences from the Speech Perception in Noise test. Two analyses were conducted to assure that changes in speech-recognition scores with age were examined independently of age-related changes in auditory thresholds. In the first analysis, no significant differences in speech recognition were observed for individuals in three age groups (55-64, 65-74, 75-84 years) who were selected so that average puretone thresholds for the groups were within 5 dB. In the second analysis, using partial correlations to adjust both score and age for their association with average thresholds, significant declines with age were observed for males in maximum word recognition, maximum synthetic sentence identification, and keyword recognition in high-context sentences. For females, no significant changes in speech recognition with age were observed for any test.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Age-related and gender-related occurrence of pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the various types of pituitary adenomas according to sex and age group. Few studies have attempted such an analysis, and most have focused on specific age groups, especially children. Recent data suggest that the frequency of different types of pituitary adenomas varies according to age and sex. DESIGN: A retrospective review of the records of 2230 patients who underwent surgery for a pituitary adenoma at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), between January 1969 and June 1993. METHODS: The distribution of tumours was analysed according to age at surgery, sex, and the clinical phenotype of the tumour. Age groups were defined as the decades of life. RESULTS: Prolactinomas were the most common tumours (39%), followed by endocrine-inactive adenomas, growth-hormone-releasing adenomas, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone-releasing adenomas causing Cushing's disease; ACTH-releasing adenomas causing Nelson's syndrome and thyrotrophin (TSH)-releasing adenomas were rare. The female-to-male ratio differed considerably between the various adenoma types and between age groups. Prolactinomas, ACTH-releasing adenomas, and TSH-releasing adenomas occurred mostly in females; endocrine-inactive and GH-releasing adenomas occurred mostly in males. In older age groups, all adenoma types, except for endocrine-inactive adenomas, tended to assume a more balanced gender distribution. Among patients with prolactinomas, endocrine-inactive, ACTH-releasing, and to a lesser extent GH-releasing adenomas, the greatest discrepancy in gender distribution seemed to coincide with the peak occurrence of each tumour type. The peak occurrence was from the second to the fifth decade of life for prolactinomas and from the fourth to the eighth decade for endocrine-inactive adenomas. GH-releasing, ACTH-releasing, and TSH-releasing adenomas were more evenly distributed throughout the adult life span. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of pituitary adenomas varies greatly according to age and sex. The various adenoma types have their peak occurrence in distinctly different age groups and differ greatly in their female-to-male ratios. The female-to-male ratio for a given adenoma type varies greatly with age.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender relations and housing: a cross-community analysis.

Housing is not only a technological product, it is also a product of culture and gender relations. Gender differentiation in the means adopted to meet basic needs, access to religious spaces, social interaction, ownership and inheritance systems is reflected in built technology, affecting housing elements like the quality and size of space. And just as gender differentiation affects the structure of the house, so also the structure of the house reveals existing hierarchies and perpetuates different access to opportunities. It adds to difficulties in sharing household responsibility and comes in the way of efficiently running the household, affecting women's health and reinforcing existing gender relations. This paper studies gender relations as they affect housing in the case of the Newar community of Khokana village in Nepal. To highlight key points, illustrative examples are taken from a Karen and an Isan village in Thailand.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

The state and the egalitarian, ecclesiastical and liberal regimes of gender relations.

In this paper I attempt to construct a comparative analytical framework for the study of the state as a social relation and the regulation of gender relations. The first part of my analytical framework involves an analysis of the women's movement as an agent of political change. In the second part of my analytical framework, three typologies of regimes of gender relations are developed in order to capture the essential features of gender relations in different countries. These typologies are the egalitarian regime of gender relations, the ecclesiastical regime of gender relations and the liberal regime of gender relations. The final part of the comparative analytical framework involves an analysis of the dynamics of transformation of regimes and transition to new regimes. The main contribution of my typologies is that they analyse, on the one hand, how gender relations are regulated by the state in different parts of the economy (social reproduction included) that are relatively autonomous and identify, on the other hand, how social forces influence the nature of the state as a regulator of gender relations.

Europe↗
PubMed1981

Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior.

Gender identity depends largely on postnatal environmental influences, while sex-dimorphic behavior and temperamental sex differences appear to be modified by prenatal sex hormones. A role of the prenatal endocrine milieu in the development of erotic partner preference, as in hetero-, homo-, or bisexual orientation, or of cognitive sex differences has not been conclusively demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Gender-related differences in the antinociceptive properties of morphine.

As part of an effort to examine gender-related differences in the abuse liability of morphine, the present parametric study was undertaken to systematically establish whether there are gender-related differences in the antinociceptive activity of morphine in rats. Our results showed that male rats were uniformly more sensitive to the antinociceptive properties of morphine than were females in three different assays, i.e., the hot-plate, tail-flick and abdominal-constriction tests. This enhanced sensitivity to morphine was reflected in the peak antinociceptive effect, the magnitude of antinociception (i.e., area under the time-action curve), the duration of the antinociceptive response and the 50% effective dose. These differences appear to reflect markedly enhanced central nervous system sensitivity to morphine in males, compared with females, because we observed no gender-linked differences in serum levels of morphine after its injection, at the time when peak antinociceptive effects were observed. Furthermore, these gender-related differences appear to be reflected in antinociception thought to be mediated by both spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. Finally, our results suggest that the acute effects of steroids play little role in the gender-related differences observed, because short-term castration did not alter the gender-related differences we observed. Rather, it appears more probable that the organizational effects of steroids during critical periods in development, which determine gender-related distinctions, may be significant in the male-female differences we have observed. In view of a great deal of largely anecdotal data for humans that suggest that there may be gender-related differences in the abuse liability of psychoactive substances, the model described in this paper may provide a means to examine this important issue.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1998

Reporting of gender-related information in clinical trials of drug therapy for myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Concern has been expressed that women are not adequately represented in clinical trials evaluating treatments for medical conditions they commonly experience. This study was designed to assess the reporting of data on women in recently published trials of drug therapy for myocardial infarction, including those funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. METHODS: All randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of drug therapies for myocardial infarction published in The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association, the Annals of Internal Medicine and the British Medical Journal from January 1992 to December 1996 were evaluated. On preliminary review 102 articles met the inclusion criteria; these were reviewed in detail, and 59 were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted gender-related information from the 43 articles; discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Women presented up to 48% of the trial participants (mean 24.1%). In the trials funded by an agency with a gender-related policy, only 16.8% of participants, on average, were women. Of the 43 articles in the sample, only 14 (32%) provided gender-related results. Funding from an agency with gender-related policy did not affect the reporting of gender-related information. Subgroup analyses were provided for 14 (32%) of the 43 trials, including 2 (29%) of 7 trials funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. Of the 12 trials that included interaction analyses (excluding the 2 trials in which secondary analyses were conducted specifically to identify differences between women and men), 7 (58%) conducted an interaction analysis to determine if women responded differently than men; for one of these the interaction analysis was for a secondary outcome measure (drug safety). Only 5 (12%) of the 43 articles mentioned the differences between men and women in the Discussion section; 2 of these were studies that used secondary analyses to examine sex differences. Of the 5, only 1 was funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. INTERPRETATION: Women were poorly represented in the randomized controlled trials in this sample, regardless of whether the trials were funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. Structured reporting of gender-related information for clinical trials may improve the quality of information available about women and therefore facilitate the application of research findings to the care of women.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1995

Gender-related differences in reperfusion treatment allocation and outcome for acute myocardial infarction.

Gender-related differences in outcome after myocardial infarction may relate to biased treatment allocation. To address this concern we analyzed 573 patients presenting with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and treated within 6 hours with reperfusion therapy. Two-hundred eighty patients (49%) received direct coronary angioplasty, whereas 293 (51%) received thrombolytics followed by angioplasty (p = NS). Seventy-four percent were men and 26% were women (p = NS for differences in sex distribution between the 2 treatment groups). Women were older in both groups (p < 0.01). Inferior AMI was seen more often in women (64% of direct angioplasty, 71% of lytic first) than in men (51% and 59%, respectively; p < 0.03). There was no gender-related differences in presence of multivessel coronary artery disease, prior AMI, prior bypass surgery, baseline ejection fraction, percentage of patients with ejection fraction < or = 40%, number of narrowings dilated, or angioplasty success. Patients who underwent direct angioplasty had more multivessel disease (p < 0.001) and prior coronary artery bypass surgery (p = 0.002). After a mean follow-up of 129 +/- 113 weeks, no gender-related differences were seen in the need for cardiac catheterization, documented restenosis, AMI, coronary artery bypass surgery, clinical ischemia, or death. Patients treated with direct angioplasty were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (p < 0.05) or to die (p < 0.01). Thus, women undergoing reperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation were older than men, with a higher frequency of inferior wall AMI. No specific gender-related bias in treatment allocation was evident.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Gender-related differences in scores of the Barthel Index and Frenchay activities index in randomly sampled elderly persons living at home in Japan.

The purpose of this study was to examine for gender-related differences in activities of daily living (ADL) and lifestyle of elderly persons living at home, and to support our hypothesis that the gender-related difference in lifestyle of stroke patients derives from their lifestyle prior to the stroke. Participants were randomly sampled elderly persons living at home. Questionnaire sheets including subject profile, Self-Rating Barthel Index (disability index), and Self-Rating Frenchay Activities Index (activity index) were mailed and collected, and the data were analyzed with the t-test and General Linear Model (factorial model with interaction). A total of 752 subjects were recruited, and their average age was 67.1 years. No significant gender-related differences were evident in the disability index including self-care and mobility domains (t-test, P > 0.05). In contrast gender-related differences in the activity index were significant (t-test, P < 0.05) for three factors; gender, age group, and living conditions, and in a covariate disability index (GLM, P < 0.05). Because randomly selected elderly persons in this study exhibited a prominent gender-related difference in lifestyle, we believe the lifestyle difference in stroke patients that we have previously described derives primarily from their premorbid attitude to daily life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Performance factors and gender-related differences in spatial ability: another assessment.

To explore whether test-taking styles (performance factors) can contribute to explaining gender-related differences on tests of spatial ability, 15 spatial tests were administered to three samples of subjects. On each test, number-correct scores and ratio scores (number of items solved divided by the number of items attempted) were computed. In accordance with previous research findings, the use of ratio scores significantly reduced the magnitude of the gender-related differences on the Mental Rotations Test. For most of the remaining tests, however, the reduction of the gender-related score difference was small. It was concluded that the difference reduction for the Mental Rotations Test was specific to the format of this test. In common spatial tests, performance factors may account for a small portion of gender-related variance, but the bulk of this variance must be attributed to other factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Tobramycin gender-related nephrotoxicity in Fischer but not Sprague-Dawley rats.

Published reports suggest a gender-related difference in susceptibility to the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin which may also be strain-related in rats. However, certain ambiguities exist in the results obtained with the functional and morphologic determinants of nephrotoxicity used in these studies. Within the same experimental protocol we examined the potential gender-related differences in tobramycin nephrotoxicity in age-matched male and female rats of both the Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer (F344) strains. Equal numbers of both genders were dosed at 30 mg/kg (F344) and 90 mg/kg (SD) twice daily for 9 days. Results of BUN, serum creatinine, whole body weight change and histologic score comparisons (P < 0.05) indicate that male F344 rats are more sensitive to tobramycin nephrotoxicity than F344 females but this gender-related susceptibility was not observed in SD rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Age- and gender-related changes in ligament components.

The age- and gender-related changes in extracellular matrix components (elastin, elastin cross-links, fibrillin, collagen and glycoprotein) and mineral components (calcium, Ca; phosphorus, P) in human lumbar yellow ligaments were investigated using samples obtained from surgical specimens. The mineral (Ca and P) contents increased with ageing (r = 0.703 and r = 0.772, respectively), whereas the contents of matrix components tended to decrease with ageing (elastin r = -0.261, elastin cross-links r = -0.213, fibrillin r = 0.494; collagen r = -0.322 and glycoprotein r = -0.143). Comparison of the male and female groups revealed that the ligament elastin content and elastin cross-links decreased in the male group, whereas the ligament collagen content decreased in the female group significantly in an age-dependent manner (r = -0.788, r = -0.753 and r = -0.721, respectively). These findings demonstrate age- and gender-related changes in mineral and matrix components (especially elastin and collagen) in the lumbar yellow ligaments in the Japanese population. It is suggested that elastin and collagen metabolism in ligaments changes both with age and according to gender.

Adult↗