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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Gender differences in ego defenses in adolescence: sex roles as one way to understand the differences.

Gender differences in ego defenses were hypothesized in adolescence, with greater internalization by girls and greater externalization by boys. Through the inclusion of sex role constructs (masculinity and feminity, agency and communion, and passivity-dependency), relational models as well as psychoanalytic theory were investigated as bases for sex differences. The Berm Sex Role Inventory and the Defense Mechanism Inventory were administered to 66 high school students (31 boys and 25 girls), ages 14-19. As expected, boys scored higher on projection and aggression-outward defenses and girls scored higher on turning against the self, but girls failed to exceed boys on reversal. Multiple regression supported sex roles as moderating variables in gender differences in defenses. Alternative reconceptualizations of sex roles supported aspects of both psychoanalytic and relational models as explanation of gender differences in defenses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Success strivings and their relationship to affective work behaviors: gender differences.

Gender differences in the importance of six life success dimensions and their relationships to job satisfaction, job involvement, and propensity to stay on the job were examined among 756 working women and men in southeast Florida. Results showed that the female participants rated family relationships, personal fulfillment, and security as more important success measures than their male counterparts did, and they rated status/wealth as less important. Professional fulfillment and security were not significantly different. The relationships between measures of success and work behaviors also varied significantly by gender, even after controlling for demographic and job position variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Gender differences in intelligence, language, visual-motor abilities, and academic achievement in students with learning disabilities: a review of the literature.

A substantial body of research confirms higher verbal ability in normally achieving females and higher visual-spatial and mathematical abilities in normally achieving males. However, the specific nature of these differences varies by age, specific measure, magnitude, and variability within the groups. Re-analysis of earlier research showed that, although differences in visual-spatial ability were larger than verbal ability differences, gender differences did not account for more than 1% to 5% of the group variance. In the population with learning disabilities (LD), research must be interpreted cautiously because LD samples were drawn mainly from the system-identified population and may reflect selection bias. Findings indicate that system-identified females with LD are lower in IQ, have more severe academic achievement deficits in some aspects of reading and math, and are somewhat better in visual-motor abilities, spelling, and written language mechanics than males with LD. In mathematics, however, it is difficult to document consistent differences in computational skills in the elementary school ages. More consistent findings, however, indicate superiority in mathematical reasoning in males with LD. A limited number of studies on research-identified samples indicate that findings from studies of school-identified LD samples must be interpreted cautiously because females with LD identified in the schools may not be representative of females with LD in general.

Achievement↗
PubMed1976

Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision?

In human studies, the possible long-term effects on behavior of early physical insult or pharmacological agents have received little attention. We present both circumstantial and direct evidence that circumcision of male infants leads to behavioral changes. In some American studies using circumcised infants, reported gender differences may instead be the result of the altered behavior of circumcised males. We suggest that circumcision requires more study in its own right, and that it requires description if not control in all neonatal and infancy studies.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Gender differences in tobacco use.

Gender differences in overall tobacco use clearly exist. In general, men are more likely to use tobacco products than are women. However, this simple generalization, ignoring type of tobacco products, time, and culture, masks many more interesting gender differences in tobacco use. There are pronounced gender differences in tobacco use of specific tobacco products within some cultures but not others. Yet these differences have changed across time, including narrowing and widening of this gender gap, depending on culture and tobacco product. This article addresses these issues and presents possible psychosocial, biological, and psychobiological explanations for these phenomena. In addition, the implications of these differences and ways to learn more about these important differences are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in pain.

Apparent gender differences have been identified in epidemiologic surveys of patients with pain and in clinical studies of responses to pain. Women are reported to have lower pain thresholds and lower pain tolerance than men have. Whether women are more willing to report pain than men are or experience pain differently than men do is unclear. However, beliefs about gender differences and pain affect nurses' decisions made regarding the treatment of pain. This article reviews the literature addressing pain in women and suggests how clinical practice is affected. Literature from Medline (1966 to 1994), CINAHL (1983 to 1994), and Psych-Lit (1967 to 1994) data bases was searched using the key words pain, gender, and sex. Comments in the manuscript reflect only those studies addressing epidemiology, experimentally-induced pain, or pain in the clinical setting. Studies describing gender differences in an animal model were not included. Limitations of space required that representative examples of studies in the major areas be included; others describing similar design and outcome were not included.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in schizotypic features in a large sample of young adults.

Research with self-report measures of schizotypic or psychosis-prone features in nonclinical populations suggests that, similarly to schizophrenic populations, males score higher on more "negative" schizotypic features and females score higher on more "positive" schizotypic features. We administered the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the Chapman Scales of Psychosis Proneness--impulsivity/nonconformity, magical ideation, perceptual aberration, physical anhedonia, and social anhedonia--to a large, nonclinical, young adult sample (N = 1179: 453 males and 726 females). Results indicated increased negative symptomatology in males compared with females, but not increased positive symptomatology in females compared with males. Findings on Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire factors suggested that interpersonal deficits differed by gender as well. Finally, a measure of impulsive behavior and nonconformity not typically associated with negative symptomatology indicated gender differences not predicted by a negative/positive dichotomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Gender differences in regional cerebral blood flow.

Gender differences have been noted in neurobehavioral studies. The 133xenon inhalation method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) can contribute to the understanding of the neural basis of gender differences in brain function. Few studies have examined gender differences in rCBF. In studies of normal subjects, women have higher rates of CBF than men, and this is related to age. Usually by the sixth decade men and women have similar flow rates. Fewer studies on rCBF in schizophrenia have examined sex differences. The pattern of higher flows for females maintains, but its correlates with gender differences in clinical as well as other parameters of brain function remain to be examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Demoralization and gender differences in a kibbutz.

Gender differences in demoralization (depressive symptoms) were examined in a first-ever true prevalence study conducted in a kibbutz. The unusual organizational arrangements of this commune, where women have achieved higher levels of equality than in most other societies, offered a laboratory-like opportunity to test the psychosocial factors imputed as a partial explanation for the higher rates of demoralization in women. Demoralization was studied using the 27-item scale of the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI) in all of the adult population of a single kibbutz. The response rate was close to 95%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the effects of key sociodemographic and kibbutz-related variables on gender differences. The results showed that women had higher mean scores and rates even after these variables were controlled. The female:male demoralization ratio was well within the range of results obtained in non-socialist Israeli urban settings. The paper concludes with a discussion on the tentative relevance of the study results for the interpretation of the 2:1 female-male ratio of depression found in the epidemiological literature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Perceptions of sexual harassment: a re-examination of gender differences.

There is mixed evidence for gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. To help clarify the existence of gender differences, we examined the sexual-harassment perceptions of 409 state government employees in the western United States. Few gender differences were found. We also compared the workers' perceptions to findings from a previous study of students (Terpstra & Baker, 1987). The relative ordering of the incidents' perceived severity was very similar, but workers perceived a number of incidents to be more harassing than did students. Thus, the major differences found were between students and workers, not between genders. Potential theoretical and methodological causes of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in alcohol metabolism. Physiological responses to ethanol.

A gender difference in alcohol pharmacokinetics has been suggested to explain why women are more vulnerable to ethanol's toxic effects. The results of animal experiments suggest that females exhibit higher alcohol metabolic rates than males as a result of hormonal differences. Experimental results examining gender differences in human alcohol metabolism have been inconsistent; the diversity of experimental protocols and variety of pharmacokinetic parameters reported have made comparisons of these studies very difficult. Variability in alcohol metabolic rate between individuals of the same sex is often significant, preventing an assessment of gender differences in some studies. This chapter attempts to summarize the findings of studies from the last decade that examined the role of gender and sex hormone differences on ethanol metabolism in men and women. The role of body composition, genetic factors, gastric and hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase, and gastric absorption in creating gender differences in alcohol metabolism is discussed. Suggestions are offered that may result in better cross-study comparisons and more consistent experimental results.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in schizophrenia.

In an assessment of gender differences in schizophrenia, 85 outpatients (53 men and 32 women) with schizophrenia were evaluated for illness history, symptom severity, IQ, neurocognitive status, cerebral volume loss, and cortical asymmetry. Social functioning was assessed using marital status, independent living skills, and employment status. Significant gender differences were found, as women were on lower doses of neuroleptic medications and more frequently met criteria for paranoid and disorganized subtypes of schizophrenia than men. Women also were better educated and more often married, living independently, and employed. No gender differences were found in present age, symptom severity, neurocognitive functioning, or clinical magnetic resonance imaging scan readings. Our findings suggest that women may experience less of the adverse interpersonal psychosocial consequences of schizophrenia than men, even when symptom and neurocognitive status is equivalent between groups. However, more extensive investigations are warranted to better understand the role of pathophysiological or social mechanisms in gender differences.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in drug metabolism regulated by growth hormone.

Gender differences in drug metabolism in rats have been known for more than 60 years when it was first reported that the much shorter duration of drug action in the male was due to the effects of testicular androgens. More recent studies have demonstrated that this sexual dimorphism in rat drug metabolism results from the differential expression of a possible dozen, or so sex-dependent hepatic forms of cytochrome P450. Moreover, it is the sexually dimorphic plasma profiles of growth hormone, and not androgens, that directly regulate the expression of these individual forms of hepatic cytochrome P450. Male rats secrete growth hormone in an "on-off" episodic rhythm in which interpulse periods contain no detectable levels of the hormone. Growth hormone secretion in the female rat is also pulsatile, but can be characterized as "continuous" since hormone levels are always present in the circulation. It would appear that the duration of the interpulse period is at least one "signal" in the growth hormone profile regulating hepatic expression of the sex-dependent forms of cytochrome P450, and thus establishing the gender differences in drug metabolism. The exaggerated gender differences in rat drug metabolism (i.e. 300-500%) have made it the standard, and understandably an ideal model in which to investigate the mechanisms regulating these dimorphisms. However, it is also possible that these studies have limited value when extrapolated to other species, such as humans, in which the magnitude of the sexual differences are much smaller, and the dimorphism may be reversed (F > M). In this regard, the mouse model, in which the sexual differences (F > M) in drug metabolizing enzyme activities vary by only 40-100%, are also regulated by sex-dependent plasma growth hormone profiles, and may be more representative of the vast majority of outbred species in which only subtle gender differences occur in drug metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in cancer of the larynx.

Gender differences in the incidence and mortality rates for cancers of the lung, colon, and larynx have previously been noted. The goal of this project was to identify gender differences in prognostic variables for survival and recurrence for patients with cancer of the larynx. The medical records of 193 patients with cancer of the larynx treated initially between 1973 and 1985 were examined retrospectively. A total of 151 men and 42 women were included. A majority of men developed glottic cancers, whereas a majority of women developed supraglottic cancers. Age was prognostically important for both genders; however, comorbidity, symptom severity, anatomic subsite, and TNM stage all had different impacts on survival and recurrence in men and women. No gender difference in initial treatment was found. This study suggests that when designing and analyzing the results from clinical studies of cancer of the larynx, it is important to employ stratification based on gender.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Gender differences in cognition in schizophrenia.

Gender differences in cognition were investigated in schizophrenic inpatients and outpatients using the Dementia Rating Scale. Females displayed greater impairment on Attention and Conceptualization than males. Gender interacted with patient group for construction: females performed worse than males among inpatients and better among outpatients. Results may be related to the atypically early age of onset of females relative to males; attention to sampling and selection biases is needed in evaluating gender differences in cognition in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in the brain: are they relevant to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia?

Gender differences are present in the clinical expression of schizophrenia, age of onset, course of illness, and response to pharmacologic treatment. These differences are not surprising in view of the normal gender differences in brain growth, differentiation, adult brain structure, and neurochemistry. The present review examines what is presently known about brain gender differences, and whether this information is consistent with the published reports of brain functional and morphological abnormalities in schizophrenia. Whether gender differences in the brain can explain the gender differences in clinical aspects of the disorder remains unknown.

Brain↗
PubMed1985

Age and gender differences in and personality correlates of loneliness in different relationships.

This study examined age and gender differences in and personality correlates of loneliness in different relationships. Loneliness was measured in three groups of subjects (college men, college women, and elderly women) with the Differential Loneliness Scale which assesses dissatisfaction with four types of relationships (Family, Larger Groups, Friendships, and Romantic/Sexual). Age and gender differences were significant. Compared to elderly women, college women expressed more dissatisfaction with their Family and Large Group relationships. Compared to college women, elderly women expressed more dissatisfaction with their Friendships and Romantic/Sexual relationships. With regard to gender differences, college men expressed more dissatisfaction with Family, Large Group, and Friendship relationships than college women. For each subject group, dissatisfaction scores were correlated with health status, locus of control, social support, depression, and self-consciousness. Correlations varied with type of relationship as well as with age and gender. The group differences and the varying patterns of correlations support the use of a multidimensional approach to the study of loneliness. Results are discussed in terms of previous research and future investigations.

Adolescent↗