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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Gastrointestinal effects of the extracts of Rhigiocarya racemifera (Menispermaceae).

The gastrointestinal effects of the aqueous extract of Rhigiocarya racemifera was studied in rats and was compared with that of cimetidine. Ulcers were induced in rats by means of drugs: indomethacin, reserpine and serotonin and by shay rats. The extract was found to have significant (P less than 0.05) antiulcer activity against all the models studied. The LD50 was found to be 141.25 mg/kg body weight and ED50 16.5 mg/kg. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of glycosides, saponins, and tanins. The extract does not show antimicrobial effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Gastrointestinal effects of sugarbeet fiber and wheat bran in healthy men.

Gastrointestinal effects of feeding 20 g total dietary fiber as wheat bran (WB) and sugarbeet fiber (SBF) were compared in 17 healthy men in a randomized cross-over design. The fibers were milled to similar particle sizes and consumed as supplements to the subjects' self-selected diets (SS). Transit times were similar among the diets. Fecal wet and dry weights were greater on the fiber diets compared to the SS diet (P < 0.05); wet weights were similar with WB and SBF; dry weights were greater with WB than SBF (P < 0.001); and moisture content was lower with WB than SBF (P < 0.01). Fecal pH was lower with WB than SBF (P < 0.025). WB and SBF provided similar fecal bulking effect; however, the contribution of fecal dry matter and fecal water content to increased bulk differed between fibers.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Comparative effects of ketanserin, atropine and methysergide on the gastrointestinal effects of hyperserotoninemia in the awake dog.

Intestinal handling of water and electrolytes and motility were monitored in conscious dogs with chronic 25-cm Thiry-Vella loops of proximal jejunum. Absorption/secretion was quantitated using a neutral isosmotic perfusate containing [14C]polyethylene glycol as a recovery marker. Under basal conditions the animals absorbed water, Na+ and Cl-, while there was no net action on K+. Intravenous serotonin infusion (30 micrograms/kg/min) increased circulating levels of serotonin to a mean of 1556 +/- 191 ng/ml within 15 min of the commencement of the infusion. The infusion induced a significant secretion of water (mean -73 +/- 7 microliters/min) and electrolytes (sodium -10.4 +/- 0.7 muEq/min; potassium -0.8 +/- 0.05 muEq/min; chloride -12.4 +/- 1.0 muEq/min) in the dogs and all showed signs of hyperserotoninemia (salivation, loose bowel movements, tachypnea). After administration of ketanserin (33 micrograms/kg/min), a significant reduction in secretion was demonstrated (water +20.8 +/- 16.1 microliters/min; sodium 7.2 +/- 3.0 muEq/min; potassium -0.02 +/- 0.1 muEq/min; and chloride -1.9 +/- 2.8 muEq/min) as well as reduced motor activity. A similar antisecretory effect was demonstrated with atropine infusion (20 micrograms/kg/min), although this drug had a far more significant effect on the gastrointestinal motility recorded in the loop. Infusion of methysergide (33 micrograms/kg/min) did not significantly affect secretion (water -111.4 +/- 59.0 microliter/min; sodium -17.4 +/- 9 muEq/min; potassium -0.9 +/- 0.4 muEq/min; chloride -20.3 +/- 7.0 muEq/min). These results suggest possible actions which may make ketanserin useful in the treatment of symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Gastrointestinal effects of water reuse for public park irrigation.

To investigate the gastrointestinal effects of employing recycled water as an irrigation source for urban public parks, we studied subjects active in parks irrigated with potable water, nonpotable water of wastewater origin, and nonpotable water of runoff origin. Wet grass conditions during activity and elevated densities of common indicator bacteria, but not exposure to nonpotable irrigation water per se, were found associated with an increased rate of gastrointestinal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated doses of ferrous sulphate in rats.

The gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated administration of ferrous sulphate was evaluated measuring faecal flora modifications and histology of stomach and duodenum of the rat. The acute experiments showed reversible histopathological lesions of stomach and duodenum with iron deposition and increase in faecal Cl. perfringens toxin after treatment with a high dose of FeSO4. The chronic experiment at lower doses showed no relevant histological damage, some iron deposition and strong alterations in faecal flora. A strong impact of oral FeSO4 on gastrointestinal environment was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

ADL 8-2698, a trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine, prevents gastrointestinal effects of intravenous morphine without affecting analgesia.

ADL-8-2698 is a novel peripherally restricted opioid antagonist that may selectively prevent opioid-induced gastrointestinal effects without reversing analgesia. Gastrointestinal transit time (lactulose hydrogen breath test) was measured in 14 volunteers with oral and intravenous placebo, oral placebo and intravenous morphine (0.05 mg x kg(-1)), and oral ADL 8-2698 (4 mg) and intravenous morphine (0.05 mg x kg(-1)) in a double blind, cross-over study. Morphine prolonged gastrointestinal transit time from 69 to 103 minutes (P = .005); this was prevented by ADL 8-2698 (P = .004). Postoperatively, 45 patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive ADL 8-2698 (4 mg) or placebo and intravenous morphine (0.15 mg/kg) or to receive oral and intravenous placebo. Analgesia and pupil constriction were measured. Morphine analgesia and pupil constriction were unaffected by ADL 8-2698 and differed from placebo (P < .002). We conclude that ADL 8-2698 prevents morphine-induced increases in gastrointestinal transit time by means of selective peripheral opioid anitagonism without affecting central opioid analgesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dose-dependent gastrointestinal effects of the somatostatin analog lanreotide in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the gastrointestinal effects of intravenous lanreotide. METHODS: Twenty healthy male subjects participated in 2 subsequent placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover studies. The effects of 3 doses of lanreotide (50, 100, and 200 microg/h) were investigated on 24-hour intragastric acidity (study I), food-stimulated gallbladder contraction, and plasma cholecystokinin release (study II). RESULTS: Lanreotide showed linear pharmacokinetics. It raised median intragastric pH significantly and in a dose-dependent manner: from 1.4+/-0.2 (placebo) to 2.5+/-0.8 (P < .002) during administration of 50 microg/h lanreotide, to 3.2+/-0.7 (P < .001) during 100 microg/h lanreotide, and to 4.3+/-0.7 (P < .001) during 200 microg/h lanreotide. However, no significant inhibition of gastrin secretion could be established. All doses completely inhibited postprandial gallbladder contraction. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of lanreotide at rates applied in this study was able to significantly inhibit intragastric acid secretion and postprandial gallbladder contraction; under these conditions few untoward effects were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Gastrointestinal effects of antipyretic analgesics.

Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are the most commonly used minor analgesics, but their effects on the gastrointestinal tract differ widely. Aspirin is significantly associated with major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, whereas acetaminophen is not. Short-term use of aspirin produces erythema, erosions, and occasionally ulcers; acetaminophen use does not. Chronic gastric ulcer is linked to aspirin intake in patients with rheumatic disease, and epidemiologically in all heavy aspirin users; paradoxically, in only one epidemiologic study was a significant association found between acetaminophen intake and chronic gastric ulcer. Fecal occult blood loss is increased in most regular aspirin users but not in those taking acetaminophen. Although studies in children have not apparently been made, in isolated small clinical series it has been shown that gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia do occur in the pediatric age group following the use of aspirin. Pathophysiologically, aspirin alters the gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ions and lowers gastric potential difference; acetaminophen has no effect on these parameters. Such changes correlate ultrastructurally with damage in surface epithelial cells and microerosions after the use of aspirin, but not after the use of acetaminophen. Aspirin causes a dramatic reduction in the ability of gastric mucosa to generate protective prostaglandins; however, acetaminophen also reduces prostaglandins. Other postulated mechanisms of aspirin damage include reduction in gastric mucosal secretion, bicarbonate output, and alteration of cell turnover. Because aspirin damage to gastric mucosa is often "silent," the clinician needs a high level of suspicion and awareness. In patients prone to gastric damage, or in those with a past history of aspirin-induced gastric damage, acetaminophen is the drug of choice when a minor, noninflammatory problem requires an analgesic.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1984

Antinociceptive and gastrointestinal effects of opiates: an analysis of the nature of the involvement of mu and delta receptors of the central nervous system in morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant mice.

This study attempted to distinguish between mu (morphine) and delta [(D-Ala2-D-Leu5)-enkephalin; DADLE] receptors, with regard to both in vivo effects (analgesia and gastrointestinal motility) and the location of binding activity in the brain. Analgesia and motility are distinguishable both by dose (intracerebroventricular) and by ligand selectivity with mu ligands more potent for the former and delta for the latter. Tolerance and cross-tolerance are exhibited for both effects, with the relationships between mu and delta ligand potencies preserved. In vitro receptor binding revealed an affinity decrease for delta in medulla and an increase in medulla and diencephalon for mu receptors after tolerance development to morphine. The results indicate that the mu receptors in medulla and diencephalon mediate analgesia, while medullary delta receptors control motility.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1986

Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of nalbuphine--a comparison with pethidine.

A double-blind comparison of some analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of nalbuphine and pethidine was performed in 28 women undergoing laparoscopic sterilisation. The opioid was given as an initial loading dose prior to the induction of general anaesthesia and further doses were given on demand in the postoperative period to achieve and maintain adequate pain relief. Gastric emptying in the immediate postoperative period was also assessed in each patient by measuring the rate of absorption of orally administered paracetamol. Nalbuphine was equally effective as pethidine as a postoperative analgesic, but may have been a less effective supplement to anaesthesia in the doses used in this study. Gastric emptying was profoundly depressed in all patients irrespective of which analgesic was used.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Adverse gastrointestinal effects of mycophenolate mofetil: aetiology, incidence and management.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a relatively new immunosuppressive drug. It inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the de novo pathway of purine synthesis, and thus causes lymphocyte-selective immunosuppression. Large clinical trials have revealed the efficacy of MMF in the prevention of allograft rejection when administered together with cyclosporin or tacrolimus and corticosteroids. Although the adverse effect profile of MMF is comparatively benign, gastrointestinal adverse effects are a major concern. These effects are partially explained by the increased immune suppression, by the mode of action and by interactions, particularly with other immunosuppressants. The aetiology of the rarest gastrointestinal adverse effects is still not completely clear. Therapy depends upon the clinical gravity of the adverse effects and is therefore a case of waiting and ob- serving. An adjustment of dosage of immunosuppressants according to the clinical situation and, particularly in the case of MMF, spreading the total dosage over more than 2 daily doses are often sufficient. Should adverse effects persist for a longer period of time and be of a more serious nature, a comprehensive invasive diagnostic process is necessary, including endoscopy and biopsy and the search for opportunistic infections. In this case, dosage reduction or the complete withdrawal of MMF seems to be unavoidable. Severe gastrointestinal complications with MMF are rare, but when they do occur they may require extensive diagnosis and treatment. In the future, therapeutic drug monitoring and, where necessary, pharmacological modifications of MMF could lead to a further reduction of adverse effects with an equal or even increased efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Adverse gastrointestinal effects of NSAIDs: consequences and costs.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most widely consumed medications. They are available by prescription and 'over the counter'. The same pharmacological properties which make them effective in the treatment of a variety of painful and/or arthritic conditions are responsible for a variety of adverse gastrointestinal effects, ranging from relatively mild dyspepsia to potentially lethal gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and perforated ulcers. Yearly medical costs of GI complications associated with the use of NSAIDs are very high and likely to increase with the growth of the ageing US population. A review of the literature (1970-2000) on consequences and costs of NSAID-associated GI adverse effects, including iatrogenic cost factors of NSAIDs, was performed. The results were tabulated and compared. Knowledge and comparison of the consequences and costs of NSAID-associated GI adverse effects in various populations and across various health care systems are important for clinical care, pharmacoeconomics and policy arenas.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1999

Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water.

The objective of this study was to determine the acute gastrointestinal effects caused by the consumption of drinking water containing graded levels of added copper. Sixty healthy, adult women were randomly assigned to receive copper [Cu(II)] at four concentrations in their drinking water following a Latin-square design. Each group (n = 15) received tap water with no added copper, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/l of added copper sulfate for a 2-week study period, followed by 1 week of standard tap water. The subjects recorded their water consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms daily on a special form. The average daily consumption of water was 1.64 liters per subject, regardless of the amount of copper added. Final serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects and were not different from baseline concentrations. Twenty-one subjects (35%) recorded gastrointestinal disturbances sometime during the study, 9 had diarrhea, some with abdominal pain and vomiting, and 12 subjects presented abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. There was no association between copper levels in drinking water and diarrhea. However, nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting were significantly related to copper concentrations in water. The recorded incidence rate of these symptoms was 5, 2, 17, and 15% while ingesting water with 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/l, respectively (overall [chi]2 = 11.3, p<0.01; Cu [less than/equal to]1 mg/l versus Cu [Greater than/equal to]3 mg/l, [chi]2, p<0.01). When subjects interrupted their consumption of drinking water with added copper, most symptoms disappeared. We conclude that under the conditions of the study, there was no association between aggregate copper in drinking water within the range of 0-5 mg/l and diarrhea, but a [Greater than/equal to]3 mg Cu/l level of ionized copper was associated with nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting. Additional studies with sufficient numbers of subjects are needed to define thresholds for specific gastrointestinal symptoms with precision and to extrapolate these results to the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Gastrointestinal effects of contaminated mussels and putative antidotes thereof.

A recent outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in Atlantic Canada was characterized by severe gastrointestinal and central nervous system pathology. We examined the gastrointestinal effects of an acidic extract of blue mussels contaminated with domoic acid, the suspected toxin responsible for the ASP. We also tested the gastric effects pure domoic acid as well as a putative antagonist of neuroexcitant amino acid receptors, kynurenic acid. Mussel extract produced gastric (antral) ulcers, duodenal ulcers, gastric and duodenal hyperemia and bleeding, as well as peritoneal ascites. Kynurenic acid protected significantly against extract-induced gastropathy, particularly when given 60 or 75 minutes after extract. Pure domoic acid resulted in fatalities in all infant mice tested. These animals exhibited gastric bleeding and hemorrhage, especially at the higher doses employed. In otherwise untreated rats, kynurenic acid exerted significant anti-stress ulcer and anti-gastric secretory effects, but was less effective at blocking ethanol-induced gastric lesions. We suggest that there may be both peripheral as well as central effects of kynurenic acid in modulating normal and pathological gastric function.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A review of upper-gastrointestinal effects of the newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.

Newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAI's) such as ibuprofen, neproxen, fenoprofen, and tolmetin have broadened the therapeutic choice and increased the chances of providing optimum arthritis control, but require careful assessment of the possibilities for unwanted drug effects when long-term therapy is required. A review of the literature on the gastrointestinal effects of the promising newer NSAIs, as compared with the older agents, aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone, is presented, highlighting animal toxicology and human adverse reaction surveillance data and the evidence for various suggested pathophysiological mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Assessing the acute gastrointestinal effects of ingesting naturally occurring, high levels of sulfate in drinking water.

Concerns regarding the health effects from sulfate in drinking water have been raised because of reports that diarrhea may be associated with ingesting water that contains high levels of sulfate. Of particular concern are groups in the general population (i.e., infants and transients) that may be at greater risk from the laxative effects of sulfate when they switch abruptly to drinking water with high sulfate concentrations. There have been a number of studies of the effects of sulfate in the drinking water of domestic animals (cattle, swine, and poultry), and most report minimal adverse effects from exposure to fairly high levels of sulfate. Anecdotal reports and case studies suggest that people suffer gastrointestinal effects when exposed to drinking water containing high levels of sulfate. However, there have been few experimental studies of the effects of sulfate on adults, and only two epidemiologic studies designed to assess the effects of high levels of sulfate on infants, and it is not yet possible to accurately determine the concentration of sulfate in drinking water that will produce adverse human health effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gastrointestinal effects of long-term colchicine therapy in patients with recurrent polyserositis (familial mediterranean fever).

Twelve patients with recurrent polyserositis (RP, familial Mediterranean fever) on colchicine prophylaxis (1.0-2.0 mg daily) for three years or more were evaluated for the presence of gastrointestinal effects possibly attributable to the drug. Two patients had bulky stools, two others had transient diarrhea, and one had heartburn. Serum vitamin B12, calcium, and carotene levels were normal in all cases, and D-xylose absorption was normal in 11 of the 12. Three patients had mild steatorrhea (7.5, 7.9, and 9.9 g daily). Jejunal biopsies from these and a fourth patient with bulky stools but normal fecal fat excretion showed no abnormal histological changes. However, (Na + K)-ATPase activity was significantly decreased in all four cases. Colchicine had to be discontinued in only one of the 12 cases. It is concluded that mild steatorrhea and enzyme inhibition may occur in patients on long-term colchicine prophylaxis and that careful periodic observations for this and other adverse effects is imperative in such patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sex differences in nephrotoxic and gastrointestinal effects of phenylbutazone.

Male and female Wistar rats were used to study the sex differences in nephrotoxic, ulcerogenic and lethal effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ). In one series of experiments, male and female rats were given daily oral doses of 25, 125, 250, 400 and 500 mg PBZ/kg for 7 days to assess mortality, gross and microscopic lesions of the stomach, intestine and kidneys and to determine the PBZ effects on renal protein and glucose excretion. In another series of experiments, PBZ effects on renal gluconeogenesis and p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation in renal cortical slices were measured 12 h after administration of the same PBZ doses to male and female rats. Reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in kidney cortex and liver were determined 2 h after a single administration of 250 mg PBZ/kg to male and female rats. To measure the effects of PBZ on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), male and female rats were given a single dose of PBZ (125 mg/kg) and were sacrificed at different time intervals, from 0 to 48 h. Gross and microscopic examination of the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract showed more pronounced renal and gastrointestinal lesions in surviving female than in male rats at the same doses. In PBZ treated male rats, BUN did not differ from control rats 48 h after PBZ administration. In female rats, BUN increased from 18 to 96 mg/100 ml 48 h after PBZ administration. After 7 days of PBZ treatment there was a greater increase of protein excretion in female than in male rats, but there were almost no sex differences in glucose excretion. Twelve hours after PBZ administration, renal PAH accumulation and gluconeogenesis were not different from controls in male rats but decreased in a dose-dependent fashion in females. A significant depletion of GSH and a significant increase in MDA content in liver and renal cortex occurred in female but not in male rats. In conclusion, the PBZ treatment was associated with nephrotoxic and gastrointestinal effects which could be detected earlier and were greater in female than in male rats.

Animals↗