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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Effects of neurotensin on the transit of gastrointestinal contents in the rat.

In this study the influence of neurotensin on gastric emptying, transit of gastrointestinal contents and ileo-cecal emptying was studied in the conscious rat. A bolus of radioactive marker was deposited in the gastrointestinal lumen and was monitored at different time intervals during its passage along the bowel. Gastric emptying was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by i.v. infusion of 6 and 12 (p less than 0.01) pmol x kg-1 x min-1 of neurotensin. The transit of the gastrointestinal contents was retarded by 3 (p less than 0.001) and 6 (p less than 0.001) pmol x kg-1 x min-1. In addition, at 12 pmol x kg-1 x min-1 the distribution of the radioactivity was spread out and the radioactive front migrated farther. Infusion of 6 pmol x kg-1 x min-1 of neurotensin also produced spreading of the radioactivity in the intestine with proximal pooling and rapid migration of the front of the radioactive bolus (p less than 0.001). Ileo-cecal emptying was inhibited by neurotensin at 6 pmol x kg-1 x min-1, with pooling of the radioactivity proximal to the ileo-cecal valve (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that neurotensin prolongs the transit time of the chyme in the stomach and small intestine. Thus, neurotensin may facilitate thorough digestion of the chyme in the small intestine and enhance the absorption of nutrients.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Clostridium perfringens producing epsilon toxin in faeces and in gastrointestinal contents of goats.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the gene-encoding epsilon toxin production in Clostridium perfringens types B and D in faeces and in gastrointestinal contents of goats. The samples were cultured in thioglycollate broth and centrifuged. The upper layer of the pellet was used as a template for PCR, obviating the need for DNA extraction. This technique specifically differentiated Cl. perfringens types B and D from Cl. perfringens types A and C and from Escherichia coli. When used to identify Cl. perfringens type D in samples artificially spiked with the micro-organism, the PCR detected as few as 1.4 x 10(2) cfu g-1 of sample. Gastrointestinal contents and faeces were collected from 20 goats at slaughter and processed by PCR. Several positive results were obtained from the first five goats that were slaughtered and sampled a few days after their arrival at the abattoir, but only a few samples gave positive results during the following weeks, after the goats had been fed a concentrated ration containing monensin. A possible role of this drug in control of enterotoxaemia is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Neutralizing activity in the gastrointestinal contents of piglets vaccinated with a live or formaldehyde-inactivated porcine enterovirus.

Neutralizing activity against porcine enterovirus strain T80 was demonstrated in the gastrointestinal contents of piglets given live T80 virus orally or parenterally, but little or no neutralizing activity was detected in the gastrointestinal contents of piglets given formaldehyde-inactivated virus by either route. The gastrointestinal neutralizing response was first detected 14 days after oral dosing, coincidentally with a fall in the titre and distribution of virus. The neutralizing response was highest at 23 days, and dropped markedly by 36 days, whereas no response was detected until 36 days in piglets which received live virus by the intramuscular route. Virus generally appeared earlier, was more widely distributed, and reached higher titres in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets which received live virus orally than in those which received the same preparation by the intramuscular route. The highest serum neutralizing response occurred in the piglets given live virus orally. The serum response in the piglets which received live virus intramuscularly appeared earlier and was biphasic. The serum response in the piglets receiving formaldehyde-inactivated virus appeared as early as the response to live virus given by the same route, but remained relatively low throughout the period of observation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

[Tablet residues in gastrointestinal contents? A polarization microscopy screening method for rapid evaluation at the autopsy table].

When tablet residues are found in the gastrointestinal tract during autopsy, this does not only indicate the possible presence of intoxication, but may also provide indications with the regard to the kind of intoxication (e.g. suicide) if the amount of tablets is considered. If tablets have already dissolved and thus large portions can no longer be detected with the naked eye, a definitive appraisal with regard to the presence of tablet residues is often difficult or even impossible on the autopsy table. A polarization microscopic screening method is described which enables identification of characteristic tablet auxiliary substances (maize starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, microcristalline cellulose or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) to be identified immediately and simply in the gastrointestinal contents. It also enables a rapid orientative screening for tablet residues in glasses found or the fluid these contained as well as in aspirated material and vomit. If the active agent of the tablet can be detected by chemical toxicology, the polarization microscopic diagnosis of abundant tablet auxiliary substances is compatible with intake of large amounts of drugs, which makes self-administration highly probable.

Drug Overdose↗
PubMed1976

The genesis of bowel sounds: influence of viscus and gastrointestinal content.

This study was undertaken to try to solve the controversy about the influence of gastrointestinal contents on the genesis of bowel sounds, and to probe the respective importance of the various abdominal viscera. Eleven healthy volunteers were intubated by mouth with a multiple-lumen tube. Bowel sounds were recorded for 10 min when the tube was in the stomach, the upper jejunum, and the cecum, while it was left intact in situ, or perfused with isotonic saline (15 ml per min), or with an equal (7.5 ml per min of each) mixture of isotonic saline and air. Using a previously developed method, a computer analysis was made of the recording without any human intervention during the treatment of data. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the effect of perfusion varied according to site, with 46% of counted sounds while the tube was in the stomach, 32% in the jejunum, and 22% in the colon (P less than 0.05). There were two types of sounds: some exceeded in amplitude a preset threshold, and thus were picked up by the computer, but their average absolute value for 20 msec remained inferior to another preset threshold. Their number was kept in memory (NS--sounds having an amplitude exceeding a threshold S1, expressed in number per 10 min). A second type of sounds also exceeded the present threshold but their average absolute value for 20 msec also exceeded another preset threshold. Their number (NE--sounds having an amplitude exceeding the thershold S1 but having also a 20-msec average amplitude above another threshold S2, expressed in number per 10 min) was also memorized. The latter group was composed of two types of sounds: some had a limited spectrum of low frequency (100 Hz) and were of high amplitude and short (congruent to 5 msec) duration (NE1); some others had a higher and more dispersed frequency centered around 300 Hz (NE2). Fifty per cent of high energy (NE) sounds appeared while the tube was in the stomach, 30% in the colon, and 20% in the jejunum (P less than 0.005). Short and high amplitude sounds (NE1) were counted more often (43%) when it was in the colon than in the stomach (38%) and the jejunum (19%) (P less than 0.025), and this was confirmed (P less than 0.005) by a study of the ratio of NE1/NE. On the contrary, higher frequency sounds (NE2) were present more often when the tube was in the stomach (59%) than in the jejunum (24%) and in the colon (17%) (P less than 0.005). There was no influence of the presence of the unperfused tube on the genesis of bowel sounds in different sites (P greater than 0.05). In the stomach and the colon perfusion of the air/saline mixture increased the number of sounds (P less than 0.025) and all types of sounds in the stomach (P less than 0.025), whereas in the jejunum it was the perfusion of saline which increased them (P less than 0.025). It is concluded that the stomach is the most active site of production of bowel sounds, followed by the colon and then the small bowel, that sounds differ in different sites, and that all this is influenced by viscus content.

Cecum↗
PubMed1989

Purification procedure for the determination of niacin vitamers in gastrointestinal contents and blood.

A solid phase extraction procedure for subsequent simultaneous HPLC analysis of free nicotinic acid (NIA) and nicotinamide (NAM) in dried or liquid rumen and gastrointestinal contents from sheep is described. Twenty-five mg dried samples were suspended in 1.0 ml of 0.1 mol/l Li2SO4 and centrifuged. The supernatants were passed through two 500 mg solid phase extraction columns (Bond Elut NH2 and Sep Pak C18), mounted in series, and eluted by a four step pH gradient procedure. Recoveries of the two vitameres were between 70 and 75%. Purification was satisfactory when the method was applied to different fractions of rumen content (e.g. to food residues, to a microbial preparation and to rumen fluid), to intestinal contents of sheep and to blood. In rumen fluid no free NIA and NAM was found. Food particles and rumen microbes contained no free NAM.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The source of gallium-67 in gastrointestinal contents: concise communication.

The sources of Ga-67 in gastrointestinal (GI) contents, and factors affecting its secretion were studied in rats. To prevent loss of fecal Ga-67, the anus was sutured before intravenous injection of Ga-67 citrate. Secretion of Ga-67 into the contents of the GI tract was rapid, 3, 6, and 9% of the injected dose were secreted at 1, 6, and 24 hr after injection, respectively. In contrast, Ga-67 concentration in the GI tissues remained relatively constant throughout this period. Analysis of Ga-67 contents of various parts of the GI trace revealed that small intestine is its major source, contributing 60% while the bile contributes 20%, large intestine 10%, GI contents. In contrast, the serum unbound iron-binding capacity (UIBC) played an important role in the Gl secretion of Ga-67 reducing the serum UIBC reduced the Ga-67 secretion into GI contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Endogenous peptide YY is dependent on jejunal exposure to gastrointestinal contents.

Peptide YY (PYY), a homolog of pancreatic polypeptide, has been shown to be released after stimulation of colonic mucosa with bile and fatty acids. In this study proximal jejunal and biliary involvement in the regulation of circulating PYY and the distribution of PYY-containing cells in rat intestine was evaluated. Six rats underwent proximal jejunal bypass, six rats had Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomies, and six sham-operated rats were used as controls. Three months after surgery feeding studies using either a mixed meal or a pure fat meal were performed in unanesthetized animals and venous blood was collected for plasma PYY radioimmunoassays. After the feeding studies, fresh specimens were taken from multiple areas of the intestine for immunohistochemical analysis. The surgical procedures did not significantly affect basal PYY plasma levels. Both mixed and fat meals significantly increased circulating PYY in control animals. Exclusion of the proximal jejunum resulted in inhibition of postprandial PYY release. The PYY response in rats with Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomies was blunted after a mixed meal and delayed after a fat meal. The incidence of PYY-containing cells increased along the functional gut in all rats. The bypassed jejunum in both experimental groups of animals contained fewer PYY-staining cells than sham-operated rats. Our results suggest that the exclusion of a segment of proximal jejunum from gastrointestinal continuity in rats leads to an inhibition of postprandial PYY release. PYY release may be controlled in part by stimulatory neural and/or endocrine signals originating from the proximal jejunum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of soluble dietary fibre on the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and the acute glycaemic response in the rat.

The postprandial glycaemic response following a meal is reduced with the addition of soluble dietary fibre. The reductions in the glycaemia are thought to be due largely to increased viscosity of the gastrointestinal (GI) contents retarding digestion and absorption. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect that the GI tract has on the viscosity of meals containing different soluble fibres and to determine whether the glycaemic response of a meal (containing the soluble fibre) was predicted by the viscosity of the digesta in the small intestine. High carbohydrate diets containing 70 g soluble fibre guar gum, xanthan gum or methylcellulose)/kg or 70 g insoluble fibre (wheat bran)/kg were diluted in water to a final fibre concentration of 18 g/kg. Following dilution the wheat bran diet had no measurable viscosity, while the viscosities of the soluble fibre diets were elevated. When the diets were fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 weeks the viscosities of the stomach and small intestinal digesta were not predicted by the viscosity of the diets measured before ingestion. The action of the GI tract on the viscosity of the soluble fibres was investigated in vitro by dilution of the diets with acidic and neutralizing solutions, mimicking gastric and duodenal secretions. Dilution of diets with either acidic and neutralizing solutions or saline control significantly lowered the viscosity of all diets, while alterations in the pH of the diets had little impact on the resultant viscosity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of diet acidity and protein level or source of calcium on the performance, gastrointestinal content measurements, bone measurements, and carcass composition of gilt and barrow weanling pigs.

A total of 228 crossbred weanling pigs (average age of 25 d and BW of 6.44 kg) were used in two trials to evaluate the responses to sex, diet acidity, protein level, and source of calcium on the performance, gastrointestinal digesta measurements, bone measurements, and carcass composition. Diet acidity was manipulated by varying the sources of supplemental phosphorus in the diets. Trial 1 (5 wk) was conducted as a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial to evaluate sex (gilts and barrows), diet acidity (pH 5.9 and .90% P, pH 6.1 and .63% P, and pH 6.9 and .63% P), and level of protein (16 and 22% CP). In Trial 2 (6 wk), diet acidity (pH 5.5, 5.9, and 6.8, all with .7% P) and Ca sources (CaCO3 and CaSO4) were used with gilts and barrows. The sex x diet acidity interactions were significant for ADG in both trials. Barrows seemed to respond to both the more acidic diets and the buffered phosphate diets even though the pH was less acidic than that of the unbuffered diets. Gilts responded only to the more acidic diets. In Trial 1, gilts ate more and grew faster (P < .05) than barrows, but no sex effects on performance were observed in Trial 2. Pigs fed 22% CP diets grew faster (P < .001) and more efficiently (P < .001) than did pigs fed 16% CP diets, but protein level x diet acidity and protein level x sex interactions were not significant. Stomach digesta DM, pH, and titration value were not consistently influenced by sex and diet acidity in Trials 1 and 2, by protein level in Trial 1, and by calcium source in Trial 2. Only the sex x diet acidity interaction for stomach DM tended to be significant in both trials; gilts fed the less acidic diets had the lowest DM, whereas barrows fed the more acidic diets had the lowest DM values. Although not significant in every case in both trials, bone (average of metacarpal and metatarsal) volume was lower and specific gravity and shear stress values were higher for gilts than for barrows. Pigs fed 16% CP diets had higher specific gravity (P < .05) and stress (P < .06) values than pigs fed 22% CP diets. A protein level x diet acidity interaction (P < .03) for stress suggested that pigs fed 22% CP diets were unaffected by diet acidity, whereas pigs fed 16% CP had the highest stress values when fed the more acidic diet and the lower P level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of oat gum on the physical properties of the gastrointestinal contents and on the uptake of D-galactose and cholesterol by rat small intestine in vitro.

Recent reports indicate that oats have a relatively low glycaemic effect in comparison with other carbohydrate food, and that their consumption leads to a reduction in plasma-cholesterol levels in man. These properties may be due to a soluble non-starch polysaccharide in oats. The present study was undertaken to explore the physiological properties of this material. Three groups of male Wistar rats were meal-fed on a control diet free of soluble dietary fibre for 10 d before being given a 10 g meal of either the control diet, a diet containing oat gum (beta-glucan), or finely ground rolled oats. The contents of the stomach, small intestine and caecum were later recovered and the weight, water content and viscosity were measured. The small intestinal contents from oat-gum-fed or oat-fed rats had a higher wet: dry weight ratio than that of the controls, and a higher viscosity. In in vitro studies the rate of uptake of D-galactose by jejunal rings was reduced in the presence of oat gum. The estimated Michaelis-Menten constant for the carrier-mediated component in the presence of oat gum was higher than that for controls, but the maximum transport rates were similar. Cholesterol uptake by everted jejunal sacs was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of oat gum in the mucosal medium. It is concluded that increased viscosity of the contents of the small intestine may contribute to the low glycaemic index and hypocholesterolaemic effects of oats in man. Oats appear to be amongst the few palatable sources of viscous dietary fibre in the conventional Western diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Antigenic stimulation with proteins of cow's milk via the oral route in guinea pigs and rats. 1. Measurement of antigenically intact beta-lactoglobulin and casein in the gastrointestinal contents of duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Guinea pigs and rats drinking cow's milk ad libitum have had the contents of their stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum examined for antigenically native, undigested beta-lactoglobulin and casein. The whey protein was present, in every case, in higher concentration and could be found, although in decreasing amounts, right down to the ileum. In the rat, casein could not be shown at any level of the small intestine and in the guinea pig only at the level of the duodenum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Stability of penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin and oxytetracycline and their interactions with food in in vitro simulated equine gastrointestinal contents.

Penicillin G was extensively (84.7 per cent) and amikacin moderately (14.4 per cent) degraded when incubated for one hour in a chloride buffer at pH 1.9 designed to mimic the equine gastric pH. Ampicillin and oxytetracycline were stable at pH 1.9. Penicillin and ampicillin were moderately stable (more than 90 per cent) when incubated in equine caecal liquor for three hours but were degraded by about 65 per cent after 24 hours. More than 80 per cent of the initial concentrations of amikacin and oxytetracycline were recovered after 24 hours' incubation in equine caecal liquor. The concentrations of short chain fatty acids in equine caecal liquor were not affected by incubation with penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin or oxytetracycline. More than 84 per cent of penicillin G and amikacin became bound to hay in buffers at pH 1.9 and pH 7.0. Ampicillin did not become bound to hay at pH 1.9, but more than 60 per cent became bound at pH 7.0.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1981

Use of nonabsorbable markers for gastrointestinal contents in in vivo measurement of magnesium bioavailability.

Magnesium absorption from five leafy vegetables was measured in rats using 28Mg as an extrinsic label and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chromium-mordanted vegetable fibers (cr-mordants) as unabsorbable markers of soluble and particulate gut and fecal contents, respectively. The test meals used in this investigation were identical to those used in a previous test in which we found: a) that stable 26Mg biologically incorporated into the vegetables was freely exchangeable with an extrinsic 28Mg tracer; b) PEG consistently preceded Cr-mordants in transit through the gut; and c) fecal Mg isotope excretion 12 hours after the test meal was inadequate for measurement of Mg absorption. Accordingly, in the present investigation, all measurements in feces and gut contents were made 24 hours after the test meal. By that time an average of greater than 60% of the ingested PEG had been excreted. Magnesium-28 excretions, estimated under these conditions, were 4-5% less than they would have been had fecal PEG excretion been 100%. The discrepancy was due to partial separation of PEG and Mg in the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT), possibly due to sequestration of Mg by microorganisms. That Mg must have entered an insoluble phase in the lower GIT was born out by the observation that little or no Mg absorption occurred in the cecum or colon. As before, Cr-modants lagged behind PEG and unabsorbed 28Mg, and thus do not seem suitable to monitoring intestinal transit of Mg.

Absorption↗
PubMed1977

Neutralizing activity in the gastrointestinal contents of piglets vaccinated with an ethylenimine-inactivated porcine enterovirus.

The T80 strain of porcine enterovirus was rapidly and completely inactiviated by ethylenimine in a reaction which appeared to follow first order kinetics. The virus was effectively concentrated 35- to 88-fold, with recovery rates of 23 t0 53%, by adsorption to the polyelectrolyte PE60. Multiple doses of adjuvanted, PE60-concentrated, ethylenimine-inactivated T80 virus given by both the oral and subcutaneous routes induced the appearance of significant levels of virus neutralizing activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets vaccinated at four weeks of age. This activity, found predominantly in large intestine, was present 14 days after administration of the first dose of vaccine and significant levels of activity were still detectable six weeks later. Titres of serum virus neutralizing activity were higher and more persistent than in piglets which received live or formaldehyde-inactivated T80 virus by the oral or intramuscular routes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Alterations in gastrointestinal contents induced by elemental diets.

The effects of elemental diets on selected aspects of the rat colon were studied. Forty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 diet groups of 10 rats each: Purina Rat Chow (control); Flexical; Precision L-R; and Vivonex. All diets were fed ad lib to rats housed in pairs in wire-bottom cages. Two weeks after weight stabilization had been achieved all rats were killed and colon contents were collected for culture and short-chain fatty acid analysis on the Perkins-Elsoner 3920 gas chromatograph. Colon fecal butyric/acetic acid ratios of the rats in the 4 groups were: Rat Chow, 2.56; Flexical, 0.28; Precision L-R, 0.16; and Vivonex, 0.26. Bacterial cultures showed increased coliform and enterococcal species in the rats consuming elemental diets.

Acetates↗