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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Comparative studies of the respiratory functions of mammalian blood. XII. Black galago (Galago crassicaudatus argentatus) and brown galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).

Respiratory characteristics of blood from sixteen adult male galagos were studied (8 brown and 8 black). The average body weight of the black galagos was significantly higher than that of the brown(1.512 +/- 0.162 vs. 0.988 +/- 0.099 kg, respectively). The blood oxygen capacities for black and brown galagos were 20.6 +/- 1.9 and 21.5 +/- 1.8 vol percent, respectively. The Bohr factor for blood from the black galago was -0550 +/- 0.039 (n = 9) and for brown galago blood was -0.523 +/- 0.050 (n = 6). There was no significant (P greater than 0.05) difference in P50 values of blood from the two subspecies of galagos, 36.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 37.7 +/- 0.9 mm Hg for the black and brown, respectively. The Haldane effect for black galago blood was higher than that for brown (7.5 vs. 65 vol percent, respectively). The concentrations of 2.3-DPG were similar in black and brown galago blood, 16.16 +/- 1.52 vs. 16.37 +/- 0.76 mumol/g Hb, respectively. Starch gel electrophoresis showed three major components of hemoglobin from both subspecies. There is a trend toward decreasing blood oxygen affinity as one ascends the primate evolutionary scale, which may be secondary to the trend toward a greater adult body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Chromosomal evolution in "lemurs". VI. Chromosomal banding studies of Galago senegalensis, Galago alleni, Galago demidovii and Euoticus elegantulus.

The karyotype of four Galagidae (Galago senegalensis, G. demidovii, G. alleni and Euoticus elegantulus) are studied and compared with the aid of various banding techniques. Many common chromosome segments were found, and it was possible to reconstruct a hypothetical ancestral karyotype for the family. It was also possible to show the relation between the chromosomes of Galagidae with those of two Lorisidae. The general scheme of chromosomal evolution of the Lorisiforms can be proposed, resulting from a common populational evolution followed by an accumulation of translocations, mostly of the Robertsonian type. Several pericentric inversions have also occurred in the trunk of the Lorisidae, emerging from this common population. Then, Galagidae have evolved, each species independently, by an accumulation of translocations, mostly Robertsonian, whereas Lorisidae have accumulated pericentric inversions prior diverging.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The thermoreculatory responses of the galago (Galago crassicaudatus), the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and the chimpanzee (Pan stayrus) to heat stress.

1. The thermoregulatory response of the galago, the baboon and the chimpanzee were studied on exposure to dry bulb temperatures of up to 40 degrees C in a temperature controlled room. 2. Heat exposure caused an elevation in the respiratory frequency of all three species. The increase in the galago was significantly greater than that in the baboon and the chimpanzee. 3. Heat exposure also caused an increase in the cutaneous moisture loss of the baboon and the chimpanzee but not in the galago. 4. Rectal temperatures always rose on heat exposure but the animals never become hypethermic. 5. Sweat gland activity in the baboon and the chimpanzee was stimulated by the administration of acetylcholine and was blocked by the administration of atropine. Sympathetic and parasympathetic drugs had no stimulatory effect on the sueat glands of the galago. 6. Local, infra-red heating of the skin of the galago and the baboon did not stimulate any sweat gland activity. 7. The sweat glands in the galago and the baboon were found to be epitrichial. 8. These findings are discussed in relation to the habitat of each species. They are also compared to thermoregulation in other primate species, especially in relation to the unique nature of thermoregulation in man.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1984

Interhemispheric connections of visual cortex of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and galagos (Galago crassicaudatus).

Interhemispheric connections of visual cortex were studied in owl monkeys, marmosets, and galagos after multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase into one cerebral hemisphere. Areal patterns of connections were revealed in sections of cortex that was flattened and cut parallel to the surface. Results were related to the locations of known visual areas, especially in owl monkeys, in which more visual areas have been established. The connection patterns in owl monkeys and marmosets are very similar, suggesting that the organization of visual cortex differs little in these two New World simians. Galagos have a basically similar pattern, but the connections are more widespread. In all three primates, connections are not restricted to cortex representing the line of decussation of the retina, and even striate cortex has connections displaced from the border. These connections extend up to 2 mm into area 17 in owl monkeys, and they are most extensive in galagos, where they form foci that are coextensive with regions of high cytochrome oxidase activity. Connections are concentrated in the caudal half of area 18, but protrusions of connections cross of the width of the field. The middle temporal visual area (MT) has unevenly distributed connections throughout, with some increase in density along the border. The dorsomedial visual area (DM) of owl monkeys has connections restricted to the rostral border, and a similar region of sparse connections identifies the probable location of DM in marmosets and galagos. Caudal parts of the dorsolateral visual area (DL) of owl monkeys have dense interhemispheric connections. Other visual areas are characterized by unevenly distributed clumps of connections, suggesting that functions are not uniformly distributed, and that semiregular processing modules exist. The results indicate that most extrastriate visual neurons are subject to interhemispheric influences and support the conclusion that callosal connections are functionally heterogeneous.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Organization of cytochrome oxidase staining in the visual cortex of nocturnal primates (Galago crassicaudatus and Galago senegalensis): I. Adult patterns.

The distribution and differential staining patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in visual cortical areas have provided useful anatomical markers for the modular organization of area 17 (striate cortex) and area 18 in primates. In macaque and squirrel monkeys, previous studies have shown that the majority of cells that lie in areas of high CO activity are color selective, are nonoriented, and project to adjacent zones of high CO activity in area 17 and to stripes of high CO activity in area 18. By contrast, most cells in zones with weak CO activity in area 17 have relatively narrow orientation tuning and are not color selective (Livingstone and Hubel: J. Neurosci. 4:309-356, 2830-2835, '84; 7:3371-3377, '87). The periodic organization of CO activity in area 17, the "blobs," and the stripe-like organization in area 18 thus seem to define visual cortical processing modules and/or channels in primates. We have investigated the organization of CO activity in areas 17 and 18 in two species of nocturnal prosimian primates [Galago crassicaudatus (GCC) and Galago senegalensis (GSS)] in order to evaluate CO staining patterns in primates that have been reported to possess almost exclusively rod retinae and no color vision. In area 17 of both species, our results show that, as in diurnal and nocturnal simian primates, the darkest CO staining occurs in layers III and IV, with clear periodicity in layer III (i.e., CO blobs) and homogeneous staining in layer IV beta, the cortical recipient sublayer of the geniculate parvocellular layers. In GCC, individual blobs in layer III appear to be larger and less frequent than has been reported for the macaque monkey. Unlike simian primates, both galago species exhibit clear CO periodicities within layer IV alpha, the cortical recipient sublayer of the magnocellular geniculate layers. In addition, faint CO periodicities are apparent in layer VI and scattered large darkly CO stained pyramidal cells are visible throughout layer V. Quantitative analysis suggests that CO periodicities are more frequent in GSS than in GCC, suggesting that there may be evolutionary pressure to maintain the same number of CO modules within the smaller striate cortex of the lesser galago, although this is not the trend found across distantly related species. CO activity in area 18 is less well-developed than reported in other primates. In fact, we could not reliably identify discontinuities in CO staining in area 18 of GSS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Interhemispheric connections in neonatal owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and galagos (Galago crassicaudatus).

Interhemispheric connections were studied by injecting a mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into multiple sites in dorsolateral occipital and parietal cortex of one cerebral hemisphere of three galagos (Galago crassicaudatus) and two owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) within seven days of birth. Cortex was either separated from the rest of the brain, flattened and cut parallel to the surface to aid reconstructing surface-view patterns of labeled neurons and processes, or cut in standard coronal or parasagittal planes to better reveal laminar patterns of connections. In both primate species, the surface-view pattern of callosal connections in infants was remarkably adult-like. In infant owl monkeys, callosal connections were concentrated along the margin of area 18 with area 17, and only a few labeled cells were found within area 17. Other visual areas including the second visual area, V-II, and the middle temporal visual area, MT, had patchy distributions of labeled neurons that extended over large parts of the visual field representations. Primary motor, auditory, and somatosensory fields also had patchy distributions of labeled neurons, with regions of areas 3b and adjoining somatosensory fields having few callosal connections in portions that appeared to correspond with representations of the hand and foot. Results were very similar in galagos, except that newborn galagos, as in adults, had a patchy distribution of callosally projecting neurons that extended well within area 17. Furthermore, the labeled neurons were concentrated in patches that aligned with the cytochrome oxidase blobs of area 17. Finally, callosal connections were concentrated in cytochrome oxidase poor regions of area 3b.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement therapy upon the sexual and aggressive behavior of the greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).

The effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment upon sexual and aggressive behavior were studied in a prosimian primate, the greater galago. Ovariectomized galagos were sexually unreceptive and frequently aggressive, but retained their sexual attractiveness to males. When females were treated with estradiol monobenzoate, however, their aggression and refusals of males' mounting attempts decreased markedly. Although males mounted these females, they usually failed to copulate, possibly because the females did not perform certain postural adjustments which assist males to intromit. Estradiol benzoate alone, even in large does, does not fully restore patterns of mating behavior in ovariectomized female greater galagos. These observations on a prosimian primate are in striking contrast to the results of similar work on Old World monkeys and chimpanzees.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Visual pigments of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus): a microspectrophotometric investigation.

Optical density, linear dichroism and bleaching difference spectra were measured in photoreceptors from the cone-dominated retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and from the rod-dominated retina of the greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus) using a single-beam, wavelength-scanning, dichroic microspectrophotometer. In Tupaia, we obtained spectral records from 272 cone receptors (from 10 eyes), of which 264 were long-wave sensitive (lambda max = 555 +/- 6 nm) and 8 were short-wave sensitive (lambda max = 428 +/- 15 nm). Also, one anatomically-recognizable rod receptor was encountered and showed a peak absorption at approx. 496 nm. No mid-wave sensitive cone pigment was found, as would be expected in deutan-type dichromats like the tree shrew. Pre-retinal absorption by the cornea and lens was maximal at 370 nm and negligible beyond 430 nm. In Galago, all outer segments measured were rod-like in appearance (lambda max near 501 nm). Measurements of pre-retinal absorption yielded a single-peaked function with a maximum at 363 nm.

Absorption↗
PubMed1987

Standardized karyotypes for the greater Galagos, Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy, 1812 and G. garnettii (Ogilby, 1838) (Primates: Prosimii).

Karyotypes were analyzed of 21 greater galagos, using classical, G-banding, C-banding and silver nitrate staining techniques. A composite G-banded karyotype and high resolution idiogram are presented for each species. Areas of possible rearrangement are identified. The results support the interpretations derived from earlier, unbanded studies, rather than a more recent proposal from G-banded data. Failure of repeated attempts to obtain C-bands, despite success in human controls, indicates that the heterochromatic bands generally revealed by these staining methods are either absent or extremely small in greater galagos. Silver staining revealed a single pair of NOR-bearing autosomes in both species, as shown by previous authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Amino-acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobins of the Grand Galago, Galago crassicaudatus.

The adult Grand Galago (Galago crassicaudatus) was found to have two hemoglobin components (Hb I and Hb II) which were separated by carboxymethyl cellulose column chromatography. The alpha and beta chains of each component were isolated. The tryptic peptides of the alpha and beta chains were each isolated and sequenced by the conventional method. The alignment of these peptides in each chain was deduced from the homology of their sequences with that of human adult hemoglobin. The alpha chains from Hb I and Hb II were considered to be identical. On the other hand, there was only one amino-acid difference between the two beta chains at the 125th residue from the N-terminus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Progestagen-concentrating cells in the brain, uterus, vagina and mammary glands of the galago (Galago senegalensis).

Progestagen-concentrating cells were localized in the oestrogen-primed ovariectomized galago by radioautography after injection of [3H]promegestone (R5020). In the brain, radioactivity was concentrated in the nuclei of neurones in the preoptic region and in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Labelled cells were also observed in the anterior pituitary. In the uterus (uterine horns and cervix), the muscle and stromal cells showed greater labelling than did the glandular and luminal epithelia. Labelled cells were present in the different cell layers of the vagina. The majority of glandular epithelial cells of the mammary glands exhibited a high degree of labelling. Pretreatment with an excess of unlabelled promegestone but not with an excess of nonradioactive testosterone reduced the nuclear concentration of radioactivity in these target tissues. These results show that there are no major differences in the distribution of progestagen-concentrating cells in rodents and galago.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hematology, serum chemistry values, and rectal temperatures of adult greater galagos (Galago garnetti and G. crassicaudatus).

Hematological and serum chemistry values, as well as rectal temperatures, were obtained from greater galagos (Galago garnettii and G. crassicaudatus), in order to establish normative values. No species or sex differences were found for four hematological parameters and 15 serum chemistry parameters. Species differences were seen in phosphate, magnesium, cholesterol, alkaline phosphate, G-glutamyl transferase, mean corpuscular volume and leucocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte number. Significant sex differences were observed in glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values. Species and sex differences were seen in chloride and erythrocyte number.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of testosterone on the sternal cutaneous glands and genitalia of the male greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).

Adult male and some female Galago crassicaudatus have a sparsely haired sternal gland which is used in scent marking displays. In both sexes, the skin in the sternal area contains many large sebaceous and apocrine glands. The sebaceous glands are largest in males and are dependent upon testicular androgens. Spines on the glans penis are also androgen dependent; their possible behavioural functions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Analysis of the estrous cycle of the laboratory-housed Senegal galago (Galago senegalensis senegalensis): natural and induced cycles.

The natural estrous cycle of captive Senegal galagos was analyzed from daily records of 11 cycling females for 18 months, and induction of vaginal estrus and ovulation by gonadotropins and estrogen were examined in 9 females. No seasonal trend in cycling was indicated, as at least 5 of the 11 cycling females exhibited vaginal estrus during each month. Cycle lengths and duration of estrus were consistent for each female but varied significantly among females. Individuals' average cycle lengths ranged from 29.2 +/- 0.8 to 39.3 +/- 3.4 days, and duration of estrus from 4.8 +/- 0.2 to 6.7 +/- 0.4 days. Vaginal estrus was induced by PMSG and PMSG-HCG combinations, and by estradiol. The gonadotropins also induced growth and ovulation of more than one follicle.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Progesterone levels during pregnancy in the greater thick-tailed galago (Galago crassicaudatus).

Serum progesterone concentrations in Galago crassicaudatus were quantified at 3-week intervals throughout the 136-day pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated over those of nonpregnant controls as early as 6 weeks after conception. Progesterone continued to increase throughout gestation. The progesterone profile in pregnant G. crassicaudatus quantitatively resembles that of chimpanzees and qualitatively resembles that of humans. In two animals that aborted, progesterone concentrations after abortion decreased to values comparable to those seen in nonpregnant animals.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1987

Lactation and interbirth interval in the Senegal galago (Galago senegalensis moholi).

Five years of reproductive data on Galago senegalensis moholi at the Duke University Primate Center were examined to determine the effect of lactation on interbirth interval and its component phases, postpartum anovulatory interval and interval from onset of estrous cycles to conception. Females whose infants died within 3 weeks of birth had significantly shorter interbirth intervals and postpartum anovulatory intervals than did females who raised their infants until weaning.

Animals↗