GMO regulations in New Zealand for large scale fermentations.
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DNA, Recombinant↗
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[Pulmonary hydatidosis in children. Clinical experience. Servicio de Pediatria Hospital GMO. Grant Benavente, Concepción].
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Adolescent↗
Phase transitions in planar bilayer membranes.
Temperature-dependent structural changes in planar bilayer membranes formed from glycerol monooleate (GMO) dispersed in various n-alkane solvents (C12-C17) have been studied using precise measurements of specific geometric capacitance (Cg). Cg generally increases as temperature (T) decreases. A change in the slope of Cg(T) occurs between 15 and 18 degrees C for all solvent systems examined. Measurements of the interfacial tension (gamma) of the bulk GMO-alkane dispersions against 0.1 M NaCl show that gamma generally decreases with decreasing temperature. The data can be fitted with two straight lines of different slope which intersect on the average at 17 degrees C. Pagano et al. (1973, Science (Wash. D.C.). 181:557) have shown using calorimetry that GMO has a phase transition at about 15 degrees C. Thus, the changes in Cg and gamma with temperature are likely to result from a GMO phase transition. A second structural change is observed to occur between 5 and 10 degrees C which has not been detected calorimetrically. Calculations of Cg based on various estimates of the hydrocarbon dielectric coefficient (epsilon-b) and/or hydrocarbon thickness (delta-b) leads to models for the structure of the bilayer above and below the phase transition temperature.
Binding Sites↗
Formation of "solvent-free" black lipid bilayer membranes from glyceryl monooleate dispersed in squalene.
A simple technique for forming "black" lipid bilayer membranes containing negligible amounts of alkyl solvent is described. The membranes are formed by the method of Mueller et al (Circulation. 1962. 26:1167.) from glyceryl monooleate (GMO) dispersed in squalene. The squalene forms an annulus to satisfy the boundary conditions of the planar bilayer but does not appear to dissolve noticeably in the bilayer itself. The specific geometric capacitance (Cg) of the membranes at 20 degrees C formed by this technique is 0.7771 +/- 0.0048 muF/cm2. Theoretical estimates of Cg for solvent-free bilayers range from 0.75 to 0.81 muF/cm2. Alkane-free GMO bilayers formed from n-octadecane by the solvent freeze-out method of White (Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1974. 356:8) have values of Cg = 0.7903 +/- 0.0013 muF/cm2 at 20.5 degrees C. The agreement between the various values of Cg strongly suggests that the bilayers are free of squalene. DC potentials applied to the bilayers have no detectable effect on the value of Cg, as expected for solvent-free films. The ability to form bilayers essentially free of the solvent used in the forming solution makes it possible to determine the area per molecule of the surface active lipid in the bilayer. The area per molecule of GMO at 20 degrees C is estimated to be 37.9 +/- 0.2 A2.
Glycerides↗
The effect of some general anaesthetics on the surface potential of lipid monolayers.
1 This study sought to investigate the report by Ginsberg (1978) that 0.7 M ethanol brought about a + 100 mV change (DeltaDeltaV) in the surface potential of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) monolayers formed on KCl, although he predicted that a DeltaDeltaV of -10 mV should have been found.2 The effect of general anaesthetics such as n-alkyl alcohols and pentobarbitone on surface potential (DeltaV) and surface tension (gamma) of lipid monolayers formed on 145 mM KCl from either glyceryl monooleate (GMO) or phosphatidyl choline (PC) was examined with an Americium-241 air electrode assembly (DeltaV) and a platinized platinum dipping plate and force balance (gamma).3 It was found that, as predicted by Ginsberg (1978), addition of 0.7 M ethanol to the aqueous phase bathing either PC or GMO monolayers brings about a negative-going change in interfacial potential (DeltaDeltaV).4 The magnitude of DeltaDeltaV is dependent in a linear fashion on ethanol concentration.5 Longer chain length alcohols up to n-decanol also bring about a negative going change in DeltaDeltaV, and the dependence of DeltaDeltaV on anaesthetic activity, with respect to increasing chain length of anaesthetic, is consistent with Traube's law.6 Pentobarbitone added to the aqueous phase bathing the monolayer also elicits a negative DeltaDeltaV, a finding which rules out the possibility of adsorption of the volatile alcohols to the measuring electrode.7 The findings are discussed in terms of the proposition that increasing disorder in an array of fixed dipoles, such as might occur in a bilayer exposed to anaesthetic, would result in a lowering of the electrostatic barrier to the predominantly impermeable cation.
Anesthetics↗
Modification of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. II. Suppression of tetraphenylborate conductance and changes of interfacial potentials.
It has been shown that the blocking of negatively charged tetraphenylborate ion transport in phosphatidylcholine (PC)-cholesterol membranes by the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is dominated by suppression of TPhB- diffusion across the membrane interior, rather than by the decrease of adsorption of TPhB- ions at the membrane surface. The blocking effect can be associated with the decrease of electric potential inside the membrane with respect to that of the aqueous medium, this decreases being proportional to the concentration of 2,4-D in the aqueous solution. It has been estimated that 25 - 30% of the total 2,4-D-induced change of the potential difference is between the plane of absorption of TPhB- and the aqueous solution, and the remaining fraction is between the membrane interior and the absorption plane. The results of this study support the dipolar hypothesis of 2,4-D action in lipid membranes. These conclusions are further supported by measurements changes of electric potential difference across air/water and air/lipid monolayer/water interfaces. It has been found that the electric potential of the nonpolar side of the interface decreases in the presence of neutral molecules of 2,4-D and that this effect becomes more prominent in presence of electrolyte. We have confirmed that PC-cholesterol monolayer cannot be considered as a model for half of the bilayer membrane because of the disagreement between the changes of the interfacial potential difference of PC-cholesterol monolayers and those determined from studied of transport of positive and negative ions across bilayer membranes. In contract, we have found close agreement between the 2,4-D-induced changes of electric potential of the lipid hydrocarbon region in glycerolmonooleate (GMO) membranes and GMO monolayers. We suggest that the action of 2,4-D in lipid membranes is not associated with the changes of orientation of dipoles of lipids constituting the membranes, but rather with a layer of 2,4-D molecules absorbed at the nonpolar/polar membrane boundary.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
Gramicidin channels that have no tryptophan residues.
In order to understand how aromatic residues modulate the function of membrane-spanning proteins, we examined the role of the four tryptophans in gramicidin A (gA) in determining the average duration and permeability characteristics of membrane-spanning gramicidin channels; the tryptophan residues were replaced by tyrosine (gramicidin T, gT), tyrosine O-benzyl ether [gramicidin T(Bzl), gT(Bzl)], naphthylalanine (gramicidin N, gN), and phenylalanine (gramicidin M enantiomer, gM-). These analogues form channels with durations and conductances that differ some 10- and 16-fold, respectively. The single-channel conductance was invariably decreased by the Trp----Yyy replacement, and the relative conductance alterations were similar in phosphatidylcholine (DPhPC) and monoglyceride (GMO) bilayers. The duration variations exhibited a more complex pattern, which was quite different in the two membrane environments: in DPhPC bilayers, gN channels have an average duration that is approximately 2-fold longer than that of gA channels; in GMO bilayers, the average duration of gN channels is about one-tenth that of gA channels. The sequence-dependent alterations in channel function do not result from alterations in the channels' peptide backbone structure, because heterodimers can form between the different analogues and gramicidine A, and there is no energetic cost associated with heterodimer formation [cf. Durkin, J. T., Koeppe, R. E., II, & Andersen, O. S. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 211, 221]. The alterations in permeability properties are consistent with the notion that Trp residues alter the energy profile for ion permeation through long-range electrostatic interactions.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals.
Globally, nearly one million species are currently threatened with extinction, highlighting the need for more efficient solutions to biological conservation. Genome editing, which allows for faster and more precise changes in genomes, is a promising technique for boosting populations through facilitated adaptation, management of invasive or pathogenic populations, and potentially even facilitating the revival of extinct species. These approaches belong to a new field of research termed conservation biotechnology, which places a great responsibility on researchers and decision makers to ensure sustainability. In this paper, we have mapped the emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals. Current projects primarily focus on population control and de-extinction, with fewer initiatives aimed at preserving threatened species. We then explore four critical dimensions of conservation biotechnology: the technology itself, new perspectives on conservation practices, research organization, and governance and policy. Despite its potential, key questions remain-particularly whether genome editing can increase genetic diversity without causing unintended non-target impacts. Genome editing also provokes new perspectives on conservation practices where ecosystem-wide impact assessment, case-by-case evaluations, and post-release monitoring needs to be prioritized. Furthermore, conservation biotechnology is heavily funded through private funding showing varying stakeholder interest, which can lead to untraditional and less transparent research processes. Stakeholders, including local and indigenous people, are only to a certain degree involved, which may weaken inclusion of local knowledge and monitoring efforts. Finally, concerning governance and policy, there is an urgent need to develop more adequate regulation of conservation biotechnology, as environmental release of genome-edited animals challenges definitions and guidelines in current nature protection laws and GMO regulations. Based on our analysis, we outline key points for further investigation toward a more sustainable approach to conservation biotechnology.
Animals↗
Charge ulse studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. II. Detailed theory of steady-state behavior and application to valinomycin-mediated potassium transport.
The charge-pulse technique is applied to a study of valinomycin-mediated potassium transport across glycerol monooleate (GMO) bilayers. The theory, based on the Läuger-Stark model, is developed for the steady-state domain. The voltage dependences of the surface complexation reactions are also considered. The analysis of the data yields the folowing values for the rate constants: (see article). With the exception of this last ratio, all the values agree well with previously published data. The implication of the exponential term, 0.045, is that the plane of reaction for the surface complexation actually occurs a small distance within the membrane dielectric. If one presumes that the reaction plane is about half way between the plane of adsorbed complex and the membrane-water interface, one deduces that the complex "feels" only about 80% of the applied voltage across the membrane.
Biological Transport↗
From convention to innovation: the role of genetic modification and genome editing in Australian wheat breeding.
Wheat is the most cultivated crop worldwide, and Australia consistently ranks among the top wheat-exporting countries. Although modern technology has expanded the speed and accuracy of conventional breeding, progress is constrained by limited genetic diversity and linkage drag, with new wheat varieties often taking 8-12 years to reach the market. Biotech methods involving the transformation of foreign DNA into genomes [genetic modification (GM)], or editing of native DNA [genome editing (GEd)], provide novel opportunities to efficiently improve traits alongside conventional breeding. In 2020, the world's first GM drought-tolerant bread wheat (HB4) hit the market in Argentina. The USA recently approved HB4 wheat for commercial cultivation, and human consumption of HB4 wheat has been approved by nine countries, including Australia. Currently, 25 countries, Australia included, have deregulated GEd crops in some form, and many other countries have indicated that they will follow suit. As of March 2025, no GM or GEd wheat is commercially grown in Australia. The rate at which private industry integrates GM and GEd into wheat breeding programmes will depend on several factors, including the regulatory consistency governing GM and GEd crops within Australia and among international trading partners, the return on investments relative to deregulation costs including licensing, the level of acceptance amongst growers and consumers, and technical considerations including wheat's amenability to tissue culture. This review contextualizes GM and GEd applications in wheat, often drawing on examples from crop species where biotechnology has been more widely employed, and considers the key stakeholders that will shape the future of GM and GEd wheat in Australia.
GMO↗
Abiotic conditions can modify the penetrance of transgene-based lethality systems for insect population control.
Modern genetic biocontrol techniques for insect pest management, when compared to chemical insecticide spraying, offer high species specificity and reduced environmental impact, and some of these methods require the environmental release of genetically modified (GM) insects. Because organisms exposed to different environments often show variability in phenotype and gene expression, it is likely that GM insects will also experience environmentally mediated variation, potentially compromising pest control efficiency. This study examines the impact of temperature and nutrition on the early embryonic Tet-off conditional lethality system in Drosophila melanogaster. By independently manipulating parental and offspring environments, we assessed how exposure to variable environments influenced the probability of larval hatching and the transcript abundance of the transgenic system. Our findings revealed that: (i) transgene performance distinctly responds to temperature and nutrition; (ii) thermal stress has a greater impact when embryos, rather than parents, are exposed; and (iii) extreme nutritional conditions can markedly reduce the penetrance of transgenic lethality. Although changes in transgene transcript abundance were observed across environments, these changes did not fully explain the phenotypic variation, suggesting that factors downstream of transcription probably drive variation in transgenic lethality.
Animals↗