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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Antibodies to cysts of Giardia lamblia in primary giardiasis and in the absence of giardiasis.

The significance of serum antibodies binding to cysts of Giardia lamblia was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. Titers of 10 or higher were found in 85.6% of adults, who had probably never had giardiasis. Titers in 118 adults (geometric mean, 29.9) were higher than in 35 children (16.4), and titers in women (42.3) were higher than in men (20.0). Titers in 150 patients with primary giardiasis (80.4) were higher than in control adults, but overlapping precluded serological diagnosis. Titers increased with the duration of infection. Female patients had higher titers (100.5) than did males (66.1), but men who had been infected longer than 45 days had high titers (132). Titers in second serum samples taken from 26 patients 2 weeks to 3 months after successful nitroimidazole treatment (58.1) were lower than before treatment (151.7) but higher than in 118 controls. We conclude that most people have antibodies which cross-react with G. lamblia but which are induced by other immunogens and that primary giardiasis induces protracted systemic antibody responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on the giardiasis as the zoonosis. II. Giardiasis in dogs and cats].

To obtain the basic data on the route of Giardia infection as zoonosis, we examined feces from 354 dogs and 34 cats for Giardia cysts and trophozoites and evaluated the detection rates. In addition, the feces of owners of the dogs infected with Giardia were examined. Giardia cysts and trophozoites were detected in 58 of the 354 dogs (16.4%) and 3 of the 34 cats (8.8%). Of the 61 animals from which cysts and trophozoites were isolated, 59 were purchased from the breeders and the other two animals had been kept for examinations in the research institute. None of the owners of the dogs had this infection. This result suggests that the possibility of human infection from contact with infected dogs or cats seems to be very low. However, attention should be paid to the possibility of cross-infection between men and animals, because it is not yet clear whether Giardia is strictly host-specific or not.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Giardiasis surveillance--United States, 1992-1997.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Giardia intestinalis, the organism that causes the gastrointestinal illness giardiasis, is the most commonly diagnosed intestinal parasite in public health laboratories in the United States. In 1992, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists assigned giardiasis an event code that enabled states to begin voluntarily reporting surveillance data on giardiasis to CDC. REPORTING PERIOD: This report includes data that were reported from January 1992 through December 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The National Giardiasis Surveillance System includes data about reported cases of giardiasis from participating states. Because most states were already collecting data on occurrence of giardiasis, the assignment of an event code to giardiasis has allowed voluntary reporting of these data to CDC via the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance. RESULTS: Since 1992, the number of states reporting cases of giardiasis to CDC has risen from 23 to 43. The annual number of giardiasis cases reported has ranged from 12,793 in 1992 to 27,778 in 1996. In 1997, cases per 100,000 state population ranged from 0.9 to 42.3, with 10 states reporting >20.0 cases per 100,000 population and a national average of 9.5 cases per 100,000 population. In 1997, New York State, including New York City, reported the highest number of cases (3,673, or 20.3 cases per 100,000 population), accounting for 14.5% of cases nationally; however, Vermont reported the highest incidence rate in 1997 (42.3 cases per 100,000 population). Both states have active surveillance systems in place for giardiasis. Cases have an approximately equal sex distribution. Nationally, rates were the highest among children aged 0-5 years, followed closely by persons aged 31-40 years. In these two age groups, most cases were reported during late summer and early fall--an indication that transmission occurred during the summer. INTERPRETATION: This report documents the first nationwide look at epidemiologic parameters and disease burden estimates for giardiasis in the United States. Transmission occurs in all major geographic areas of the country. The seasonal peak in age-specific case reports coincides with the summer recreational water season and might reflect the heavy use by young children of communal swimming venues (e.g., lakes, rivers, swimming pools, and water parks)--a finding consistent with Giardia's low infectious dose, the high prevalence of diaper-aged children in swimming venues, the extended periods of cyst shedding that can occur, and Giardia's environmental resistance. Estimates based on state surveillance data indicate that as many as 2.5 million cases of giardiasis occur annually in the United States. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: Giardiasis surveillance provides data to educate public health practitioners and health-care providers about the scope and magnitude of giardiasis in the United States. These data can be used to establish research priorities and to plan future prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Study of the incidence of giardiasis in Quebec (Canada) and association with drinking water source and quality].

BACKGROUND: We analyzed data from the notifiable diseases data base in Québec to document the incidence of giardiasis. The objectives were to perform a descriptive analysis of the cases of giardiasis and to verify the relation between their incidence and the quality of drinking water. METHODS: The Québec notifiable diseases data-base contained 4273 cases of giardiasis declared between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 1995. Incidence rates were adjusted for age and calculated monthly. The sources and kinds of treatment of drinking water permitted to elaborate a vulnerability scale for classifying contamination by Giardia sp. into four categories. Incidence of giardiasis was examined in relation with this vulnerability scale. Other socioeconomic indicators possibly associated with the incidence of giardiasis were also analyzed. RESULTS: Analysis showed that there were few annual variations in the incidence of giardiasis and that there were no epidemic peaks during the study period. According to age, the incidence follows a bimodal pattern with a peak for young children and young adults. The incidence rates showed an increase of the cases at the end of summer and at the beginning of fall, with a higher relative risk for males. Even if no relation was found between the incidence of giardiasis and the vulnerability of the drinking water source, incidence rates were lower for people living in communities that use the St. Lawrence River as a drinking water source than for those using other sources of surface water. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to obtain a good description of the cases of giardiasis declared in Québec and to formulate hypothesis about their causes. The lower incidence of giardiasis in communities that use the St. Lawrence river as their drinking water source is possibly related to a lower contamination of this source. However, considering the limits of this work, case-control studies should be considered to understand variables, which influence the incidence of giardiasis in Québec.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Severe giardiasis in the United States.

Giardia lamblia is a common gastrointestinal pathogen but is not generally appreciated as a cause of severe illness. To describe the epidemiology of severe giardiasis, we reviewed data on hospital discharges from the United States and the state of Michigan and compared results for giardiasis with those for shigellosis. From 1979 to 1988, an estimated 4,600 persons were hospitalized for giardiasis annually in the United States; the incidence of giardiasis was 2.0 hospitalizations per 100,000 persons, compared with 2.4 hospitalizations per 100,000 persons for shigellosis. Rates of giardiasis were highest among children younger than 5 years old and women of childbearing age; the median length of hospital stay was 4 days (annual total, 23,238 days). Among residents of Michigan from 1983 to 1987, the average annual incidence of hospitalization was 1.4 per 100,000 persons for giardiasis, compared with 1.0 per 100,000 persons for shigellosis. Volume depletion was the most frequently listed codiagnosis (33.2%); 18.7% of children younger than 5 years old who had severe giardiasis had failure to thrive. Physicians should consider the diagnosis of giardiasis for persons with severe gastrointestinal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Crohn's disease is frequently complicated by giardiasis.

Giardiasis is a common infection, and many of its symptoms are similar to those of Crohn's disease. Despite a long discussion on the role of microbiologic agents in Crohn's disease, giardiasis has never been investigated. We studied giardiasis as assessed by the occurrence of cysts in 86 patients with Crohn's disease, in 82 patients with other gastrointestinal disease, and in 52 patients without gastrointestinal disease. In addition, in 20 patients with Crohn's disease the effects of metronidazole on giardiasis and disease activity were studied. Frequency of giardiasis was 61.6% in patients with Crohn's disease, 31.7% in patients with other gastrointestinal disease, and 5.8% in the control group (p less than 0.01). Stool frequency, disease activity, and humoral signs of inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease showed no relationship to giardiasis. All but two patients treated with metronidazole became free of cysts. Crohn's disease activity index decreased in 14 of 20 patients (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, giardiasis is a common finding in patients with Crohn's disease. Treatment of giardiasis can, in individual cases of Crohn's disease, result in a quick recovery from symptoms of high disease activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The relation between ABO blood groups, HLA typing and giardiasis in children.

A total of 455 children were chosen randomly and surveyed for giardiasis by stool examination using several techniques. A case control study design was adopted where 91 cases of giardiasis (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and 101 children giardiasis free were examined. ABO blood groups and HLA typing were investigated. It was concluded that blood group A was more susceptible to giardiasis especially asymptomatic form, while blood group B was less susceptible to giardiasis. On the other hand, there was no association between AB or O and giardiasis. But, there was a strong association between HLA A10, A11, B5, B7 and B17 phenotypes and symptomatic giardiasis and an association as well between HLA B7, B17, Bw14 and Bw40 and asymptomatic giardiasis.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1992

Gastric giardiasis.

AIMS: To assess the prevalence of gastric giardiasis in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and to define the clinicopathological correlates of gastric Giardia lamblia infection. METHODS: Consecutive gastric biopsy specimens (n = 15,023) from 11,085 patients, taken at Feltre City Hospital (north eastern Italy) from January 1986 to December 1991, were histologically and immunocytochemically examined for the occurrence of G lamblia trophozoites. Three gastric biopsy specimens from patients harbouring G lamblia infection, who repeated endoscopy before treatment, were also examined electron microscopically. RESULTS: Forty one patients (0.37% of the population study) harboured gastric giardiasis. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy because of dyspepsia, epigastric pain, or abdominal distension. Only two patients had diarrhoea at the time of investigation. Giardiasis was clinically unsuspected in all cases, although the nine patients who also had duodenal biopsies performed had concomitant intestinal giardiasis. Gastric giardiasis was invariably associated with chronic atrophic gastritis. Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa and Helicobacter pylori infection were found in 32 and 37 of the 41 patients with gastric giardiasis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The invariable association of gastric giardiasis with chronic atrophic gastritis, most often showing intestinal metaplasia and H pylori infection, indicates that a decreased gastric acidity is a prerequisite for localisation of G lamblia to the gastric mucosa. Though its possible role as a gastric pathogen remains to be elucidated, these findings suggest that trophozoites should be carefully searched for when examining gastric biopsy specimens showing chronic atrophic gastritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Asymptomatic giardiasis does not affect iron absorption in children with iron deficiency anemia.

OBJECTIVE: Malabsorption of iron has been reported in children with symptomatic giardiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate intestinal absorption of iron in children with asymptomatic giardiasis and iron deficiency anemia. SUBJECTS: Based upon results of blood hemoglobin and stool examination, two groups were established: asymptomatic giardiasis and anemia, and anemia without intestinal parasitosis (control group). Patients were aged 1-6 years. There was no difference in age, weight, height, or iron nutritional status between the asymptomatic giardiasis and control groups on admission to the study. MEASURES: Intestinal absorption of iron was evaluated using the iron tolerance test and the hemoglobin response to iron therapy. The serum iron tolerance test was based on the increment of iron level 2 hours after administering an iron load of 1 mg/kg of elemental iron in the form of ferrous sulfate, in comparison to the fasting iron level. Hemoglobin response to oral iron therapy was determined by the increment of hemoglobin on day 30 of therapy with ferrous sulfate (5 mg/kg/day of elemental iron). RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the asymptomatic giardiasis and control groups with reference to the iron tolerance test (159.1 +/- 73.1 micrograms/dl and 154.5 +/- 76.5 micrograms/dl, respectively) and to the hemoglobin response to iron therapy (1.5 +/- 0.7 g/dl and 1.8 +/- 1.1 g/dl, respectively). The presence or absence of trophozoites of Giardia lamblia on duodenal aspirate did not affect intestinal absorption of iron. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic giardiasis did not affect the intestinal absorption of iron and the hemoglobin response to oral iron therapy in iron-deficient anemic children.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of passive surveillance data to study temporal and spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate temporal and spatial variations in the reporting of cases of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis to a passive surveillance system, and to assess the relationship of those variations to source of drinking water, adjusting for socioeconomic variables. METHODS: The authors analyzed temporal and spatial patterns for 4,058 cases of giardiasis and 230 cases of cryptosporidiosis reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for 1993-1996. They linked each reported case to a database containing information on source of residential water supply and socioeconomic characteristics and evaluated the association between these factors and reporting rates using regression techniques. RESULTS: Reports of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis were highest for the mixed unfiltered drinking water supply category. Reports of giardiasis were associated with income levels. Increases in reporting for both giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis were seen in summer to early fall. During a suspected outbreak of cryptosporidiosis n the city of Worcester in 1995, a significant increase in reported cases was also observed in the Boston metropolitan area. Following the suspected outbreak, weekly giardiasis rates increased slightly in Worcester and the Boston metropolitan area, while reporting of cryptosporidiosis increased dramatically. CONCLUSIONS: Consistently collected passive surveillance data have the potential to provide valuable information on the temporal variation of disease incidence as well as geographic factors. However, passive surveillance data, particularly in the initial period of surveillance, may be highly sensitive to patterns of diagnosis and reporting and should be interpreted with caution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Giardiasis: association with homosexuality.

Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal illness among travelers. Recently an increased prevalence of giardiasis in men who had not traveled outside New York City was seen at The New York Hospital and was found to be due to transmission of this disease among homosexuals. Cases of giardiasis for a 5-year period were then reviewed, and it was discovered that 19 male patients who had not traveled or had an immunodeficiency disease were homosexuals. This accounted for 22% of the adult men with giardiasis during that period. Adult women with giardiasis usually were either travelers or had an immunodeficiency disease (96%). It is important to obtain a sexual history in these patients and treat sexual contacts to prevent recurrent infection. Our findings are consistent with venereal transmission of giardiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Diagnosis of giardiasis by two methods. Immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Antibody response in giardiasis was measured by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on serum samples of 125 patients. Twenty-nine of these patients had symptomatic giardiasis; 30 were asymptomatic (carriers); 40 had other parasitic infections; 16 had inflammatory bowel diseases; ten were normal subjects. It was found that those patients with symptomatic giardiasis had higher IFA titers compared with all patients who did not have giardiasis and patients who had asymptomatic giardiasis. Serum samples with titers of 1:64 or greater in Giardia IFA were absorbed with Giardia and other parasite antigens. Only absorption with Giardia caused the titers to fall significantly. The ELISA technique was less specific than the IFA technique. Giardiasis elicits a specific host antibody response that may be used as an adjunct in its diagnosis.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1980

Vitamin A concentration in children with giardiasis.

Although the vitamin A concentration was somewhat lower in patients with giardiasis than in normal children this difference was not significant; 35% of patients with giardiasis and 22.6% of normal children had vitamin A concentration lower than 20 micrograms/dl. This indicates that there may be malabsorption of vitamin A and that low serum vitamin A levels may be found in patients who were infected with Giardia lamblia. Therefore, apart from antigiardia agent, supplementation of vitamin A should be considered in the treatment of patients with giardiasis with or without clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency. There was no significant difference in pre-treatment and post-treatment serum vitamin A concentrations of patients with giardiasis. The normal children after treatment with oral vitamin A for three weeks showed a significantly higher serum vitamin A concentration (p < 0.01) than patients after antigiardia treatment plus vitamin A given orally for three weeks. It may be concluded that in patients with giardiasis after treatment with antigiardia drugs, impaired absorption of vitamin A did not improve dramatically, or return to normal for at least 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in the beta carotene concentration between patients with giardiasis and normal children.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1996

Severe giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Scotland, UK.

Hospital discharge data from 1990-4 for 26 hospitals were used to estimate and compare the cost and describe the epidemiology of severe giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Scotland, UK. The incidence of severe cryptosporidiosis was almost double that of severe giardiasis and the median duration of hospitalization was longer for cryptosporidiosis than giardiasis. Impaired immunity was frequently listed as co-diagnosis with cryptosporidiosis and associated with extended hospitalization. Although both infections were associated with infants, the median age was lower for cryptosporidiosis (5 years compared with 30 years). Whereas hospitalization was not significantly longer for infants with cryptosporidiosis, hospitalization for this age group with giardiasis was longer (4 days compared with 3 days). Comparison with similar data for giardiasis from USA revealed various differences and similarities. These points are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of these infections and published data were used to estimate costs of hospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of giardiasis among siblings in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Giardiasis, a common infection among children, is caused by a flagellated protozoan called Giardia lamblia. It is well known to be contagious in common living places. This is an epidemiologic study investigating the incidence of giardiasis among the siblings of patients with giardiasis living in the same household. METHODS: Stool samples of 50 patients with a G. lamblia positive sibling in the same household, and 50 patients with a G. lamblia negative sibling in the same household, were examined for giardiasis by saline-Lugol, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and trichrome staining methods. Other causes of diarrhea were excluded by microbiologic laboratory tests. RESULTS: Thirty-eight per cent of siblings of G. lamblia positive patients and 8% of siblings of G. lamblia negative children were found to be positive for G. lamblia cysts and/or trophozoites. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the examination of G. lamblia among the siblings of patients with giardiasis both in the same age group and living in the same household should be considered.

Adolescent↗