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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2024

Genomic variability in Zika virus in GBS cases in Colombia.

Major clusters of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) emerged during the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the South Pacific and the Americas from 2014 to 2016. The factors contributing to GBS susceptibility in ZIKV infection remain unclear, although considerations of viral variation, patient susceptibility, environmental influences, and other potential factors have been hypothesized. Studying the role of viral genetic factors has been challenging due to the low viral load and rapid viral clearance from the blood after the onset of Zika symptoms. The prolonged excretion of ZIKV in urine by the time of GBS onset, when the virus is no longer present in the blood, provides an opportunity to unravel whether specific ZIKV mutations are related to the development of GBS in certain individuals. This study aimed to investigate the association between specific ZIKV genotypes and the development of GBS, taking advantage of a unique collection of ZIKV-positive urine samples obtained from GBS cases and controls during the 2016 ZIKV outbreak in Colombia. Utilizing Oxford-Nanopore technology, we conducted complete genome sequencing of ZIKV in biological samples from 15 patients with GBS associated with ZIKV and 17 with ZIKV infection without neurological complications. ZIKV genotypes in Colombia exhibited distribution across three clades (average bootstrap of 90.9±14.9%), with two clades dominating the landscape. A comparative analysis of ZIKV genomes from GBS and non-neurological complications, alongside 1368 previously reported genomes, revealed no significant distinctions between the two groups. Both genotypes were similarly distributed among observed clades in Colombia. Furthermore, no variations were identified in the amino acid composition of the viral genome between the two groups. Our findings suggest that GBS in ZIKV infection is perhaps associated with patient susceptibility and/or other para- or post-infectious immune-mediated mechanisms rather than with specific ZIKV genome variations.

Zika Virus↗
PubMed2026

SNP genotyping in Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus radiata using targeted genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS): improved Bayesian SNP calling using a beta-binomial distribution and other optimized input parameters.

BACKGROUND: Single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) have important applications in gene conservation, breeding, and fundamental genetics research. Our long-term goal is to develop routine approaches for SNP genotyping in forest trees. Ideally, these approaches would be inexpensive, able to accommodate a wide range of samples and SNPs, available through commercial providers, and produce high-quality SNP data. RESULTS: Using targeted genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we developed SNP assays for two highly heterozygous tree species, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata). Using Douglas-fir haploid and diploid data, we optimized Bayesian SNP calling by testing four input parameters: (1) allele and genotype prior probabilities, (2) Rho, the beta-binomial dispersion parameter, (3) estimated read error (BayesReadError), and (4) the logPO cutoff used to filter low confidence SNP calls. logPO is the Bayesian posterior odds ratio for a called SNP. Compared to assuming a binomial distribution of read counts (Rho = 0), the beta-binomial distribution (Rho = 0.33) substantially reduced call error and heterozygote undercalling. Compared to the other Bayesian parameters, genotype priors had little effect on genotyping success. For Douglas-fir, we tested 5,360 SNP assays, and then studied the performance of the best 4,000. For radiata pine, we tested 6,000 SNP assays, and then studied the performance of the best 4,570. In Douglas-fir and radiata pine, our Bayesian approach resulted in median call rates of 95% to 98% for the top-ranked SNPs, with an estimated call error of 1.60% for known homozygous genotypes and 2.27% for known heterozygotes. In radiata pine, median and mean call rates were above 91% for GBS and SNP genotyping using an Axiom fixed genotyping array. Additionally, the median correspondence between the GBS and Axiom genotypes was about 98% overall (mean 96%). CONCLUSIONS: By optimizing Bayesian SNP calling, selecting the best 4-5 K SNPs, and excluding samples with low DNA amounts, we substantially reduced call error and heterozygote undercalling, resulting in SNP genotypes that were nearly identical to genotypes obtained using the Axiom array. Furthermore, genotyping performance should increase even further if our SNP rankings were used to develop less complex probe pools that target fewer SNPs.

Pinus↗
PubMed1979

Ampicillin prevents intrapartum transmission of group B streptococcus.

Early-onset group B streptococcus (GBS) disease in the infant is acquired by vertical transmission from the mother colonized with GBS. Thirty-four women colonized with GBS were treated with intravenous ampicillin sodium during labor. None of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or within 48 hours. Twenty-four women colonized with GBS received no antibiotic therapy; 14 (58%) of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or by 48 hours. This difference was highly significant. Mechanisms by which this may have occurred were temporary suppression of GBS vaginal and rectal colonization, high concentration of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid, and transplacental transport of the antibiotic to the infant. In areas where GBS disease is prevalent, we recommend screening pregnant women (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) and treating those colonized with GBS (with no history of penicillin hypersensitivity) with intravenous ampicillin during labor.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1979

Guillain-Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976--1977.

Because of an increase in the number of reports of Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS) following A/New Jersey influenza vaccination, the National Influenza Immunization Program was suspended December 16, 1976 and nationwide surveillance for GBS was begun. This surveillance uncovered a total of 1098 patients with onset of GBS from October 1, 1976, to January 31, 1977, from all 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A total of 532 patients had recently received an A/New Jersey influenza vaccination prior to their onset of GBS (vaccinated cases), and 15 patients received a vaccination after their onset of GBS. Five hundred forty-three patients had not been recently vaccinated with A/New Jersey influenza vaccine and the vaccination status for 8 was unknown. Epidemiologic evidence indicated that many cases of GBS were related to vaccination. When compared to the unvaccinated population, the vaccinated population had a significantly elevated attack rate in every adult age group. The estimated attributable risk of vaccine-related GBS in the adult population was just under one case per 100,000 vaccinations. The period of increased risk was concentrated primarily within the 5-week period after vaccination, although it lasted for approximately 9 or 10 weeks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Immunochemical cross-reactions between type III group B Streptococcus and type 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Serological cross-reactions between certain streptococci and some serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been reported. These studies detail the serological cross-reactivity observed between hot HCl-extracted group b streptococcus type III (GBS III) antigens and S. pneumoniae type 14 (Pn 14) polysaccharide. Similar electrophoretic migration patterns of GBS III and Pn 14 were observed when either type-specific BGS III antisera or pneumococcal omniserum was utilized to precipitate these antigens. Both the GBS III antigen and the Pn 14 polysaccharide migrated toward the cathode, whereas all other pneumococcal polysaccharides migrated toward the anode. No cross-reactions were observed between GBS III antisera and the 11 other types of pneumococcal polysaccharides. Lines of identity were observed between type-specific GBS III antisera and monospecific Pn 14 antiserum with either GBS III antigens or purified Pn 14 polysaccharide. The cross-reacting antigens of GBS III and Pn 14 appear to be identical by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal colonization. Acquisition, persistence, and effect of umbilical cord treatment with triple dye.

Following an outbreak of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal neonatal infection (GBS), a prevalence survey of GBS colonization was performed on 238 infants. No important differences were noted in the prevalence of colonization when the infants were grouped according to age. Follow-up of 24 colonized babies for three months disclosed that most had persistence of GBS at the rectum and pharynx. Local umbilical cord care with triple dye (TD) or hexachlorophene skin cleanser was compared with untreated controls with respect to rates of GBS colonization. At birth the colonization rates of the three groups were similar. The rate of acquisition of colonization with GBS was 1.0% in the TD group, 6.3% in the hexachlorophene group, and 8.3% in the control group. Triple dye was much more effective than no specific cord care or hexachlorophene in preventing acquisition of GBS colonization.

Acridines↗
PubMed1979

Laboratory and field evaluation of selective media for isolation of group B streptococci.

Problems encountered with currently recommended selective media for group B streptococci (GBS) (selective broth medium and CNA agar) prompted a searach for alternative culture methods in ongoing epidemiological studies. Previously recommended inhibitory agents were tested in vitro. Gentamicin, alone or in combination with nalidixic acid, proved inhibitory for many GBS strains. Among other agents tested, polymyxin was most complementary to the gram-negative spectrum of nalidixic acid, without compromising GBS growth. Crystal violet provided the simplest, most economical staphylococcal inhibitor. Broth and agar media, constituted with these three agents and designated NPC, were evaluated in vitro and in field studies. This investigation represents the first direct comparison of broth media containing inhibitory agents for the preferential isolation of GBS. In maternal colonization studies, NPC broth proved superior to Todd-Hewitt broth containing nalidixic acid and gentamicin at concentrations employed in the previously described selective broth medium (95% versus 59% recovery). Our comparisons were done without added sheep blood since GBS grow well in Todd-Hewitt broth. NPC broth proved more sensitive than NPC agar for detecting GBS colonization in newborns. The NPC agar medium was useful for further purification of broth cultures and quantitative culture techniques.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2026

Human West Nile virus lineage 2 neuroinvasive infection as a cause of fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome.

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in Europe and continues to spread to several countries, with strains 1 and 2 primarily responsible for outbreaks. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Italy accounts for the majority of locally acquired cases and West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). CASE REPORT: We present the first case described in Italy and Europe of WNND-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genome belonged to the WNV-2, sublineage 2a, clustering within sequences from genomes originating mainly from Hungarian 578/10 strain, a particularly virulent strain. CONCLUSION: The first case of GBS as a presentation of WNND in a European patient is reported, along with a review of all previously published cases of GBS related to WNND. The United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) documented 13% of WNV infections manifest as GBS, with a gradual and slow improvement, often with residual neurologic deficits of varying severity. Physicians should be aware that the presentation of a patient to an emergency department with GBS, during a certain epidemiological period of the year, should raise the clinical suspicion that the GBS may be related to a WNND.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Significance of radiographic findings in early-onset group B streptococcal infection.

Chest radiographs on 73 neonates with early-onset group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection were reviewed. Eighty-six percent of the infants were premature (less than 38 weeks); 68% weighed less than or equal to 1,500 g. In infants weighing less than or equal to 1,500 g, the predominant radiographic pattern was hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (80%). There was a significant increase in radiographic HMD in 1,000 to 1,500-g neonates with GBS infection (77%) when compared to a control group of infants without GBS infection (44%). Mortality in 1,000 to 1,500-g infants with GBS infection and radiographic HMD (95%) was also significantly higher than in the control group of infants with hmd HMD and no GBS infection (38%). In larger premature and full-term infants, the radiographic findings were not specific and also were not helpful in distinguishing GBS infection from other newborn respiratory disorders.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus. Relation to intrauterine fetal monitoring.

A prospective study of 70 mother-infant pairs was designed to evaluate vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in relation to the use of intrauterine fetal monitors (IUFMs). Multiple-site cultures obtained from mothers during the intrapartum interval and those obtained from infants on day 1 and at discharge or day 4 were plated on a selective medium. Thirteen (27.1%) of 48 IUFM-exposed women vs seven (31.8%) of 22 non-IUFM-exposed women had GBS at one or more sites. The GBS colonization with maternally concordant serotypes occurred in eight (61.5%) of 13 infants born to GBS-colonized, IUFM-exposed women vs two (28.6%) of seven infants born to GBS-colonized, non-IUFM-exposed women. While this suggests that vertical transmission of GBS is enhanced by IUFM placement, the differences in these infant rates were not statistically significant.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1978

Experimental group B streptococcal infection in the rhesus monkey. I. Disease production in the neonate.

Group B streptococci (GBS) are responsible for serious infections of newborn infants. An experimental model for GBS infection was developed in the newborn rhesus monkey in order to obtain more information concerning the pathogenesis of such infections. A series of 29 newborn monkeys were inoculated with either type Ic or type III GBS or sterile broth. Fatal neonatal meningitis without associated pneumonia was produced consistently following intracerebral inoculation with either type Ic or type III; intracerebral inoculation with sterile broth produced no apparent disease. Variable disease production followed intravenous or intra-amniotic GBS inoculation, and clinical manifestations ranged from no apparent disease to fatal meningitis and pneumonia. This monkey model may be useful for further investigation of treatment and prevention of neonatal GBS infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Twenty-three patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) were investigated for serum antibody titres against Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (EBV-VCA), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). The geometric mean EBV-VCA titre was 45 in GBS, compared with 15-22 in healthy adults and 60 in sarcoidosis. Nine of the 15 GBS patients (60%) from whom multiple serum specimens were available, displayed a four-fold variation in antibody titre to EBV-VCA during the course of their disease. The geometric mean titres against CMV and HSV were also slightly higher in GBS compared with controls, but no titre variations were observed. Serial samples of both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were available from 2 patients. Serum antibody titres against EBV were significantly higher in both during the initial phase of the disease. Serum antibody titres against CMV were also significantly elevated in 1 patient, but not until the second month after onset. The CSF antibody titres against EBV were higher in the beginning of the disease compared with the values during convalescence, but the titres observed were low. No measurable CSF antibody titres against CMV were found. The observation of varying serum antibody titres against EBV during the course of GBS can be interpreted as primary infections or as manifestations of reactivated latent virus infections. Further studies of the pathogenetic significance of this for the aetiology of the disease are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Abnormal T cell subpopulations and circulating immune complexes in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Immunologic studies were performed in 21 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 with the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Levels of thymus-derived (T) cells measured by "total" and "active" rosette formation between sheep erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (TEt, TEa) were within normal limits in all the patients, with the exception of four GBS patients, including one who also had received chemotherapy for lymphoma and three who were receiving steroids. When lymphocytes from the 21 patients were incubated with the bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphoblastoid cell line PGLC-33H, there were, for 12 of 18 MS patients and 11 of 16 GBS patients, significant decreases in a subpopulation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes that form "PGLC rosettes" (PGR) with the PGLC-33H cells. (Peripheral blood T cells from normal individuals formed PGR with 23.9 +/- 3.8 percent of PGLC-33H cells.) Using the 125l-C1q binding assay, immune complexes were detected in the serum of 14 of 19 MS patients and 15 of 16 GBS patients. An association between increased C1q binding and decreased PGR values was found in 10 of 18 MS patients and 12 of 17 GBS patients. The results suggest that in both diseases the etiology may involve a decrease in the subset of T cells that bind to the IgM-producing cell line PGLC-33H, in association with the appearance of circulating immune complexes containing the infectious viral agent.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1978

Maternal ABO blood group type B: a risk factor in the developement of neonatal group B streptococcal disease.

In a prospective study of maternal genital colonization with group B streptococci (GBS) at the time of delivery, epidemiological data, including blood type (ABO group), were recorded for the 1,062 patients studied. Blood type B was found in a statistically significant higher proportion of patients colonized with GBS (28%) compared with the total population (16.4%) (P less than .005, X2 = 8.43). Women with blood type B were twice as likely to be colonized as those with types O or A. Hypotheses to explain this observation include the possibilities that GBS possess a B-like antigen, rendering parturients who lack anti-B antibody at increased risk for GBS colonization, or that GBS possess a receptor site for B surface antigens. One may speculate that a mutation toward an affinity for the human ABO blood group type B accounts for the advent of the group B Streptococcus as a significant perinatal pathogen.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1979

Relationship of neonatal pneumonia to maternal urinary and neonatal isolates of group B streptococci.

Of 1,500 consecutive deliveries, there were 41 term infants with suspected sepsis in association with a positive culture for group B streptococci (GBS) from either the infant soon after birth, or the mother's urine routinely collected three days postpartum. A statistically higher incidence of pneumonia was found in these infants as compared to matched controls. Infants born to mothers with GBS in the urine had a high incidence of suspected sepsis (43.6%) as well as a high incidence of pneumonia (38.6%). We conclude that term infants colonized at birth with GBS or born to mothers with GBS isolated from their urine are at high risk of having pneumonia.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed2025

Genomic adaptation in group B Streptococcus following intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and childbirth.

Through vaginal colonization, GBS causes severe outcomes including neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) has reduced neonatal disease rates, persistent GBS colonization has been observed in patients following prophylaxis. To determine whether IAP selects for genomic signatures that enhance GBS survival and persistence, a pangenome analysis was performed on 97 isolates from 58 participants before (prenatal) and after (postpartum) IAP/childbirth. Thirty-one of the 34 paired strains from participants with persistent colonization clustered together in the core gene phylogeny, suggesting that the strains recovered at the postpartum sampling were highly similar to those recovered at the prenatal visit. A core-gene mutation analysis identified mutations in 74% (n=23) of the 31 postpartum genomes when compared to the prenatal strains of the same multilocus sequence type recovered from the same individuals. Several strains had acquired mutations in the same colonization-associated genes, though two postpartum strains accounted for most of the mutations. These two outliers were classified as mutators based on high mutation rates and mutations within DNA repair system genes. Increased biofilm production was observed in half of the postpartum strains relative to the prenatal strains, which is supported by the presence of point mutations in genes associated with adherence. Together, these findings suggest that antibiotics may impose a selective pressure on GBS that selects for mutations and phenotypes that promote adaptation and survival in vivo. Enhanced survival in the genitourinary tract can lead to persistent colonization, increasing the likelihood of invasive disease in subsequent pregnancies and in newborns following IAP.

Journal Article↗