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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

[From GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) to KABA (correct disease-relevant consultation, treatment-relevant response)--principles for effective diagnosis of infection].

In the era of cost containment in health care, medical microbiology also faces the challenge of cost-effective use of microbiological diagnostics. However, problems do not arise primarily within the laboratory during analysis of clinical specimens, but also during the pre-analytical stage, i.e. indication, sampling, storing and transporting of microbiological samples. This situation is emphasized drastically by the acronym GIGO, "Garbage In, Garbage Out". To overcome this unsatisfactory situation both clinicians and microbiologists have to improve communication and collaboration which is the basis for the rational diagnosis of infection and therapy. Examples of inadequate microbiological investigations together with the correct use of blood cultures are given.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

Human errors in data transfer during the preparation and delivery of radiation treatment affecting the final result: "garbage in, garbage out".

Due to the large number of steps and the number of persons involved in the preparation of a radiation treatment, the transfer of information from one step to the next is a very critical point. Errors due to inadequate transfer of information will be reflected in every next step and can seriously affect the final result of the treatment. We studied the frequency and the sources of the transfer errors. A total number of 464 new treatments has been checked over a period of 9 months (January to October 1990). Erroneous data transfer has been detected in 139/24,128 (less than 1%) of the transferred parameters; they affected 26% (119/464) of the checked treatments. Twenty-five of these deviations could have led to large geographical miss or important over- or underdosage (much more than 5%) of the organs in the irradiated volume, thus increasing the complications or decreasing the tumour control probability, if not corrected. Such major deviations, only occurring in 0.1% of the transferred parameters, affected 5% (25/464) of the new treatments. The sources of these large deviations were nearly always human mistakes, whereas a considerable number of the smaller deviations were, in fact, consciously taken decisions to deviate from the intended treatment. Nearly half of the major deviations were introduced during input of the data in the check-and-confirm system, demonstrating that a system aimed to prevent accidental errors, can lead to a considerable number of systematic errors if used as an uncontrolled set-up system. The results of this study show that human mistakes can seriously affect the outcome of patient treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Urban garbage disposal and management in China.

This paper, probing into the present situation of urban domestic garbage by analyzing its growing trend, compositional change and regional difference, reveals the problems existing in its disposal and management in China. Meanwhile, a questionnaire was conducted in five big cities around China for surveying urban residents' attitudes towards garbage disposal and management policies and measures. Results showed the output of urban domestic garbage in Chinese cities is ever increasing, and the recoverable materials and energy in garbage composition are also increasing. The population growth, economic development, and increase of residents' expenditure level are the main factors influencing the growing output and changing composition of the garbage. Information acquired from the questionnaire showed that majority of the urban residents are in favor of the garbage reduction policies and managerial measures and are willing to collaborate with municipal government in battling against garbage. Based on the analysis and questionnaire, some policymaking-oriented suggestions such as operating the garbage disposal from a social welfare service to a sector of profit-gaining enterprises, transferring the garbage management from passive end control to active source control, promoting the classified garbage collection in cities around China, and charging garbage fees for its cleanup and disposal, have also been put forward in the paper.

China↗
PubMed2000

Fact-finding survey of actual garbage discharged from dormitory and its biological anaerobic-aerobic treatment.

The objective of this study is to find a possibility of complete treatment of garbage and resource recovery (production of methane from available utility of carbon resource in garbage) by biological treatment process. As the first step, a fact-finding survey of actual garbage discharged from the dormitory of the Ube National College of Technology (equivalent to 300 population) was carried out. Second, the combined biological anaerobic-aerobic treatment, i.e. combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process and aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMB) process, was applied to the garbage treatment. The applicability and efficiency of this system were investigated in this study. The survey results showed that the composition and quantity of garbage from a student dormitory changed slightly during a week due to the change of the menu, however, they remained almost unchanged during the entire experimental period. The experimental results showed high biodegradability of the garbage, and demonstrated its suitability for methane production. The soluble nitrogen removal was high: over 97%. No excess sludge was wasted from the system. A high treatment efficiency of simultaneous organic carbon and nitrogen was obtained. The possibility of complete treatment of garbage with this process has been positively demonstrated by this study.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2002

Effects of anaerobic/aerobic incubation and storage temperature on preservation and deodorization of kitchen garbage.

To develop a garbage recycling system for the purpose of the production of lactic acid (LA) to use as raw material for producing biodegradable plastics, the preservation and deodorization of garbage during storage are very important. Anaerobic incubation (i.e., storage) was prove to be more suitable than aerobic incubation during the garbage storage in terms of concentration of LA and soluble sugar, pH value, viable bacteria counts and offensive odour substances. This difference is due to a fact that the growth of putrefactive bacteria such as coliforms and Clostridium spp. appeared to be inhibited by anaerobic fermentation during the storage, because the fermentation caused a drop of garbage pH and generated inhibitory substances, i.e., bacteriocins. Under anaerobic condition, LA concentration in the stored garbage was found to be higher in the order: 37 > 25 > 50 > 5 degrees C, and the concentration of sugar accumulated during the 50 degrees C-storage was the highest. Among the conditions employed, the optimum condition for the storage of kitchen garbage was anaerobic at 5 degrees C.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1975

Ensiled diet containing processed municipal garbage and sorghum forage for heifers.

Diets of similar proximate analysis formulated with a base of sorghum forage and primarily supplemented with equivalent dry matter of 18.4% of aerobically digested municipal garbage (garbage diet) or 17.5% of cottonseed hulls (control diet) were ensiled for 52 days and then individually and group fed to 16 dairy heifers for 56 and 35 days. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in garbage and control diets averaged 54.2 and 47.4, 50.0 and 41.3, 62.0 and 65.1, 53.1 and 42.3, and 61.8 and 54.5% as determined by chromium oxide technique. Potential advantages from digestibility of the garbage diet appeared to be nullified by a 12% depression of dry matter intake and a consequent deterioration of feed efficiency. Dry matter intakes of garbage and control diets during the 56-day comparison were 1.98 and 2.25% of body weight and daily gains of .42 and .57 kg required 13.9 and 11.8 kg dry matter per kilogram of gain. Over the 91 days of combined comparison feeding, the .62 kg of average daily gain from control diet was 32% above the .47 kg from the garbage diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Two year follow-up of a garbage collector with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA).

BACKGROUND: Separate collection of biodegradable garbage and recyclable waste is expected to become mandatory in some western countries. A growing number of persons engaged in garbage collection and separation might become endangered by high loads of bacteria and fungi. Case history and examination A 29 year old garbage collector involved in emptying so-called biological garbage complained of dyspnea, fever, and flu-like symptoms during work beginning in the summer of 1992. Chest x-ray showed streaky shadows near both hili reaching into the upper regions. IgE- and IgG-antibodies (CAP, Pharmacia, Sweden) were strongly positive for Aspergillus fumigatus with 90.5 kU/L and 186%, respectively. Total-IgE was also strongly elevated with 5430 kU/L. Bronchial challenge testing with commercially available Aspergillus fumigatus extract resulted in an immediate-type asthmatic reaction. Two years later he was still symptomatic and antibodies persisted at lower levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our diagnosis was allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) including asthmatic responses as well as hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) due to exposure to moldy household waste. A growing number of persons engaged in garbage collection and handling are exposed and at risk to develop sensitization to fungi due to exposure to dust of biodegradable waste. Further studies are necessary to show if separate collection of biodegradable waste increases the health risks due to exposure to bacteria and fungi in comparison to waste collection without separation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The under sink garbage grinder: a friendly technology for the environment.

The use of garbage grinders is not a usual practice in Europe, but it is in other countries around the world (e.g., North America, Japan and Australia). Sometimes, garbage grinders are accused of producing problems in sewers and wastewater treatment plants and are prohibited by environmental protection laws. In this study, the different impacts determined by the use of this technology were considered to show the positive impacts of its use. In particular, it was shown that garbage grinders enable the disposal of household organic wastes with advantages for the wastewater treatment processes because of an increase in the carbon/nutrients ratio in the wastewater. This is particularly important for biological nutrients removal processes. Daily specific contributions for person equivalent (PE) due to organic waste disposal through garbage grinders were found to be equal to 75 gCODPE(-1) d(-1) for carbon (as COD), 2.5 gNPE(-1) d(-1) for nitrogen and 0.25 gPPE(-1) d(-1) for phosphorous, respectively. Those determined a value of 30 for the COD/N ratio. Moreover, no problems with solids settling in sewers were noted. These results were extensively compared with literature data. The economical balance showed that the use of garbage grinders allowed a global saving of some 17 Euro year(-1) for a three people family. Important benefits are also gained from an environmental point of view (e.g, organic wastes disposal nutrients removal in wastewater treatment and increase in biogas production with energy reclamation).

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2002

Continuous feed, on-site composting of kitchen garbage.

Kitchen garbage generated at a school cafeteria was treated and stabilised in a controlled on-site composting unit for volume reduction and on-site utilisation of processed garbage. The on-site composter was fed with the garbage on a daily basis during the two-months experimental period. Compost was not removed from the unit but was entirely reused as a bulking agent in order to minimise the need for additional bulking agent and compost handling. Performance of the composter tinder this condition was investigated. Most of the easily degradable organic matter (EDM) in the garbage was biodegraded rapidly, and the final product had a low content of EDM. Lipids, total sugar, and hemi-cellulose were degraded 96%, 81%, and 66% respectively. Free air space (FAS) was higher than 0.5 all the time, so accumulation of dry matter in the unit was not significant in reducing reaction efficiency. Other reaction parameters such as pH and MC were kept within a suitable range; however, it was advisable to maintain MC at over 46%. As a result, this method of operation was able to stabilise the garbage with low sawdust demand and little compost production.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗