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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Analysis of fumigants and fumigant residues.

The terms fumigant and fumigant residue are defined. Interrelationships between physically and chemically bound residues, storage environments, nature of the substrate and other influencing factors are outlined. Analytical methods include polarography by DME and RPE, titrimetry, spectrophotometry, and GC with microthermal conductivity, hydrogen flame ionization, electron capture, microcoulometric, thermionic, and flame photometric detector systems, with backup by enzymatic, radiometric, NAA and X-ray flourescence methods. Various aspects are illustrated with different fumigants used commercially. Supplementary methods to extend the power and usefulness of analytical methods in fumigant research are indicated.

Bromides↗
PubMed1979

The sensitivity of some avian viruses to formaldehyde fumigation.

Various avian viruses (infectious bursal agent, reovirus, adenovirus, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, poxvirus, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious laryngotracheitis virus) as suspensions in buffer or in a litter slurry were exposed to aerosolized formalin in an attempt to determine the efficacy of this fumigation method for decontamination of laboratory isolation cubicles. Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was delivered by a commercial insecticide fogger at a flow rate of 40 ml per minute and a volume of 36 ml per cubic meter of space. Fumigated cubicles were left sealed for 18 hr (cycle 1) before viruses were sampled, or were then exposed to a second fumigation and left sealed for an additional six hour period (cycle 2) before viruses were titrated (commencing at a 1:10 dilution) for residual infectivity. Although the infectivity of all viruses was reduced by over 99% by one fumigation cycle, the second cycle was necessary for reduction of Newcastle disease and reoviruses to non-detectable (no infectivity demonstrated in a 1:10 dilution of fumigated virus) levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: I. Survival of vaccinia virus-infected cockroaches during fumigation with formaldehyde.

In these studies it is shown that the common "British" and "American" adult cockroaches can survive exposure to formaldehyde fumigation carried out at double the strength and for four times as long as is recommended for disinfection of rooms. It is further reported that vaccinia virus ingested prior to the fumigation survives in the cockroach gut and may be excreted up to 5 days later. Since cockroaches are ubiquitous and are to be found in most hospitals, laboratories and animal houses, these findings should be considered whenever fumigation is called for.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Methyl bromide as a microbicidal fumigant for tree nuts.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) has broad microbicidal activity, but its use as a disinfectant for food is limited by the resulting bromide residues. Increasing the MeBr concentration, exposure temperature, or exposure period of a treatment tended to increase both the microbicidal efficacy of MeBr and the bromide residues. Its sporicidal activity was less at high than at low relative humidity within the range of 20 to 99%. Both the efficacy and the resulting residues of a MeBr treatment varied inversely with the load of product in a fumigation chamber due to sorption of the fumigant. Fumigation tests with almond kernels inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium indicated that MeBr can be used to disinfect whole nut kernels without resulting in excessive bromide residues, although the MeBr level necessary is higher than that normally used for insect control.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

Terminal disinfection of calf houses by formaldehyde fumigation.

Trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of various methods of formaldehyde fumigation as a means of disinfecting calf houses. Houses were cleaned by the farmer, sealed and then fumigated. A significant reduction in bacterial numbers was obtained when the gas was produced by heating paraformaldehyde, mixing formalin with potassium permanganate or boiling formalin in calf houses that could be effectively sealed. Aerosol generators did not give satisfactory results. Efficient pre-cleaning and sealing of the houses were of paramount importance; relative humidity and temperature were less important.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Microbiologically monitored fumigation of a newly built SPF laboratory rodent facility.

The initial sanitization and sterilization of a newly built animal facility for the breeding and holding of specific pathogen free (SPF) rats and mice is described. The fumigation programme was started with methyl bromide treatment directed primarily against arthropods, followed by ammonia spray to kill coccidial oocysts and concluded by three formaldehyde treatments with fog and spray against bacteria and viruses. The practicalities and problems involved are described in detail and the rationale and purpose of the programme and its monitoring are discussed. The report is expected to contribute towards the establishment of a rational, efficient and standardized fumigation programme for SPF animal facilities, under increasing constraints of safety and environmental considerations concerning pollution with toxic and corrosive agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Efficacy of ozone fumigation for laboratory animal sanitation].

Ozone resistance of spores of 2 strains of Bacillus isolated from laboratory animals was examined. Each of 0.02 ml of phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.0 containing 10(6) Bacillus spores was dropped onto sterilized filter strips, wood chip bedding, pellets of diet, cloth pieces and stainless steel plates. After drying at room temperature, the test materials were exposed to ozone gas of different concentrations at 90% RH. Exposure to 200ppm ozone for 6 hours was sufficient to kill spores in filter strips, but a little higher concentration or a little longer period of ozone fumigation was necessary for sterilization of wood chips, cotton cloth pieces and steel plates. The present results indicated that 600ppm ozone fumigation for 6 hours might be effective for routine sterilization of cages, wood bedding, working clothes and other materials used in laboratory animal facilities. However, exposure to ozone gas of 500 or 1,000 ppm for 6 hours or 200 ppm for 24 hours could not kill spores in pellets of diet, suggesting that dietary protein inhibited the bactericidal activity of ozone.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The metabolism of the soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the rat.

The soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (I) undergoes hydrolysis in the rat to a series of epoxide metabolites. Alkylation of glutathione by these epoxides produces 2 urinary metabolites identified as the mercapturic acids VI (R=COCH3) and VII (R-COCH3). Hydrolysis of the epoxides produces the male antifertility agents alpha-chlorohydrin (IX, X-Cl) and alpha-bromohydrin (IX, X-Br) which are oxidatively metabolized to oxalic acid (XII), thus causing renal damage. These metabolic pathways can explain the toxic nature of the fumigant as a carcinogen, a male chemosterilant and as an agent causing kidney damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria in raw-dried and raw-fumigated sausages].

Studied was the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobact. bovinum, and Mycobact. avium in the nonperishable raw-dried and raw-fumigated saussages Koprivshtenska and Troyanska loukanka and Gornooryahovskanadenitsa, produced according to the requirements of the Bulgarian State Standards and the technologic instructions. It was found that the viability and pathogenicity of the tuberculosis mycobacteria in the raw-dried loukankas persist up to the 180th day from contamination, and in the raw-fumigated loukankas they were established up to the 150th day. The survival of bacteria in these saussages during long storage depended on the count of the microbial cells in the meat mass. At 120,000 cells per one gram of meat mass, some bacteria were found up to the 180th day, while at 1200 cells these persisted up to the 150th day.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1975

Determination of air movement in stored grain as a factor in dynamic dispersion and distribution patterns of gaseous pesticides (fumigants).

The new research reported herein was motivated by variations in distribution-persistence patterns of fumigant residues (BERCK, 1974). The current developmental program is still underway. In the meantime, measurement of picoliter amounts of SF6 in air by GC equipped with a Ni63 EC detector has been proven useful over an airflow range of 10(-4) to 50 mph, representing a factor of 500,000 in differences in air velocity. Diverse applications have been outlined herein. This is the first case on record where measurement of unassisted airflow in the interstitial air of stored grain has been successfully executed, and which enabled determination of airflow speeds in the range of 0.5 to 7.5 times 10(-4) mph (=3 to 45 inches per hour).

Air Movements↗
PubMed1979

The effect of relative humidity on swine vesicular disease virus in dried films before and during formaldehyde fumigation.

Swine Vesicular Disease virus (SVDV) did not survive drying at high relative humidities (r.h.) but there was little virus loss at low r.h. Purified virus dried in films was inactivated by formaldehyde fumigation only at high r.h. Inactivation was also influenced by the suspending medium from which the virus was dried. Purified virus resuspended in distilled water and then dried, was rapidly killed, but that in tissue culture fluid survived.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Occupational dermatosis due to a soil fumigant.

D-D mixture is a preplant soil fumigant. It contains dichloropropanes and dichloropropenes, epichlorohydrin and is known as a primary irritant. Three cases of untoward reaction to D-D are reported. By patch testing, the existence of a contact allergic sensitivity to D-D could be proved in one patient. The other two cases reacted negatively; they were probably of a primary irritant origin. Patch tests with compounds related to D-D suggest that the cause of contact allergy must be sought in the propene(s) fraction of D-D. In future cases of untoward reactions to D-D, patch testing appears to be necessary in order to differentiate between a contact allergic and a primary irritant reaction.

Antinematodal Agents↗
PubMed1976

Potential hazards of fumigant residues.

A spectrum of fumigants (primarily ethylene dibromide, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, ethylene oxide, symdibromotetetrachloroethane, 1,3-dichloropropene, dichlorovos, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide) as well as their degradation products in foodstuffs and soil have been examined mainly in regard to the potential mutagenicity of their residues.

Alkylating Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Group separation of ethylene oxide 1,2-14c fumigated coca-powder derivatives and their distribution of radioactivity (author's transl)].

A procedure based on extraction, column chromatography and precipitation is described for the separation of ethylene oxide-1,2-14C fumigated coca-powder derivatives in 9 different groups. As it was found in wheat [1], the major portion of radioactivity lies in water extract; in coca-powder the major portion of radioactivity is also found in low molecular components.

Cacao↗
PubMed1977

[Residues of 1-14C-acrylonitrile in fumigated dry food (author's transl)].

Ten different kinds of dry food were fumigated with 10 g/m3 of 1-14C-Acrylonitrile (AN, 24 h, 20 degrees C). Residues of 0--19 mg/kg AN were found by Liquid-Scintillation-Spectrometry. The values become smaller as the density of the material increases. 30--70% of this agent are metabolised within two months.

Acrylonitrile↗
PubMed1976

[Isolation of the Derivatives from Coca-Powder Fumigated by Ethylene Oxide 1,2-14 C and their Structure Suggested on the Basis of I. R. and Mass-Spectrometry].

In Coca-powder fumigated with Ethylene Oxide-1,2(14)C, several derivatives were isolated by extraction and preparative Thin Layer Chromatography. Of the two compounds isolated from the water-extract, the structures have been suggested as N,N-Bis-(Di-Ethoxy-O-Hydroxy-ethyl)-Isoleucyl-Alanyl-Cysteine (MW = 569)and N-Ethoxy-O-Hydroxyethyl)-Tyrosine (MW = 269), based on I.R. and Mass Spectrometry. Their approximate concentrations were found to be 20 and 50 mg/kg respectively.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Bioavailability to rats and toxicity of bound residues in bean seeds fumigated with 14C-methyl bromide.

Fumigation of Vicia faba seeds with 14C-methyl bromide for two weeks followed by four-week aeriation period resulted in the formation of bound residues equivalent to 33% of the terminal residue or approx. 30 ppm. Of this amount, 3.4% was incorporated into the seed DNA. The effect of cooking on the treated-aerated beans showed that 50% of the initial dose remained bound to seed tissues. A bioavailability study of 14C-bound residues showed that over 70% of the ingested dose was bioavailable to the rat. The major radioactivity was eliminated in urine (36.6%), feces (24.1%) and CO2 (19.3%). Analysis of the urine showed that 36% of the radioactivity was in the purine fraction; one fifth of this amount was associated with 7-14C-methylguanine. Subacute feeding of bound residues to mice for 8 weeks at a dietary level of 30 ppm resulted in a significant decrease in the number of white blood cells and an increase in the activity of SGOT and SGPT of the treated mice. Blood urea nitrogen was also increased while blood creatinine remained unaltered. The data indicate that seed-bound 14C-methyl bromide residues are highly bioavailable to the rat. The bound residue also possesses a toxicological potential, as manifested by hepatic and glomerular injuries in mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A double fatality with children due to fumigated wheat.

Two children, four and two years old, played on top of wheat, that had been fumigated with malathion, pyrethrum and phosphine. Both died within 18 hours. Because after the autopsy, death could not be attributed to any organic or violent cause, a toxicological analysis was carried out. No drugs, except alcohol, was detected. Those results were attributed to hydrolysis of malathion, yielding two molecules of ethanol. As this was an indirect proof of malathion ingestion, it was assumed that phosphine had been ingested as well and that consequently this was the cause of death, because it is much more toxic than malathion and because it was continuously generated from not completely dissolved aluminiumphosphide tablets, while the children were still playing.

Abdomen↗