[An introduction to forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry can be defined as the dental discipline applied to the needs of justice].
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Forensic dentistry has become an integral part of forensic medicine over the past 100 years. This has been due to the dedication of people like Amoedo, Gustafson, Sognaes, Keiser-Nielsen and Suzuki, to name but a few. They established the essential role which forensic dentistry plays mainly in the identification of human remains. Dental hard tissues are extremely resistant to fire and are usually the only remains after an extended period of burial. If antemortem dental records are available for an individual then dental identification is as certain as those of fingerprints. In South Africa forensic dentistry had its beginning in 1969 during the Windhoek air disaster. Since then there have been several cases of interest throughout the country, one of which was the crash of the Helderberg off the coast of Mauritius. Other aspects of forensic dentistry are the examination of bite marks and the recognition of facial trauma especially in cases of child abuse; the determination of age, sex and race of skeletal remains; dental ethics and jurisprudence as well as malpractice also form part of the duties of the forensic dentist. The five dental schools in South Africa each have a forensic team which is consulted on a regular basis by forensic pathologists and district surgeons. Forensic dentists are active members of the medicolegal team and should be consulted on a regular basis especially in cases where identification is concerned.
Since the late 1890s, forensic odontology has gradually established itself as important, often indispensable, in medicolegal cases, in particular for identification of the dead. The specialty of forensic dentistry generally covers three basic areas, namely, (1) identifications human remains, (2) litigation relating to malpractice, and (3) criminal proceedings, primarily in the areas of bite-mark evaluation and child abuse. Much of its expertise is based on clinical experience, fundamental research and advances in knowledge in relation to dentistry in general. Particularly over the past two decades, there has also been increasing research on specific forensic dental matters. In this paper, the methods of identification used in forensic dentistry are reviewed, and their application in two areas, mass disasters and bite-mark analysis is discussed. Progress in this field in Finland has been relatively slow. It has depended as in other countries on development of training and research facilities in the dental schools, and oral pathology departments.
The use of computers in forensic dentistry has mirrored the use of computers in dentistry in general. There has been a rapid acceptance and use of computers for management of all front-office and many clinical procedures. Their use has presented new tools for solving difficult forensic problems and has created new concerns regarding their application in general dentistry. The accepted uses of computers in dentistry and forensic dentistry are presented along with suggestions for future directions.
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A survey was conducted to assess the current status of instruction and curricular content in forensic dentistry in United States dental schools. The dean of each of the 60 dental schools was asked to describe the formal teaching program in forensic dentistry in the predoctoral, postgraduate, resident, and continuing education curriculum. Faculty characteristics and the relationship of the faculty to extramural organizations dealing with forensic science were analyzed. Results indicate that 42 percent of the respondents do not offer formal courses in forensic dentistry at any level of dental education. The remaining 58 percent offer courses that are primarily didactic in nature. The diagnostic dental science departments are responsible for the organization and administration of forensic dental courses at the majority of respondent schools. A significant number of faculty teaching forensic dentistry hold advanced degrees in medicine and law, as well as other disciplines. Although forensic dental faculty are trained to assist law enforcement agencies, their consulting services are not generally used to the fullest extent. Based on the results of this survey, a series of recommendations for structuring the forensic science curriculum in dental schools is offered.
A model curriculum for forensic dentistry in US dental schools has been presented. This curriculum follows guidelines that will provide the dental student with practical training in specific forensic techniques, knowledge of general principles of forensic dentistry, and an appreciation for the dentist's responsibility within the legal community.
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