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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Recommendations for prevention and control of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons. Report of the Working Group on Tuberculosis among Foreign-Born Persons. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

During 1986-1997, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases among foreign-born persons in the United States increased by 56%, from 4,925 cases (22% of the national total) to 7,702 cases (39% of the national total). As the percentage of reported TB cases among foreign-born persons continues to increase, the elimination of TB in the United States will depend increasingly on the elimination of TB among foreign-born persons. On May 16-17, 1997, CDC convened a working group of state and city TB-control program staff, as well as representatives from CDC's Division of TB Elimination and Division of Quarantine, to outline problems and propose solutions for addressing TB among foreign-born persons. The Working Group on Tuberculosis Among Foreign-Born Persons considered a) epidemiologic profiles of TB cases among foreign-born persons, b) case finding, screening, and preventive therapy for the foreign born, c) TB diagnosis and management for the foreign born, d) opportunities for collaborations with community-based organizations (CBOs) to address TB among the foreign born, and e) TB-related training needs. The Working Group's deliberations and the resulting recommendations for action by federal agencies, state and local TB-control programs, CBOs, and private health-care providers form the basis of this report. For each of the five topics of discussion, the group identified key issues, problems, and constraints and suggested solutions in the form of recommendations, which are detailed in this report. The Working Group made the following recommendations: * The epidemiology of TB among foreign-born populations differs considerably from area to area. To tailor TB-control efforts to local needs, TB-control programs should develop epidemiologic profiles to identify groups of foreign-born persons in their jurisdictions who are at high risk for TB. * The priorities of TB control among the foreign born should be the same as those for control of TB among other U.S. populations - completion of treatment by persons infected with active TB, contact tracing, and screening and provision of preventive therapy for groups at high risk. Screening and preventive therapy should be limited to areas where completion of therapy rates and contact-tracing activities are currently adequate. * Based on local epidemiologic profiles, selective screening should be conducted among populations identified as being at high risk for TB. Screening should target groups of persons who are at the highest risk for TB infection and disease, accessible for screening, and likely to complete preventive therapy. The decision to screen for infection, disease, or both should be based on the person's age and time in the United States, prior screening, and locally available resources for the provision of preventive therapy. * TB-control programs should direct efforts towards identifying impediments to TB diagnosis and care among local foreign-born populations, devising strategies to address these barriers, and maximizing activities to ensure completion of treatment. * Providing TB preventive therapy and other TB-related services for foreign-born persons is often impeded by linguistic, cultural, and health-services barriers. TB-control programs can help overcome these barriers by establishing partnerships with CBOs and by strengthening training and education efforts. Collaborations with health-service CBOs should center on developing more complementary roles, more effective coordination of services, and better use of existing resources for serving the foreign born. TB-related training should be linked to overall TB-control strategies for the foreign born. Training and education should be targeted to providers, patients, and community workers.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

[Present status of medical care for foreigners in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (2). Illness behavior of foreign workers].

This study revealed certain health issues and illness behaviors of foreign workers living in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. We collected responses to our questionnaires from 317 foreign workers from 41 factories. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The incidences of signs and symptoms of poor health were high among foreign workers. Most signs and symptoms seemed to be related to physical and psychological stresses in daily life and work. The incidences of work-related injury and disease were also high. 2. A quarter of the foreign workers polled did not visit clinics or hospitals regardless of their suffering from severe illness, mainly because of heavy work duties, language barriers and high medical costs. 3. Foreign workers most often visited clinics, pharmacies and hospitals, when they suffered from illness. They would not pay more than 10,000 yen for an outpatient medical visit or 100,000 yen for admission or for total medical costs. 4. Sixty percent of foreign workers had difficulty in communicating with doctors, even in English. This situation made foreign workers hesitant to visit clinics and hospitals in Japan. 5. Forty percent of foreign workers did not enroll in a health insurance system, but half of them felt it was necessary to do so. 6. Fifty-four percent of foreign workers were psychologically unstable. Emergency psychological care should be applied in some cases, such as potential suicide cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Detection of orbital foreign bodies by CT: are plain radiographs of foreign bodies still useful?].

PURPOSE: To prove the visualisation of orbital foreign bodies by CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro we examined defined small objects of various materials (metal, wood, glass, stone) which are common as orbital foreign bodies, Density and minimum detectable size were studied. The findings of 27 patients with suspected orbital foreign bodies were compared with the results of plain radiographs, Comberg radiographs, sonography, and surgery. RESULTS: For iron, the minimum detectable size was 0.02 mm3. A differentiation of various materials by CT was not always possible, especially in small objects. There were wide differences in density of wood (-600 HU to +130 HU) according to hardness and water content. The CT scans correctly showed number and location of foreign bodies. Other methods were inferior in detection of foreign bodies. CONCLUSION: In diagnosis of foreign body injuries of the orbit, CT is the imaging method of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[The aspiration and swallowing of foreign bodies. The management of the aspiration or swallowing of foreign bodies during dental treatment].

The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the possible complications of foreign body ingestion or aspiration associated with dental treatment, especially oral implant treatment. A guide for the management of swallowed or inhaled objects is given. When the object cannot be coughed out, then it is mandatory to take frontal and lateral chest roentgenograms to identify the object's position in the intestinal system or in the tracheobronchial tree. In case of ingestion, attempts should be made to recover the foreign object by esophagoscopy. Aspirated foreign bodies should be removed within 24 hours. Acute obstruction can be life threatening and delaying the removal of foreign objects may make a bronchoscopy technically more difficult. The clinician must be aware of the complications involved in accidentally inhaling or ingesting foreign bodies during dental treatment. Patients at greater risk of swallowing or aspirating foreign objects need to be identified and extra preventive steps must be taken to avoid such complications.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Foreign body aspiration in children. The advantages of emergency endoscopy and foreign body removal].

In the last 15 years, 124 children with a history and clinical signs of aspiration have been managed by emergency rigid endoscopy under general anesthesia. In 115 (93%) of them a foreign body could be identified, which was successfully removed by forceps extraction in 114. Only 1 patient required a thoracotomy for removal of a distally located aspirated needle. The remaining 9 patients (7%) had a typical history and clinical signs of an aspiration, but no aspirated foreign body was found on endoscopy. Most of the children (102, or 82%) were admitted within 12 h after aspiration, while 22 (18%) had a history of foreign body aspiration between 2 days and 5 weeks before. Complications occurred in only 3% (3 children) of the 102 who underwent endoscopy within 12 h as against 50% (11 patients) of the 22 children in whom this was delayed. In all cases of foreign body aspiration and endoscopical removal within 12 h, the patients were discharged after a plain chest X-ray the following day. In children with chronic endotracheal foreign bodies, in 80% a second endoscopy after 48 h was indicated, and the mean stay in hospital was extended to 7 days. Emergency rigid tracheobronchoscopy and forceps removal of aspirated foreign bodies under general anesthesia and with meticulous perioperative monitoring is a safe and effective procedure with no mortality. Even in suspected aspiration or chronic bronchopulmonary infections, liberal use of endoscopy is recommended.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1995

Effects of direct instruction in Spanish phonology on the native-language skills and foreign-language aptitude of at-risk foreign-language learners.

This study examined the effect of an academic year of direct instruction in the phonology/orthography of Spanish on the native-language skills and foreign-language aptitude of high school women identified as at risk (n = 14) and not at risk (n = 19) for experiencing problems with learning a foreign language. At-risk students received a specialized teaching approach; not-at-risk students received traditional foreign-language instruction. Pre- and posttest results showed that both groups improved significantly on a foreign-language aptitude test, and the at-risk group made significant gains on native-language phonology/orthography measures. Pretest comparisons showed significant between-group differences on several phonological/orthographic measures and the foreign-language aptitude test. Posttest comparisons showed that the not-at-risk subjects still scored significantly higher than at-risk subjects on the foreign-language aptitude measure; no differences were noted on two native-language phonological/orthographic measures. Pre- and posttest comparisons between groups showed that the at-risk group made significantly greater gains than the not-at-risk group on phonological/orthographic measures. Implications for instruction are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Foreign body gingivitis: identification of the foreign material by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis.

Foreign bodies identified in 61 cases of foreign body gingivitis were analyzed by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. This was compared with the energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis of 62 dental materials. Comparative analysis indicated most foreign bodies were of dental material origin, usually abrasives. It is suggested that they are factitially and iatrogenically introduced during a variety of self-administered and professionally performed dental hygiene and restorative procedures. Individual elements, and elements by class, were correlated with previously described clinical and microscopic features of the cases. There was no association between any microscopic or clinical attribute of FBG and the presence of allergenic or cytotoxic elements. It is postulated that the physical presence of foreign bodies may be sufficient for the development of foreign body gingivitis. Dentists should be aware of the potential for chronic tissue damage that can result from the unguarded use of abrasive material next to the gingiva.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Large radiolucent tracheal foreign body found by CT scan caused dyspnea: an admonition on flexible fiberscopic foreign body removal.

A 25-year-old male patient with a sharp, large, and radiolucent tracheobronchial foreign body which was inhaled at the time of a traffic accident is reported on. CT scan was quite useful in finding this radiolucent foreign body. The patient had no respiratory disturbance because the foreign body was located in the level between bifurcation and left main bronchus; however, a flexible fiberscopic procedure performed to remove the body caused an airway obstruction and a dyspnea because the foreign body lodged in the subglottis. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of the flexible fiberscope system. Almost all medical facilities in Japan have flexible systems. However, the opportunities for young physicians to learn about rigid systems may now become limited. This case may warn us not to have too much confidence in the ability of flexible fiberscope system to remove this kind of large foreign body and remind us of the need to continue adequate training in the rigid systems.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Eyelid foreign body mimics an intraocular foreign body on plain orbital radiography.

Localization of a foreign body detected on plain orbital radiography may be achieved by comparing radiographs taken with the eyes in upgaze and downgaze. Movement of the foreign body with ocular rotation is considered to indicate localization either within the globe itself or within the soft tissues of the orbit closely related to the globe. A case is reported that demonstrates that this radiologic feature may also occur when a foreign body is located within an eyelid because the position of the eyelids also changes on vertical eye movements. An eyelid foreign body may therefore mimic an intraocular foreign body on plain orbital radiography.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Residency directors' assessments of which selection criteria best predict the performances of foreign-born foreign medical graduates during internal medicine residencies.

In the summer of 1990, 102 directors of internal medicine residency programs from nine areas of the country with the largest numbers of foreign-born foreign medical graduates (FFMGs) were surveyed by mail to determine what criteria used to select FFMGs for residency positions best predicted performance. The directors felt that the most important predictors were performance on the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination in the Medical Sciences or the National Board of Medical Examiners examinations; performance during the interview; and postgraduate clinical experience in the United States. Recent graduation from medical school was felt to be a better predictor than postgraduate clinical experience in a foreign country. Seventy-three percent of the directors found letters of recommendation from a foreign country to be useless. The author suggests the results of this study may be useful to residency programs in evaluating FFMG applicants and to FFMGs in assessing their own credentials.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Two remarkable events in the field of intraocular foreign body: (1) The reversal of siderosis bulbi. (2) The spontaneous extrusion of an intraocular copper foreign body.

Two unusual events concerning intraocular foreign bodies are presented. The first patient had an occult or unsuspected intraocular foreign body. He showed iridoplegia with mydriasis, siderosis iridis, and an intraocular piece of iron lying posteriorly near the retina. The foreign body was removed and the patient regained normal iris color and pupillary activity. His vision remains 20/15 six years postoperatively dispite ensuing retinal detachment one year after removal of the foreign body. The second patient was a young boy injured by a blasting cap explosion. He lost one eye from the injury and had a piece of intraocular brass in his left eye. In spite of the development of chalcosis and a mature cataract the lens gradually shrank in the pupillary space permitting a clear aphakic area and 20/25 vision. The brass fragment migrated forward and inferiorly and was finally extruded under the conjunctiva five years later, where it was removed and chemically analyzed by x-ray diffraction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Suppression of foreign innervation in axolotl muscle may not be dependent on juxtaposition of native and foreign nerve terminals.

The posterior supracoracoideus nerve of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was induced to make synapses outside its normal muscle territory. Muscle fibres with inputs from both native and foreign nerves were studied during the period of suppression of foreign transmission and in only 8% of fibres were foreign and native terminals found within 120 micrometer of each other. A combined cholinesterase/silver staining technique revealed non-innervated endplates in foreign-innervated fibres just prior to the return of the native nerve. These results suggest a mechanism enabling suppression of foreign synapses at some distance from native synapses probably beginning with the reinnervation of empty sites by the native nerve.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1991

Identifying native language difficulties among foreign language learners in college: a "foreign" language learning disability?

The present study compared successful and unsuccessful college foreign language learners on measures of intelligence, foreign language aptitude, native oral and written language, and math. Unsuccessful students had received petitions to waive the foreign language requirement. No significant differences between groups were found on intelligence and reading comprehension. Significant differences were found on the Modern Language Aptitude Test, on tests of written and oral language in the syntactic and phonological domains, and on math calculation. Authors suggest that students with foreign language learning difficulties may have underlying native language problems manifested especially in the areas of syntax and phonology. Suggestions for diagnosing a foreign language disability are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

United States foreign medical graduates in Connecticut: how they compare with foreign medical graduates.

This study contrasts the graduate training and subsequent careers of a cohort of United States-born foreign medical graduates (USFMGs) and foreign medical graduates (FMGs) who were in training positions in Connecticut in 1964 and who were located in 1971. The data suggest that although USFMGs were foreign-educated, they had certain advantages--both cultural and administrative--in hospital training positions which helped them to pursue different career alternatives than FMGs. However, the data further suggest that they retained characteristics of their foreign training which continued to differentiate them from United States medical graduates (USMGs).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Report on a child with stricture following foreign body of long duration in the bronchus. Discussion on the management of bronchial foreign bodies.

A case report and the management of a 10-year-old girl who had inhaled a foreign body into the right intermediate bronchus at some unknown (but certainly not recent) time previously is given. A stricture at the site of the impaction of the foreign body was found. The excision of the stricture and repair of the bronchus with pericardium is described together with a 3-year follow-up report. The diagnosis and immediate management of foreign bodies in the bronchus are discussed and the importance of differentiating organic and non-organic foreign bodies is stressed. The management of bronchial strictures is discussed as is the result obtained in the above reported case.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1993

ECFMG assessment of clinical competence of graduates of foreign medical schools. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an assessment of clinical competence of graduates of foreign medical schools and to determine the reliability and validity of the assessment and the feasibility of large-scale administration. DESIGN: The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) clinical competence study included (1) clinical encounters with standardized patients to assess history taking, physical examination, and communication skills; (2) laser videodisk pictorials to assess identification and interpretation of diagnostic procedures; (3) written clinical vignettes to assess diagnosis and management skills; and (4) assessment of spoken English. A uniform method of operating the test centers and of training the standardized patients was developed. SETTING: Medical schools and their primary teaching hospitals and affiliated hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred twenty-four first-year residents, of whom 525 are graduates of foreign medical schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores, reliability coefficients, validity measures, feasibility of multisite administration, trends of scores over time, and acceptability by examinees. RESULTS: The ECFMG clinical competence assessment was conducted at four geographically separate test centers. Reliability coefficients were high (.85) for the integrated clinical encounter and were in a reasonable range (.71 to .82) for all test components. The assessment adds to the predictability of the residents' performance in the hospital over that of current ECFMG certification examinations. Test security was addressed by demonstrating no consistent pattern of change in scores over testing dates. Virtually all examinees thought the assessment was appropriate. Standardized patients were able to assess spoken English accurately. CONCLUSION: The feasibility of conducting a reliable and valid test of clinical competence for graduates of foreign medical schools was demonstrated for this test population.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Localization and removal of metallic foreign bodies using LIT-2 foreign body locator].

The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of devices used in medical practice to localize and remove foreign metallic bodies. To enhance the accuracy of detection and localization of foreign bodies and the efficiency of medical application of whirl-current locators, a LIT-2 model foreign body locator is presented. Cases of mutual orientation of the device transducer and foreign metallic bodies, the specific features of whirl-current diagnosis with procedures for preoperative and intraoperative localization.

Equipment and Supplies↗