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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

Functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones: implications for the Olduvai (hominid 8) foot.

Previous observations on twelve fossil foot bones (Olduvai 8: Day and Napier, '64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (Day and Wood, '68) suggested human-like bipedality for this foot. Subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: The fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant--orangutans) or believed (extinct--some fossil apes and monkeys) to be arboreal in habitus (Oxnard '72; Lisowski, et al., '74, '76). A reassessment of the entire Olduvai 8 foot is therefore necessary to answer the problem posed by a foot that has a non-human talus with, apparently, a human arched pattern of the remaining tarsal and metatarsal bones. The dry bones of a series of feet of extant hominoids have been rearticulated and are found to be close to the actual relationships presented by dissected specimens in which ligaments, articular cartilages and soft tissues are present. Similar rearticulation applied to casts of the individual Olduvai foot bones produces a structure that is not arched in the same manner as the human foot; it displays features that ally it more closely with the feet of various apes. Sections of casts of the already rearticulated Olduvai foot (from both the Wenner Gren Foundation and the Kenya National Museums) show that the human-like appearance of the original rearticulation is due to a series of incorrect osteological alignments. Although casts do not permit study of surface features, the dimensions of the casts are sufficiently accurate to permit rearticulation in this manner. It is thus clear, a) that the Olduvai foot is not adated for bipedality in the manner of man, and b) that it displays features in which it resembles the feet of arboreal creatures. Such anatomical characters as relate to bipedality in the fossil suggest usage as in an arboreal species that also walks bipedally with flattened arches (like a chimpanzee or gorilla) rather than with the high arches of man.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Osseous changes in the foot bones in patients with arterial occlusion and simultaneous polyneuropathy (author's transl)].

The present article evaluates 26 cases with arterial occlusion and additional polyneuropathy in diabetes mellitus or chronic alcohol addiction. For comparison, a group of 30 patients with arterial occlusion without neurologically detectable polyneuropathy were also evaluated. It is pointed out that the osseous changes in the foot bone region are due to the additionally existing polyneuropathy and cannot be explained alone by an avascular bone necrosis in arterial vascular occlusion. Changes in the sense of an arthropathy occur in our group of patients even in case of unilateral arterial occlusion, these changes occurring bilaterally in the foot bones; after reconstruction measures in the arterial vascular system, these arthropathic changes in the foot bones continue to advance in case of persisting polyneuropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ewing's sarcoma of the foot bones: an analysis of seven cases.

Seven cases of Ewing's sarcoma presenting with primary lesions of the foot bones are described. Difficulty and delay in making the initial diagnosis are the hallmarks of the problems encountered at this site. Although radiation therapy plays an important role for control of disease in Ewing's sarcoma, surgery along with chemotherapy appears to give better results. Lesions of the forefoot are amenable to surgery; however, no guidelines are available in the literature for hindfoot lesions. Chemotherapy has revolutionized the outcome, and its use along with surgical intervention is recommended in all cases of Ewing's sarcoma of foot bones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sterkfontein member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid.

Four articulating hominid foot bones have been recovered from Sterkfontein Member 2, near Johannesburg, South Africa. They have human features in the hindfoot and strikingly apelike traits in the forefoot. While the foot is manifestly adapted for bipedalism, its most remarkable characteristic is that the great toe (hallux) is appreciably medially diverged (varus) and strongly mobile, as in apes. Possibly as old as 3.5 million years, the foot provides the first evidence that bipedal hominids were in southern Africa more than 3.0 million years ago. The bones probably belonged to an early member of Australopithecus africanus or another early hominid species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Attribution of foot bones to sex and population groups.

Although cranial and pelvic bones are the preferred skeletal material used by forensic anthropologists to assign unknown individuals to their most probable sex and population (racial) groups, these remains may be unavailable. This paper presents models for classification using metatarsals, proximal pedal phalanges, and the first distal phalanx of the foot. Measurements include lengths and mediolateral and dorsoplantar widths of these foot bones. Four samples of 40 individuals each (black and white males and females) comprise the dataset. Models were developed separately for right and left sides. Three models are provided for each side: a metatarsal model, a proximal phalangeal model, and a combination model involving selected metatarsal and phalangeal measurements. A stepwise discriminant procedure was used for variable selection, with some highly correlated (r > 0.85) variables subsequently removed. The metatarsal models correctly assign approximately 77-84% of individuals to their correct sex and population groups; proximal phalangeal models yield correct assignments in 70-72% of cases, and the combination models give correct classifications in 87% of cases. Models exchanging variables selected from one side for corresponding variables on the other show discriminating power ranging from approximately 67-86%. More conservative "jackknife" estimates give correct assignments in 64-82% of cases. When these models are used for classification of sex alone, 86.2-93.7% ("jackknife" range, 84.3-91.2%) of cases are correctly classified; for race alone, 78.6-96.2% ("jackknife" range, 75.5-92.4%).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Differential diagnosis of changes in density and structure of the foot bones].

Skeletal disorders of the foot can be assessed radiologically by changes in bone density, structure and/or form. The knowledge of specific morphological criteria is a precondition for differential diagnosis. Our classification of skeletal disorders of the foot is based on the specific signs that can be observed in systemic and local diseases affecting the pedal bones.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

Minimal fixation in the treatment of open hand and foot bone fractures caused by explosive devices: case series.

AIM: To evaluate minimal fixation method with Kirschner's wires in the treatment of open fractures of the hand and foot short bones, caused by explosive devices. METHOD: There were 270 wounded persons with open fractures of hand and foot short bones, who were surgically treated at the Department of Surgery at the Osijek University Hospital. The stabilization of an unstable open fracture was performed with intramedullary positioned Kirschner's wires. In a few cases, satisfactory stabilization was achieved with Kirschner's wires positioned percutaneously alongside the wound and perpendicularly through the fracture. In the rest of the wounded, plaster immobilization was sufficient after surgical treatment and fracture reposition. RESULTS: Among 270 persons with 412 open hand and foot bone fractures, 49% had fracture only in the feet, 27% only in the hands, and 24% in both hands and feet. Unstable short bone fractures were found in 56 patients (21%). Such fractures were stabilized with Kirschner's wires (n=71). In 58 patients (21%) partial hand and foot amputations had to be performed. Reconstructive operations to improve pseudarthrosis after minimal osteosynthesis were performed on 5 short bones (7%). Osteitis was found on four short bones (6%) after minimal osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: Minimal osteosynthesis with Kirschner's wires is a reliable and adequate method of the treatment of open unstable short bone fractures caused by explosive devices.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A three-dimensional, anatomically detailed foot model: a foundation for a finite element simulation and means of quantifying foot-bone position.

We generated an anatomically detailed, three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of a human foot from 286 computerized topographic (CT) images. For each bone, 2-D cross-sectional data were obtained and aligned to form a stacked image model. We calculated the inertial matrix of each bone from the stacked image model and used it to determine the principal axes. Relative angles between the principal axes of the bones were employed to describe the shape of the foot, i.e., the relationships between the bones of the foot. A 3-D surface model was generated from the stacked image models and a detailed 3-D mesh for each bone was created. Additionally, the representative geometry of the plantar soft tissue was obtained from the CT scans, while the geometries of the cartilage between bones were obtained from the 3-D surface bone models. This model served dual purposes: it formed the anatomical foundation for a future finite element model of the human foot and we used it to objectively quantify foot shape using the relationships between the principal axes of the foot bones.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Interleukin 1 beta, hand and foot bone mineral content and the development of joint erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between plasma levels of the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Two subgroups of patients, one with persistently raised ESR (>/= 50 mm/hour, n = 16, group A) and one with persistently low ESR (</= 28 mm/hour), n = 18, group I) were chosen to represent stable extremes of inflammatory activity from a prospective study of 106 patients with active RA studied over one year in a single centre. The change from baseline in hand, foot and calcaneal bone mineral content measured by single photon absorptiometry and radiographic score of joint damage was measured over 12 months, together with plasma IL-1 beta and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. RESULTS: Significant progression of joint damage occurred in both subgroups over one year (p < 0.0001, paired t test) though progression was significantly less in the subgroup with low ESR (p < 0.05, ANOVA). Hand and foot bone mineral content decreased by almost 10% in the subgroup with raised ESR (p < 0.005, paired t test). Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed significant independent relationships between radiographic progression over one year and plasma IL-1 beta and ESR (multiple R 0.674, F = 11.64, p < 0.0002). No such relationships were observed for changes in bone mineral content parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma IL-1 beta levels correlate weakly with progression of joint damage though not with loss of peripheral bone density in RA. A significant reduction in peripheral bone mineral content occurs over one year in patients with active RA with persistently raised ESR.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Giant-cell reparative granuloma of the hand and foot bones.

Giant-cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is an uncommon benign reactive intraosseous lesion. It occurs in the skull, jaw, hand, foot, and facial bones and rarely in other skeletal sites. It is a solitary, lytic, expanded lesion and infrequently may extend into the surrounding soft tissue. Histologically, it is composed of fibrous stroma with spindle-shaped fibroblasts, multinucleated giant cells, and inflammatory mononuclear cells. Areas of hemorrhage are uniformly present. It may be difficult to distinguish this entity from an aneurysmal bone cyst, giant-cell tumor, or brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism because of roentgenographic and histologic similarities. Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment; serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels should be measured. Curettage and bone graft are effective treatments for both primary lesions and recurrences. Second recurrences are rare.

Adolescent↗