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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The need for special foods and sugar substitutes by individuals with diabetes mellitus.

The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as "diet", "dietetic", and "diabetic" on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food specialization in ruminants: the role of endosymbiosis in its formation].

Peculiarities of endosymbiosis have been studied in four species of ruminant animals with different food specialization (Cervus elaphus, Moschus moschiferus, Carpa sibirica, ans Gasella subgutturosa) using the methods of macromorphology, light and electron microscopy, and histochemistry. The differences in morphology of bacteria from populations inhabiting rumen epithelium of the studied animals have been revealed. The specificity of connection of bacteria with cornified epithelium has been demonstrated. This connection is reflected on the structure of outer epithelium layers. The functional interpretation of gizzard epithelium macrolandscape peculiarities has been improved. An important part of endosymbiosis in evolutionary-morphological transformations of stomach and intestines, and in formation of food specialization in wild animal species has been underlined.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insurance coverage of special foods needed in the treatment of phenylketonuria.

Optimal medical management of phenylketonuria (PKU) requires the use of special low-phenylalanine foods for many years. For women with PKU, elevated maternal blood levels of phenylalanine even at conception can lead to fetal damage. Despite this need, private health insurance, Medicaid, and other public health programs often exclude the cost of these foods from their benefits. The New York State Department of Health conducted a survey of metabolic disorders treatment centers to elucidate the problems PKU patients have obtaining and paying for the special foods essential to their care. Payment for special foods was denied to nearly half of those with private health insurance policies and was covered for only 10 percent of Medicaid-eligibles. A public program for children with special health care needs covered these food costs in upstate New York but not in New York City. There is no program of assistance for adults who are not eligible for Medicaid and who do not have private insurance coverage of special foods. At present, many private health insurance policies and public programs do not cover the costs of low-phenylalanine foods other than infant formula. Payment for this essential part of the management of PKU should be mandated for all public programs for persons with chronic illnesses, public medical assistance (Medicaid) programs, and private health insurance. There is a need for a public program to assist adults with PKU who are not eligible for Medicaid and who do not have health insurance that covers these costs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Changes in the aerobic capacity and ultrastructure of skeletal muscles and myocardium of endurance training rats induced by specialized food supplements with different compositions.

In order to find how the aerobic capacity and the ultrastructure of the skeletal and heart muscle cells of endurance training rats change as a result of adding two dietary supplements with different compositions to their diet (our own dietary formula specially designed for endurance sports and Aufbau Konzentrat, a product of Pfrimmer, Germany)--we carried out an experiment with 16 Wistar rats divided in two groups. The animals from group A received a food mixture containing 76% standard rat chow and 24% of the endurance training supplement, and those from group B--a food mixture of 76% standard rat chow and 24% Aufbau Konzentrat. Both supplements contained a high-quality protein, but those designed for endurance training was of higher fat and lower carbohydrate content. The animals were subjected to training on a treadmill at submaximal loading for 8 weeks. Initially and at the end of the experiment (week 9) VO2max-test was performed and VO2max and RQ variables of the treated animals were evaluated. At the end of the experiment the maximum oxygen intake was greater in group A animals than that in group B rats--85.06 +/- 8.81 and 75.77 +/- 4.91 ml O2.kg-1.min-1, respectively. After eight weeks a material from m. gastrocnemius and from the left cardiac ventricle of all animals was obtained and treated for transimmersion electron microscopy. Morphological data for more intensive oxidative processes in the gastrocnemius muscle and myocardium of group A animals were evident. The greater number of mitochondria and the higher cristae density observed in the gastrocnemius muscle cells indicated a better aerobic adaptation induced by the training and the intake of the specially designed supplement for endurance sports. Within an 8-week period of submaximal training using the specially adapted food formula resulted in a better structural basis than Aufbau Konzentrat produced in the skeletal and heart muscle cells for improvement of the aerobic capacity.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1994

Social influences on rats' (Rattus norvegicus) preferences for flavored foods, scented nest materials, and odors associated with harborage sites: are flavored food special?

We undertook in several experiments to determine whether the enhanced preference an observer rat (Rattus norvegicus) exhibits for a food after it interacts with a demonstrator rat fed that food reflects a general enhancement of the observer's preference for objects smelling like the food its demonstrator ate or results from a change in olfactory preference specific to foods. After an observer rat interacted with a demonstrator, it exhibited an enhanced preference for either cinnamon- or cocoa-flavored food that its demonstrator had eaten, but no change in its preference for similarly scented nest materials or nest boxes. The results are not consistent with the view that social influence on food choices of rats reflects a general enhancement of rats' preferences for objects bearing scents previously experienced while interacting with conspecifics. Rather, social influences on odor preferences appear to be restricted to scented foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Development of special food products for cosmonaut's nutrition during extravehicular activities].

On the analysis of the factual energy expenditure by cosmonauts during extravehicular activities two choices of special rations (SR) were developed. Hygienic testing showed that all nutritional components in these SRs were present in optimal quantities. Consumption of the SR foods during any basic meal will not misbalance the latter but satisfy the body demand of the main indispensable nutritional factors.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1992

[The final stages in the hydrolysis of foodstuffs in the small intestine of mammals with different food specializations].

The activity of the small intestine's enzymes realising final stages of nutrients hydrolysis was studied in herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals. The small intestine's enzyme spectrum corresponded to the food specialisation of the animals. The proximal-distal gradient of the distribution of digestive enzymes along the small intestine has both some similar features and certain differences.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗