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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Validity of the estimated food diary: comparison of 2-day recorded and observed food and nutrient intakes.

We assessed the validity of the estimated food diary by comparing recorded and observed food and nutrient intakes for 121 subjects (71 men and 50 women) aged 15 to 65 years. We obtained observed intake by unobtrusively recording the amounts of foods, preweighed or measured when served, at the four meals on each of the two study days. At the same time, subjects kept an estimated food diary. In general, the mean food intake recorded in the food diaries deviated from the observed intake by 15% at most. The deviation exceeded 20% for only a few food items. With the exception of calcium (-11%), starch (+10%) and thiamin (+8%), there was no difference or only a few percent difference in the means for energy and the 16 nutrients calculated. The validity of the food diary was equally high for men and women in the 15 to 34, 35 to 44, and 45 to 65 age groups. Product-moment correlation coefficients ranged from 0.68 to 0.97 for food intake and from 0.75 to 0.92 for nutrient intake. We conclude that validity is very satisfactory on the group level and is probably acceptable on the individual level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Eating patterns in French subjects studied by the "weekly food diary" method.

The "weekly food diary" was translated and adapted for use by French subjects. This validated method requires subjects to record every food and drink intake over 1 week, with several descriptors of the physical, psychological and social circumstances. Ten male [age 23. 6+/-2.3 years, body mass index (BMI) 20.7+/-0.6] and 16 female (age 23.3+/-0.6 years, BMI 20+/-0.6) students completed four weekly diaries over 1 year, one per season. Data were processed using a specially designed software. Breakfast was important, (about 400 kcalories). Lunch and dinner were almost equal in energy content but alcohol was consumed mainly with dinner. Meal size correlated positively with premeal hunger, number of people present, duration of premeal interval and time of day. Postmeal satiety correlated positively with meal size, aftermeal stomach content, and negatively with time of day, postmeal hunger and duration of sleep the preceding night. These observations allow hypotheses to be developed about mechanisms of intake in a French population and cross-cultural comparisons to be made.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A debriefing session with a nutritionist can improve dietary assessment using food diaries.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a debriefing call on nutrient intake estimates using two 3-d food diaries among women participating in the Women's Health and Interview Study (WISH) Diet Validation Study. Subjects were 207 women with complete data and six 24-h recalls (24-HR) by telephone over 8 mo followed by two 3-d food diaries during the next 4 mo. Nutrient intake was assessed using the food diaries before and after a debriefing session by telephone. The purpose of the debriefing call was to obtain more detailed information on the types and amounts of fat in the diet. However, due to the ubiquitous nature of fat in the diet, the debriefing involved providing more specific detail on many aspects of the diet. There was a significant difference in macronutrient and micronutrient intake estimates after the debriefing. Estimates of protein, carbohydrate, and fiber intake were significantly higher and total fat, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, folic acid, and calcium intake were significantly lower after the debriefing (P < 0.05). The limits of agreement between the food diaries before and after the debriefing were especially large for total fat intake, which could be under- or overestimated by approximately 15 g/d. The debriefing call improved attenuation coefficients associated with measurement error for vitamin C, folic acid, iron, alpha tocopherol, vitamin A, and calcium estimates. A hypothetical relative risk (RR) = 2.0 could be attenuated to 1.16 for folic acid intake assessed without a debriefing but to only 1.61 with a debriefing. Depending on the nutrients of interest, the inclusion of a debriefing can reduce the potential attenuation of RR in studies evaluating diet disease associations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Validation of a pre-coded food diary used among 13-year-olds: comparison of energy intake with energy expenditure.

OBJECTIVE: To validate energy intake (EI) estimated from pre-coded food diaries against energy expenditure (EE) measured with a validated position-and-movement monitor (ActiReg) in groups of 13-year-old Norwegian schoolchildren. DESIGN: Two studies were conducted. In study 1 the monitoring period was 4 days; participants recorded their food intake for four consecutive weekdays using food diaries and wore the ActiReg during the same period. In study 2 the monitoring period was 7 days; participants recorded their food intake for four consecutive days but wore the ActiReg for a whole week. SETTINGS: Participants were recruited from grade 8 in a school in and one outside Oslo (Norway). SUBJECTS: Forty-one and 31 participants from study 1 and 2, respectively, completed the study. RESULTS: The group average EI was 34% lower than the measured EE in study 1 and 24% lower in study 2. The width of the 95% confidence limits of agreement in a Bland-Altman plot for EI and EE varied from -0.2 MJ to 8.2 MJ in study 1 and from -2.3 MJ to 6.9 MJ in study 2. The Pearson correlation coefficients between reported energy intake and expenditure were 0.47 (P=0.002) in study 1 and 0.74 (P<0.001) in study 2. CONCLUSION: The data showed that there was substantial variability in the accuracy of the food diary at the individual level. Furthermore, the diary underestimated the average energy intake. The ability of the food diary to rank individuals according to energy intake was found to be good in one of the studies and moderate in the other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone dietary intakes among a nationally representative sample of US consumers using 14-day food diaries.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate dietary intakes of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone in a representative sample of the American population using 14-day food diaries. DESIGN: Vitamin K food composition data were applied to 14-day food diaries completed by a nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 households that participated in a Market Research Corporation of America menu census survey between July 1991 and June 1992. Dietary intakes were estimated for phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 4,741 men, women and children with demographic characteristics similar to those of the US census population. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics and 2-sample t tests. RESULTS: Mean reported intakes of phylloquinone among adults increased with age. Men and women in the 18- to 44-year-old groups reported mean phylloquinone intakes below the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin K. Of all study participants, 99.3% reported consumption of dihydrophylloquinone during the 14 days of diet recording; reported intakes peaked before the age of 6 years; after the age of 6 years intakes were constant. APPLICATIONS: The Market Research Corporation of America data provide a reference range for dietary intakes of 2 forms of vitamin K in the US diet: phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone. Given the putative role of vitamin K in bone mineralization, low intakes of phylloquinone reported among young adults highlight the need to educate the US population about the requirement for and sources of vitamin K. The abundance of dihydrophylloquinone in the US diet suggests the need for study of its biological activity relative to phylloquinone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Validity of a food frequency questionnaire and a food diary in a short-term recall situation.

The purpose of this study was to compare intakes of eight nutrients computed from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and from 3-day food diaries with known values. Total food intake of 19 healthy adult volunteers (10 men and 9 women) was monitored for 2 weeks. Each week, subjects completed a 3-day diary and a 1-week FFQ. Subjects had previously completed one diary and one FFQ with respect to their usual diets. FFQs and diaries were analyzed for calories, protein, fat, cholesterol, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C. All nutrients were underestimated by the FFQ (all p less than .05). Subjects omitted foods from the FFQ and incorrectly reported consumption frequencies. Vitamin A (p less than .001) and calories (p less than .05) were underestimated by the food diary. It is concluded that factors such as frequency of eating, pairing of foods, and explicitness of FFQ items affect recall accuracy. Those factors could influence the choice of FFQ design and administration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Validation of food diary method for assessment of dietary energy and macronutrient intake in infants and children aged 6-24 months.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the estimated food diary record (ED) method against weighed intake record method (WI) for assessing dietary intake in infants and children aged 6-24 months; additionally, to compare WI with metabolisable energy intake (ME) measured by doubly labelled water (DLW) in infants aged 6 12 months. DESIGN: Cross-over study of 5 day WI vs 5 day ED. SUBJECTS: Seventy-two children aged 6-24 months. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to one method during week 1 crossing over to the alternative method in week 2. Data were coded and translated into daily nutrient intakes using COMP-EAT version 5 nutritional analysis software. The analysis compared energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate. Twenty-one infants were dosed with DLW for measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) and ME. RESULTS: Mean energy intake calculated from WI and ED was 3,782 and 3,920 kJ/day, respectively. There was no significant difference between these values. Using WI as a reference, ED showed a mean bias of 138 kJ/day, equivalent to 3.6% of mean energy intake. Limits of agreement (+/- 2 s.d. of the bias) were wide at +/- 1,385 kJ/day. There were no significant differences between methods for any of the nutrient sub-classes. Using DLW as a reference, WI showed a mean bias of 243 kJ/day, equivalent to 7.3% of mean energy intake, limits of agreement were wide at +/- 1686 kJ/day. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence from the present analysis that ED is less accurate than WI for assessing energy and nutrient sub-class intakes in groups of this age but this good agreement between methods in groups does not extend to individuals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Validation of a pre-coded food diary with energy expenditure, comparison of under-reporters v. acceptable reporters.

The objective of the present study was to compare energy intake (EI) assessed from a pre-coded food diary (PFD) with energy expenditure (EE) measured by a validated position-and-movement monitor (ActiReg); PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway) in a group of Norwegian 9-year-olds. Moreover, we examined whether and how under-reporters (UR), identified with ActiReg), differed from acceptable reporters (AR) according to food intake and BMI. A total of fifty-one 9-year-olds completed PFD and ActiReg. The present study showed that on average EI was underestimated by 18 % compared with EE measured by ActiReg. The 95 % confidence limits of agreement in a Bland-Altman plot for EI and EE varied from 1.97 MJ to -4.23 MJ (sd 2) among the girls and from 0.74 MJ to -5.26 MJ (sd 2) among the boys. The Pearson correlation coefficient between EI and EE was 0.28 (P=0.05) for males and females combined. Fifty-seven per cent of the participants were classified as AR, 39 % as UR and 4 % as over-reporters with the PFD. Under-reporting of energy remains a problem with the PFD method used in a group of 9-year-olds, especially among boys. However, UR and AR did not show a systematic misreporting related to macronutrients, unhealthy foods or BMI.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2006

Relative validation of a pre-coded food diary among children, under-reporting varies with reporting day and time of the day.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate intake of energy, macro- and micronutrients assessed from pre-coded food diaries (PFDs) by using weighed records (WRs) as the reference method among a group of Norwegian 9-year-olds. We also examined how under-reporters (UR) differed from acceptable reporters (AR) according to the energy intake during the 4-day recording period and energy intake distribution during the day. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: One hundred 9-year-olds, 45 girls and 55 boys, were recruited to complete a 4-day record with a PFD followed 3 days later with a 4-day WR. RESULTS: There were no differences between energy and nutrient intake from the two recording methods among boys, but girls reported significantly higher intakes with PFD compared with WR. The median Spearman correlation coefficient between PFD and WR for energy and nutrients was 0.43 for girls and 0.49 for boys. Twelve participants were classified as UR with the PDF method. Energy percentages from macronutrients were not significantly different between UR and AR with the PFD method. UR had significantly lower energy intake in the last two recording days and from 1000 to 2200 hours during the day compared to AR. CONCLUSIONS: The PFD method is promising as a tool for assessing food intake in large surveys among children. The present study indicates that the PFD gives more valid data for boys than girls according to the group intake and ranking of nutrient intake when WR is the reference method. However, UR seemed to develop a study fatigue during the day and during the recording period. Increased awareness about the tendency of study fatigue can lead to more specific instructions on how participants can handle the problem.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Effects of diary food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls.

BACKGROUND: Bone mineral density (BMD) is largely genetically determined and this influence is most powerful in the period of rapid skeletal development in childhood and late adolescence but environmental factors such as exercise and dietary calcium intake may influence up to 20%. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aims of the study were to examine healthy late adolescent females for the effects and benefits of a high calcium intake from dairy product foods on bone mineral density, body composition, lipids and biochemistry. The secondary aim is determine whether a high intake of dairy product foods in the diet is acceptable for this age group long term. METHODS: Ninety-one teenage girls who participated in a two-year randomised controlled study on the effect of dairy food supplementation on dietary patterns, body composition and bone density in post-pubertal teenage girls were approached one year after the cessation of the study to determine the effects of the cessation of dairy supplements on bone mineral density, dietary habits, biochemical markers, body composition and blood lipids. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were assessed at the hip, spine and total body. Anthropometric data were collected, and exercise, Tanner, dietary assessment, preference and compliance questionnaires were administered. Lipid profiles, hydroxyproline excretion and urinary calcium and sodium excretion measurements were performed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for height, weight, lean and fat mass. The supplemented group had significantly higher calcium, phosphorus and protein intake during the supplementation period (p < 0.001). No differences were seen between the groups 12 months after supplementation finished. There were no significant differences in exercise level, preference or acceptability of dairy products or in the lipids and bone markers between baseline the end of supplementation and 1 year follow-up. There was a significant increase in trochanter (4.6%), lumbar spine (1.5%) and femoral neck (4.8%) BMD (p < 0.05) in the high calcium group at the end of supplementation. There was an increase in bone mineral content at the trochanter (p < 0.05) and lumbar spine; however the latter was not statistically significant, in the high calcium group at the end of supplementation. There was no difference in vertebral height or width at any stage of the study, indicating no influence on bone size. CONCLUSIONS: In this 3 year study (2 years of supplementation, 1 year follow-up), teenage girls, aged 15-18 years, were able to significantly increase their BMD at the trochanter, femoral neck and lumbar spine when supplemented with dairy product foods to a mean calcium intake of 1160 mg/d. There was also an effect seen on the BMC particularly at the trochanter and to a lesser extent at the lumbar spine. The dietary calcium intake achieved did not adversely affect body weight, fat and lean mass or blood lipid profiles. Twelve months after the supplementation finished the girls had returned to their baseline diet, indicating self-selection of a high dairy product diet may be hard to achieve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of population distributions of habitual nutrient intake based on a short-run weighed food diary.

There have been many attempts to characterize day-to-day variation in nutrient intake. This variation has a fixed component, associated with particular days of the week, and a random component. Both components were studied for a range of nutrients, using 4 d weighed diary data from a large, nationally representative survey of people aged 65 years or over. Since day-to-day variation may distort the characterization of the population distribution of habitual nutrient intakes, especially when diets are studied over only a small number of days, a statistical method was developed to correct for this distortion. Results suggested that population distributions of habitual nutrient intake could be accurately constructed from 4 d weighed diary data and that the method might be successfully applied to studies based on as little as 2 d of observation. The method is particularly valuable for correcting estimates of extreme nutrient intakes for biases induced by uneven representation of days of the week and by within-person variation.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Protein calculation from food diaries of adult humans underestimates values determined using a biological marker.

We evaluated the ability of a biological marker (nitrogen excretion expressed as protein) to accurately reflect the protein intake of 12 healthy subjects consuming a low protein diet (0.6 g protein/kg standard body wt). In this crossover study, protein intake was confirmed by chemically analyzing a duplicate of the constant diet each subject consumed for 3 d and by calculating protein content of self-selected diets recorded during two additional 3-d periods. Diet analysis matched excretion (difference 0.03 +/- 0.04 g protein/kg standard body wt, means +/- SEM). Self-selected intake manually calculated by subjects using educational materials matched the prescription [0.60 (0.42, 0.86) g protein/kg standard body wt, median (range)], but underestimated excretion by 0.18 +/- 0.02 g protein/kg standard body wt (means +/- SEM). Self-selected intake recalculated by the authors using a computerized database was only +0.05 (-0.08, +0.44) g protein/kg standard body wt higher than subjects' calculations, suggesting that discrepancies between databases and/or subject calculation errors only partially accounted for how greatly self-selected intake underestimated excretion. In a secondary analysis of self-selected intake, the three dietitian subjects consumed more energy and excreted less protein than nondietitians (137 +/- 4.9 vs. 94 +/- 3.5 kJ/standard body wt; 0.72 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.02 g protein/kg standard body wt), suggesting that adequate energy intake and/or additional training might improve agreement between intake and excretion. Thus, discrepancies between protein excretion and reported intake may reflect factors other than willful noncompliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Auckland diet: results from a seven day food diary.

Dietary intakes of 113 men and women aged 50-66 years, sampled from the Auckland electoral roll, were measured by a prospective seven day dietary diary. The mean intakes of percentage of energy due to fat and saturated fat were 32% and 16% in men and 34% and 15% in women. Compared with earlier New Zealand dietary studies, which used different methods, there has been an apparent decrease in both the absolute amount and proportion of cholesterol and saturated fat. The absolute and relative amount of protein consumed appears to have remained stable while carbohydrate intake has increased. In comparison with current guidelines for dietary fat intake there remains a need for further improvement in the typical New Zealand adult diet.

Aged↗