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PubMed1987

Food, supplements, and fortified foods: scientific evaluations in regard to toxicology and nutrient bioavailability.

Food, supplements, and fortified foods can all be appropriate sources of nutrients. It is the responsibility of nutrition educators to help consumers use those nutrient sources appropriately. Consumers should consider at least six factors when they select foods, supplements, and fortified foods: flavor, convenience, cost, nutrient content, toxic factors, and bioavailability of nutrients. Consumers are often less concerned about the latter two factors than they should be. For example, many case histories have been published on the symptoms caused by overconsumption of vitamins A, B-6, C, and D and nicotinic acid. Generally those toxic symptoms were caused by the ingestion of supplements, not foods. Current widespread use of supplements containing one or two nutrients may not only cause overt toxicity symptoms but also adversely affect the bioavailability of other nutrients. For example, ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin C appears to interfere with copper metabolism in human subjects; ingestion of high levels of zinc impairs immune function, depresses copper absorption, and induces anemia; consumption of supplemental calcium as calcium phosphate dibasic is associated with renal calcification in rats; and ingestion of supplemental magnesium depresses the apparent absorption of calcium and retention of calcium in bone by rats.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Nutrition and health--sense and nonsense regarding food supplements and functional foods].

A functional food is a proprietary food or beverage with a health-related claim. Such functional foods could make it easier to maintain a healthy diet. Unfortunately, in many countries regulations allow manufacturers to imply that a food promotes health without providing proper scientific evidence. At the same time, regulations may forbid claims that a food product prevents disease, even when it does (e.g. folic acid, which reduces the risk of neural tube defects). Functional foods may have beneficial health effects compared with traditional foods in some cases, but current legislation in the Netherlands cannot protect consumers from misleading claims.

Dietary Supplements↗

PubMed2003

Effects of liver-supplemented food on the development of embryos in mice.

We examined whether dietary intake of cattle liver-supplemented food induces reproductive effects in dams and developmental effects in embryos in the mouse model. Seven groups of 19 to 35 female mice each were given either powdered food or the food supplemented with crude liver homogenate, its lipophilic component, the defatted liver homogenate or vitamin A (retinol palmitate) during a 25-d period spanning from a week prior to mating to gestation day 18 (GD18). Fetal mortality and incidence of external abnormalities of the fetuses whose dams were given the diet supplemented with the crude liver homogenate increased dose-dependently with an increase in the supplemented amount of the crude liver homogenate. On the other hand, the defatted liver homogenate did not induce any reproductive or teratological effect. The vitamin A (VA)-supplemented food (950 IU/5 g food as VA) induced approximately the same levels of the incidence of total external abnormalities appearing at the same affected regions or organs as the foods supplemented with the 700 mg crude liver homogenate (1029 IU/5 g food as VA) and its lipophilic component (950 IU/5 g food as VA). The content of VA (as 1029 IU/5 g food) in the crude liver homogenate was found to be approximately equal to that in the lipophilic component (950 IU/5 g food as VA). Therefore, it was concluded that VA plays an important role in induction of the lethal and teratogenic effects in the fetuses whose dams were given the powdered foods supplemented with the crude liver homogenate and its lipophilic component.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Human intake of arsenic and iodine from seaweed-based food supplements and health foods available in the UK.

A number of seaweed-based products were analysed for total and 'reducible' arsenic and total iodine. Maximum potential intakes of the two elements were estimated using the manufacturers' recommended does. The levels of reducible arsenic found were generally low and, with one exception, ingestion of the products is unlikely to lead to the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Tolerable Daily Intake being exceeded. Iodine levels varied widely even between different samples of the same product. In a number of these cases the potential iodine intake is very high.

Arsenic↗

PubMed1985

Attitudinal and demographic correlates of food supplementation practices.

Attitudinal and demographic correlates to food supplement use were ascertained for 689 adults residing in seven Western states. Of the 689, 372 (54%) were food supplement users and 317 (46%) were non-users. The only attitudinal variable significantly (p less than .001) related to the practice of food supplementation was the belief that vitamin C could cure and prevent a cold. More users than non-users agreed with the statement that "vitamin C can both prevent and cure a cold." Demographic variables found to be significantly (p less than .05) related to food supplement use included education, marital status, home type, employment status, and population of town/city in which the respondent resided. Food supplement users tended to be living together without marriage, never married, or divorced and living in town houses or "other" types of dwellings. More users than non-users resided in communities with populations of 2,500 or in communities with populations of 10,000 to 49,999.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Food supplement usage in seven Western states.

Data on food supplement usage were collected from 2451 adults in seven Western states. No significant differences were determined among states. A majority (66.6%) of the sample used some form of food supplements, with 40.0% consuming one to three supplements per day. The archetype food supplement user was likely to be a young female with some college education, who believes that the nutritional quality of food has decreased in the last 10 yr and in the efficacy of supplements for disease prevention or cure, and primarily receives information concerning food and nutrition from books and health food stores. Correspondingly, one of the most frequently cited reasons for using food supplements, next to "to prevent colds and other illnesses" was "to make up for what is not in food." The three most frequently used food supplements, in rank order, were multiple vitamins, vitamin C, and multiple vitamins plus iron.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Medical evaluation of the special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children.

The special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, was evaluated nationally. Participating infants, children under 4 years old, and pregnant and nursing women were investigated initially, and after receiving food supplements. The supplements were iron-fortified infant formula, iron-fortified infant cereals, and fruit juices for the infants, and milk, cheese, iron-fortified cereals, eggs, and fruit juices for the children and women. Initially, the average birth weight was lower and the infant mortality rate was higher than expected in a well nourished population. There was also evidence of slight growth retardation, a high anemia rate, and a high percentage of participants having saturation of transferrin values less 15%. The program had no effect on the prevalence of unsatisfactory values for saturation of transferrin. There was an increase in weight gain during pregnancy, and increase in birth weight, an acceleration of growth, and a reduction in the anemia rate in all participant categories except women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1982

Food supplement usage by the elderly.

A variety of food supplements were taken by 66 percent of the elderly persons in this study. Ascorbic acid and vitamin E were the most popular choices. Some supplements may have improved nutritional status, while others were probably inappropriate or unnecessary. The findings indicate that the elderly have a number of erroneous beliefs about the efficacy of food supplements. Reasons for supplementation were often inappropriate, and unreliable sources of information were used. In addition, substantial amounts of money were spent on food supplements by those already existing on a limited budget. Nutrition education is needed to demonstrate the relationship between adequate diet, good health, and appropriate versus inappropriate food supplement consumption.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Impact of the Special Supplemental Food Program on infants.

The Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, popularly known as WIC, provides participants with supplemental foods and nutrition education. The WIC participants are eligible pregnant, postpartum, and breast-feeding women, infants, and children up to their fifth birthday. The program currently serves 1.2 million infants each month. The U.S. Department of Agriculture National WIC Evaluation Study of Infants and Children is the most comprehensive assessment of WIC's impact on a national infant sample. Its findings indicate that WIC infants consumed more iron-fortified infant formula (the core of the WIC infant food package) than non-WIC infants and, as a result, had higher daily intakes of formula-related nutrients--namely, iron and vitamin C. Because of lower consumption of whole cow milk, WIC infants had lower daily intakes of milk-related nutrients--calcium, protein, magnesium, and vitamin B6. The research team concluded that increased dietary intake of specific nutrients occurs only during program participation and has no residual effect after participation ceases. Possible scientific and social science research that would be useful in federal policy decisions affecting infant participation in the WIC program is discussed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2003

The use of food supplements among women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent of use of over the counter food supplements in women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of women attending menopause clinics in Solihull Hospital, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Rugby and Walsgrave Hospitals and Birmingham Women's Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type and rate of use of food supplements in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users and nonusers and perceived benefits. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty women completed the questionnaire. 95% (n = 326) belonged to the white European ethnic group. The median age was 53 years, with 50% (n = 170) in the 50-59 years age group, and 30 % (n = 95) in the age range 40-49 years. Overall use of over the counter supplements in the clinic was 43% (n = 147), with Oil of Evening Primrose (53%) and vitamins (44%) being the most commonly used preparations. 71% (n = 242) women were users of conventional HRT. Of these, 46% were also using food supplements. The use of food supplements was higher amongst HRT users (46%) as compared to non-HRT users (32%). The use was similar between smokers and non-smokers. The most commonly perceived benefit was a feeling of well-being, 39% (n = 58/147). The proportionate use was highest in social class I and class II (51% and 54% respectively), in keeping with amount of disposable income. Friends (27%), the internet (26%) and magazines (20%) were the most commonly quoted sources of information. 79% (n = 116/147) were spending up to 10 each month on alternative remedies. 10% (n = 14/147) of women were visiting practitioners of alternative remedies. CONCLUSIONS: The use of food supplements is widespread and particularly in those already taking conventional HRT. This study was not designed to test confidence in orthodox medicine, but the prevalence of use of supplements amongst menopausal women attending menopause clinics. The most commonly perceived benefit is a feeling of well-being, but users of food supplements are unsure of any additional benefit when supplements are taken in conjunction with conventional therapy. There is a misapprehension that "herbal" or "natural" equals safe. In addition, the correlation between supplement use and side effects is very seldom made, as these compounds are mistakenly considered almost universally safe, and physicians often fail to enquire about their use in routine history taking.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effects of experimental food supplementation on movements of juvenile northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus).

Food availability is thought to strongly influence the leaving phase of natal dispersal in animals with condition-dependent dispersal. We conducted a food supplementation experiment to determine the influence of extra food on the onset of dispersal and early dispersal movement patterns of 42 radio-tagged northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) from 28 broods in north-central New Mexico during 1992 and 1993. We randomly assigned half of the broods each year as treatments and the other half as controls. Treatment broods were given supplemental food from hatching (late April) until mid-October. Control broods received the same visitation rate but no food. Birds were located approximately every 2 days from fledging until mid-October in 1992 and 1993. Timing of fledging and independence were not affected by the treatment. However, extra food significantly influenced post-fledging movements of juvenile goshawks. During the late fledgling-dependency period (>65 days of age until independence) control birds were located in the natal area (<2 km from nest tree) more frequently than supplemented birds. This pattern reversed after independence (approximately 82 days of age) when supplemented birds were located more frequently in the natal area than controls. After independence the control birds were never located in the natal area and by the end of September in both years the controls had all left the study area (study area boundaries were approximately 25 km from nest tree). Supplemented birds were never located outside of the study area for the duration of the experiment. We conclude that the control birds dispersed out of the study area and the supplemented birds remained. Since the experimentally fed juveniles remained near a known food source and the controls did not, our study demonstrates that food availability influences at least the first 4 months of post-fledging movement patterns in this population. These results also suggest individuals base dispersal decisions on knowledge of their environment at a local scale, which can influence juvenile recruitment.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Traditional medicine and food supplements in rheumatic diseases.

This was a prospective survey using a standard questionnaire to determine the prevalence of use of oral traditional medicine and food supplements among patients with rheumatic diseases. Among the 141 patients surveyed, we found that 69% of the patients were consuming food supplements, 35% were using traditional medicine and 45% had used traditional medicine at some time or other. Females were more likely to use food supplements (P < 0017); especially among those with higher education (p < 0.036). There was no statistical difference between those who had ever consumed compared to those who never used traditional medicines. The Chinese were more likely than others to be using traditional medicine (p < 0.007). Vitamin C and B were the most commonly used food supplements. More than two thirds of the patients obtained their traditional medicine from non-medical personnel. More than half of them used 2 or more types of traditional medicine for more than two months. Spending on traditional medicine was noted to be modest with 73% spending less than one hundred ringgit a month for their traditional treatment. Doctors need to be aware of the possible interactions between these 'self-medications' and the conventionally prescribed medication.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

a Medical Food-Supplemented Detoxification Program in the Management of Chronic Health Problems

Objective * To evaluate the effectiveness of a medical food-supplemented detoxification program versus a hypoallergenic, calorie-controlled diet alone in the management of symptoms in chronically ill patients. Design * Outcome-focused study of patient response to dietary interventions. Setting * Clinical outpatient research facility. Patients * 106 chronically ill patients. Intervention * A medical food supplement designed to provide nutritional support for gastrointestinal healing and hepatic detoxification in addition to an oligoantigenic, calorie-controlled diet, versus an oligoantigenic, calorie-controlled diet alone. Results * The 84 patients in the experimental group, who consumed the medical food supplement, had a 52% reduction in symptoms over 10 weeks as measured by the Metabolic Screening Questionnaire. In comparison, the 22 patients on the control diet had only a 22% reduction of symptoms. Symptom reduction in the intervention group occurred concomitantly with the normalization of hepatic phase I cytochrome P450 activity in relation to phase II glycine conjugation detoxification function measured before and after intervention. The intervention group also had a statistically significant increase in urinary sulfate-to-creatinine ratio after treatment, suggesting improved reserves of sulfur-conjugating nutrients and glutathione status. Enhanced nutrient absorption after intervention was implied by the increased absorption and urinary excretion of mannitol after the 10 weeks of therapy, although the results were only marginally significant. Conclusions * These results suggest that this supplemental medical food program may provide an important adjunctive therapy for the management of many complex symptoms associated with the chroni

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Iron food supplement.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an iron rich supplement with locally available foods and to test its feasibility in school going children (7-9 Years) belonging to low income families. METHODS: From the upper primary school in Rajendranagar 7-9 year-old children were screened for hemoglobin (Hb) levels and 36 children having Hb levels below 11 g/dl were selected. Based on their Hb levels, age, and gender, 24 children were grouped as experimental and the rest as control. A supplement food (laddoo) was developed using locally available foods like jaggery, processed rice flakes, graden cress seeds and amaranth seeds (45:40:10.5). In the experimental group, children were given one laddoo per day for a period of 60 days. Effect of supplement on Hb levels, height and weight was assessed. RESULT: Anthropometric parameters showed that 97% of these children were undernourished, majority (50%) were in grade II malnutrition followed by grade (25%) and grade II (22%). A significant increase in Hb levels was observed in both the boys and girls after 30 days of supplementation only. The increase was comparatively more in the first 30 days than the second 30 days. The overall increase in Hb levels was more in 7-8 years than the 8-9 years age group. In majority of the subjects progression from one Hb level to the next higher level was observed. There was no significant improvement in their height and weight. CONCLUSION: The product developed contributed around 39-mg% iron. Thus its efficacy as an iron rich supplement in combating iron deficiency anemia is reflected in the results obtained.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Stress-compensation by a food supplement based on yeast plasmolysate in mitogen-activated T lymphocytes under simulated low-gravity.

T lymphocyte function is strongly depressed in vitro and in vivo under low-g conditions in space as well as simulated in clinostat. Here we describe the effect of a food supplement based on yeast plasmolysate on T cells activated in vitro with Concanavalin A and cultured in a random positioning machine. The mitotic index was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, the expression of activation markers CD25, CD69 and HLA-DR on the cell surface by cytofluorimetry and the secretion of the IL-2R by an enzyme immunoassay. Our data indicate that the food supplement used is capable to modulate T lymphocyte function. The addition of the food supplement increased the expression of activation markers in activated and non-activated cells. Cultivation under low-gravity conditions reduced the expression of the activation markers, but this expression was partly restored or even increased upon addition of yeast plasmolysate. On the other hand, cell proliferation and secretion of soluble IL-2 receptor was reduced after addition of the food supplement in all samples.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1999

A case of positive doping associated with a botanical food supplement.

In this manuscript the chemical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a doping case associated with the use of an Ephedra-labelled dietary supplement is reported. The urine of a Dutch professional cyclist was found to be positive for norpseudoephedrine at a doping control. An inquiry revealed that the cyclist had consumed a liquid herbal food supplement with Ephedra as one of its 15 declared ingredients. Chemical analysis revealed concentrations of 6.8-8.2 mg/ml of norpseudoephedrine and 0.02-0.03 mg/ml of ephedrine in several batches, which could have caused the positive doping test. Since the International Olympic Committee (IOC) list of doping substances comprises several substances which occur naturally in botanicals, doping agents like ephedrines and/or caffeine may be taken unwittingly in the form of herbal food supplements. In this case, the predominance of norpseudoephedrine over ephedrine was explained by spiking with norpseudoephedrine, showing that adulteration of herbal food supplements with undeclared agents also have to be taken into account. Our report demonstrates a need for improved quality control of herbal food supplements.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Some effects of a food supplement in elderly hospital patients: a longitudinal study.

The effect of giving a food supplement for 12 weeks to 12 elderly, clinically stable, patients was investigated longitudinally. During the period of supplementation, the mean grip strength, whole blood and plasma ascorbic acid concentration, serum and red cell folic acid and plasma vitamin D concentrations increased, and decreased when the supplement was stopped. Thiamin status, as indicated by the red cell 'TPP value', also increased in response to the supplement and decreased when the supplement was stopped. It is concluded that a food supplement of the type given in this study could be useful in preventing nutrient deficiencies in old people.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Urinary excretion of iodide and fluoride from supplemented food grade salt.

Iodide and fluoride supplemented food grade salt (NaCl) is a common source of these two micronutrients. In a pilot study, we investigated whether increased intake of NaCl supplemented with iodide (I-) and fluoride (F-) results in their higher bioavailability. Twelve healthy adult human volunteers ingested increasing quantities (1, 3, 6 and 9 g) of NaCl with usual diet over 8 days. Sodium (Na+), I- and F- were measured in 24 hour urine specimen. During the 4 day basal period when no additional NaCl was ingested, ingestion of NaCl calculated from urinary Na+ concentration and diuresis was 8.25 +/- 0.67 g/24 h. During the same period 0.11 +/- 0.01 and 0.61 +/- 0.04 mg of I- and F- respectively were excreted in the urine per 24 h. Increased ingestion of supplemented NaCl resulted in higher urinary excretion of sodium while urinary creatinine remained stable. 92% of I- and 40% of F- contained in the additional amount of NaCl ingested were excreted in the urine. These results indicate that with increased ingestion of supplemented (I- and F-) NaCl, almost the totality of I- is excreted in the urine while fluoride is either incompletely absorbed or retained by the body to a higher extent. I- and F- supplemented NaCl is, therefore, an effective vehicle to provide these micronutrients when ingested with diet.

Adolescent↗