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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Evaluation of photo-mutagenicity and photo-cytotoxicity of food coloring agents.

Pigments extracted from natural products are widely used for food coloration in Japan. An investigation concerning the photo-mutagenicity and photo-carcinogenicity of frequently used colorants in Japan was performed. Colorants examined were from Laccifer lacca (lac-color), Coccus cacti (cochineal-color), Carthamus tinctorius (carthamus yellow), Gardenia augusta (gardenia yellow and gardenia blue), Monascus anka and Monascus purpureus (monascus red), the skin of Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca (grape-skin color), Tamarindus indica (tamarind brown) and Beta vulgaris (beet red). No significant increase in bacterial mutation was found when Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102 were simultaneously treated with colorants and subjected to UVA irradiation for 30 min. When colorant solutions were subjected to UVA irradiation for 4 h, irradiated solutions containing lac-color became slightly mutagenic toward S.typhimurium TA98 without metabolic activation. A decrease in cell survival resulted when WTK-1 cells were subjected to UVA irradiation for 60 min in the presence of purpurin at 1 mg/ml. Delayed cytotoxicity was also observed following 24 h incubation in fresh medium of samples that were subjected to UVA irradiation for 60 min in the presence of colorant (carthamus yellow, grape-skin color, gardenia blue, cochineal-color, monascus red or purpurin).

Carcinogens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mutagenic effect of the food-coloring agents tartrazine and indigo carmine].

The authors studied the mutagenic action of the food dyes, tartrazine (both Soviet and imported) and indigocarmine in a microbial model and in warm-blooded animals (linear mice). Determined the toxicity and mutagenic action of the dyes on E. coli, strain K-12, carried out chromosomal analysis of the bone marrow, examined the dominant lethals in CBA X C57BL/6 mice. The recommended daily dose amounts to 400 mg/kg for tartrazine and to 50 mg/kg for indigocarmine with regard to the safety factor equal to 100. The data derived as a result of studying the mutagenic activity of tartrazine manufactured in the USSR and CSSR and indigocarmine paste in 3 experimental models allow the conclusion to be made that the doses of these dyes applied in food industry are fairly safe.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Production of superoxide radical in reductive metabolism of a synthetic food-coloring agent, indigocarmine, and related compounds.

Indigocarmine, which is widely used as a synthetic colouring agent for foods and cosmetics in many countries, was reduced to its leuco form and decolorized by rat liver microsomes with NADPH under anaerobic conditions. The reductase activity was enhanced in liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats, and inhibited by diphenyliodonium chloride, a NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) inhibitor, but was not inhibited by SKF 525-A or carbon monoxide. Indigocarmine reductase activity was exhibited by purified rat P450 reductase. In contrast, when indigocarmine was incubated with rat liver microsomes and NADPH under aerobic conditions, superoxide radical was produced and its production was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and diphenyliodonium chloride. When indigocarmine was incubated with purified rat P450 reductase in the presence of NADPH, superoxide radical production was enhanced 17.7-fold (similar to the enhancement of indigocarmine-reducing ability) as compared with that of rat liver microsomes. A decrease of one molecule of NADPH was accompanied with formation of about two molecules of superoxide radical. P450 reductase exhibited little reductase activity towards indigo and tetrabromoindigo, which also afforded little superoxide radical under aerobic conditions. These results indicate that indigocarmine is reduced by P450 reductase to its leuco form, and superoxide radical is produced by autoxidation of the leuco form, through a mechanism known as futile redox cycling.

Animals↗