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Results for “Flower color phenotype”

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5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Suppressor activity against cosuppression conferred by the petunia vein clearing virus genome.

The petunia genome contains an endogenous pararetrovirus, petunia vein clearing virus (PVCV). Previous analyses indicate that PVCV has suppressor activity against RNA silencing, but the suppressor protein has not been identified. Here we tested whether an open reading frame (ORF) of PVCV confers the activity that can suppress cosuppression of the CHS-A genes encoding chalcone synthase, which has a high rate of RNA turnover in the petal tissues of petunia. Petunia transformants that express PVCV ORF under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were produced. The transgenic plants were crossed with those that have CHS-A cosuppression to produce plants that contain both the PVCV ORF transgene and CHS-A transgene. The coexistence of these transgenes resulted in phenotypic changes: pigmentation of various extents occurred on the originally white petals of CHS-A cosuppression phenotype. The generation of pigmented portions in flower petals coincided with higher transcript levels of CHS-A and PVCV ORF and less CHS-A short interfering RNA. These results indicate that the PVCV ORF can suppress CHS-A cosuppression and change the flower color phenotype when it is expressed as a transgene.

Petunia↗
PubMed2025

From bottleneck to boom: Polyploidy, genetic instability and response to artificial selection resolve the peanut paradox.

This study, the second in a three-part series, shows how peanut's polyploid origin enabled rapid diversification and enhanced domestication potential. Building on the knowledge that cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) originated from a narrow hybridization between Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaënsis less than 10 000 years ago, we are confronted with a paradox: how did such a narrow origin give rise to so much diversity-two subspecies, six botanical varieties, and thousands of landraces differing in growth habit, seed size, and pod morphology? Although several diploid Arachis species were cultivated earlier, only the allotetraploid became fully domesticated and widely adopted. The global success of peanut, despite its narrow genetic origin, suggests that polyploidization itself facilitated domestication. To test this hypothesis, we investigated how the two diploid progenitors and neoallotetraploids derived from a single hybridization and polyploidization event responded under artificial selection. In a pollinator-free greenhouse, we advanced lineages of the neoallotetraploid and its diploid parents over 6 years, selecting for divergent seed weights. The neoallotetraploid showed a much stronger response to artificial selection than its diploid parents, while also spontaneously generating diverse phenotypic variation-including flower color, pod reticulation, and chlorophyll content-traits that distinguish A. hypogaea subspecies and landraces. These traits mirrored directional shifts in parental genome dosage caused by homoeologous exchange, supporting a causal connection with phenotype. These findings offer a compelling rationale for a domestication advantage in polyploid peanut, and provide a living demonstration of how a single ancestral tetraploid, despite an extreme genetic bottleneck, generates a phenotypic boom.

Arachis↗
PubMed2018

Carnation I locus contains two chalcone isomerase genes involved in orange flower coloration.

Carnations carrying a recessive I gene show accumulation of the yellow pigment chalcononaringenin 2'-glucoside (Ch2'G) in their flowers, whereas those with a dominant I gene do accumulation the red pigment, anthocyanin. Although this metabolic alternative at the I gene could explain yellow and red flower phenotypes, it does not explain the development of orange flower phenotypes which result from the simultaneous accumulation of both Ch2'G and anthocyanin. The carnation whole genome sequencing project recently revealed that two chalcone isomerase genes are present, one that is consistent with the I gene (Dca60979) and another (Dca60978) that had not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that Dca60979 shows a high level of gene expression and strong enzyme activity in plants with a red flower phenotype; however, functional Dca60979 transcripts are not detected in plants with an orange flower phenotype because of a dTdic1 insertion event. Dca60978 was expressed at a low level and showed a low level of enzyme activity in plants, which could catalyze a part of chalcone to naringenin to advance anthocyanin synthesis but the other part remained to be catalyzed chalcone to Ch2'G by chalcone 2'-glucosyltransferase, resulting in accumulation of anthocyanin and Ch2'G simultaneously to give orange color.

I gene↗
PubMed2026

Analysis of deep-resequencing data of 984 soybean accessions reveals structural variations underlying agronomic traits.

Genomic structural variants (SVs) are major sources of genetic variation and have profound impacts on phenotypic traits. However, their functional effects remain largely unexplored in soybean. Here, we resequence 940 soybean accessions. Together with 44 publicly available datasets, we identify 602,281 SVs. Using a graph-based genome, we detect an additional 58,760 presence/absence variations (PAVs) that broadly affect gene expression. Population genomic analyses reveal that SVs serve as a core driving force for soybean domestication and improvement. Integrating SVs with QTLs for oil and protein content, and performing GWAS on 27 traits, we identify key functional SVs. These include transposable element insertions altering seed coat color, multiple insertions within a cytochrome P450 gene modifying flower and hypocotyl color, and a GmMATE1 deletion enhancing seed size. Together, our study establishes a comprehensive SV map of soybean, offering a valuable resource for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits to accelerate molecular breeding.

Glycine max↗
PubMed2026

Natural variation in the PmbHLH162 promoter regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in Prunus mume.

Anthocyanin accumulation is a vital agronomic and ornamental trait, as it not only contributes to adaptation to environmental stress but also enhances ornamental value. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 328 accessions of mei (Prunus mume) to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with red pigmentation in petals, filaments, and xylem. Based on these significant SNPs, we defined 2 haplotypes (bHLH162hap1 and bHLH162hap2) and identified PmbHLH162, a bHLH transcription factor gene responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation. Transient silencing of PmbHLH162 in mei petals via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation resulted in significant color fading, whereas its overexpression dramatically elevated anthocyanin levels. Haplotype analysis showed that 2 promoter variants in bHLH162hap2 (Chr03_2669885 A/C and Chr03_2670272 A/G) alter the binding affinity of transcription factors PmWRKY18 and PmWRKY70. Stronger binding to the G/C alleles gave rise to higher PmbHLH162 expression in bHLH162hap2, thereby promoted red pigmentation in multiple tissues. By contrast, accessions carrying bHLH162hap1 displayed light/colorless phenotype without accumulation of red pigment. Furthermore, PmbHLH162 interacted respectively with PmMYC2, PmTT8, and PmEGL1 to form heterodimers, and markedly enhanced PmMYC2-mediated transcriptional activation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes PmCHS and PmANS. Geographic haplotype analysis revealed that bHLH162hap2 was predominantly enriched in high-latitude northern populations but was declining markedly at lower latitudes. Collectively, our study reveals the genetic and molecular basis underlying anthocyanin accumulation in mei and identifies a PmbHLH162-PmMYC2 regulatory module in which PmbHLH162 enhances PmMYC2-mediated activation of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The additional interactions of PmbHLH162 with the MBW-associated bHLH factors PmTT8 and PmEGL1 further suggest potential crosstalk between this module and the canonical anthocyanin regulatory network.

Anthocyanins↗