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No evidence was obtained that immunization to paternal antigens affected placental weight, fetal weight or litter size on Day 18 of pregnancy in female mice.
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Fetal weight was estimated sonographically within 3 days of delivery in 103 cases. A stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate fetal sex, biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length as factors in estimation of fetal weight. A new formula for calculating fetal weight was derived. Fetal sex did not affect the results obtained. Incorporation of femur length improved the reliability of the weight estimate. Because of intrapopulation and interpopulation differences, institutions using obstetric ultrasound examination techniques should establish their own formulas for estimating fetal weight.
Fetal weight prediction by different methods were compared. Those methods were ultrasound fetal weight estimations using Campbell, Warsof and Hadlock equations, and clinical subjective estimation by experienced obstetricians, as well as clinical objective studies (Zayed's equation). We evaluated 523 Jordanian (Arabic) patients in labour. Our results shows that ultrasound equation provides the highest accuracy in predicting fetal weight. In this study Hadlock's equation was more precise than the other equations. There is still a place for clinical fetal weight estimation, especially if objection methods are used.
Recently, nifedipine (Ca antagonist) has been used for the treatment of preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the effects of nifedipine on the normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat's placental blood flow, fetal weight and placental weight. We measured the rat's placental blood flow using clearance of hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis. The placental blood flow, placental and fetal weights of nifedipine-treated rats (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) were significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced compared with normal pregnant rats. These data suggest that nifedipine might have some reducing effects on placental blood flow, fetal weight and placental weight.
Recently, ketanserin (serotonin receptor antagonist) has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the effects of ketanserin on the placental blood flow, fetal weight and placental weight in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). We measured the rats' placental blood flow by monitoring the clearance of hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis. In ketanserin (12, 24, 48 mg/kg)-treated SHR, systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased. The placental blood flow was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced compared to that before treatment in WKY and SHR. The fetal weight decreased dose dependently in WKY, while in SHR it did not decrease significantly. The placental weight of ketanserin-treated rats decreased compared to that before treatment. These data suggest that ketanserin might have some reducing effects on placental blood flow, fetal weight and placental weight proportional to the dose.
Fetal renal arterial blood flow waveforms in 69 fetuses at 28 to 41 weeks of gestation were evaluated by means of pulsed doppler flowmetry. The pulsatility index (PI) in non-retarded fetuses gradually decreased as the gestational age advanced. A negative correlation was found between the PI in non-retarded fetuses and the weeks of gestation (r = -0.676, p less than 0.01). PI of the renal artery was higher in IUGR than in non-retarded fetuses, and no negative correlation was found between the PI in IUGR and gestational age (r = -0.337). The PI in all fetuses including IUGR was negatively well-correlated to estimated fetal body weight (r = -0.633, p less than 0.01). These results showed that the PI of the renal artery has a negative correlation with fetal body weight but not with aging of the fetus. The rate of fetal urine production in 19 cases and the diameter of the amniotic pocket in 44 cases at 36 to 40 weeks of gestation were next examined. The PI of the fetal renal artery also showed a negative correlation to the urine production rate (r = -0.544, p less than 0.01) and the diameter of the amniotic pocket (r = -0.517, p less than 0.01). The results suggested that an increase in the impedance of the fetal renal artery causes a decrease in urine production. These observations indicated that the assessment of renal blood flow waveforms may be useful in evaluating the development and well-being of the fetus.
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between maternal body weight index (BWI) and fetal weight and delivery mode. METHOD: Eight hundred and seventy two normal pregnant women were studied from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1993 BWI [BWI = weight(kg)/Height(m2)] was calculated in each antenatal visit. The comparing analysis of BWI was done. The study group included 126 mothers with fetal weight > or = 4 000g, the control group consisted of 126 mothers with normal fetal weight. RESULTS: In term pregnancy, the BWI of study groups was significantly higher than that of control group. (P < 0.01). When BWI > or = 27, the rates of macrosomia and cesarean section were markedly increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Maternal BWI is a valuable index for estimating fetal weight.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of fetal weight estimations performed by parturients vs. clinical and sonographic estimates. graphic estimates. STUDY DESIGN: Term parous women were included in this prospective trial. Each woman estimated the weight of her fetus. Fetal weight was also estimated sonographically and clinically. The clinical evaluations were performed by an attending gynecologist and a resident. Estimate accuracy for extreme fetal weights was evaluated separately. RESULTS: We enrolled 128 women. Maternal and resident estimations' accuracy was identical. The attending physician estimates were superior to the residents' and parturients', with a mean absolute error of 318 g and 67% of the evaluations within the 10% boundaries of the actual birth weight. Sonographic evaluation was the most accurate method, with a mean absolute error of 244 g and 76% of evaluations within 10% of the actual birth weight. When partitioned to extreme fetal weight groups (upper and lower 10th percentiles), the maternal evaluation was at least as accurate as the clinical evaluations of both the attending and resident. CONCLUSION: Maternal evaluation of the fetus's weight is as accurate as physicians' clinical estimations, and is advised as a complementary method of assessment. This estimation may greater relevance when intrauterine growth restriction or macrosomia is suspected.
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The present study shows the connection between the location of the placenta in utero and the neonatal weight and length after delivery and also the relative part of abdominal delivery in relation to placental location. 289 pregnant women have been examined with ultrasonography in the III trimester of pregnancy. The results show that the neonatal length and the weight are normal when the placenta is anterior, posterior or fundal. The least neonatal weight and length have been measured in cases of placenta praevia. No correlation was found between maternal age and placental location.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether placental ratio is influenced by maternal ethnic origin, obesity, hypertension, and haematological indices of iron deficiency anaemia. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: District general hospital in Birmingham. SUBJECTS: 692 healthy nulliparous pregnant women, of whom 367 were European, 213 Asian, 99 Afro-Caribbean, and 13 of other or undocumented ethnic origin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Placental ratio and maternal body mass index, blood pressure, and haematological indices. RESULTS: Though birth weight and placental weight were lower in Asian women than in other groups, mean placental ratio was similar in Asian (19.5% (SD 3.3%)), European (20.0% (4.0%)), and Afro-Caribbean women (20.4% (5.3%)). Gestational age at birth was the main predictor of placental ratio in the univariate analysis (r = -0.34, P < 0.001) and multivariate analysis. The only other significant predictor of placental ratio in multivariate analysis was maternal body mass index, which was positively associated with placental ratio (r = 0.1, P = 0.01). Mean (SD) placental ratio was not significantly higher in women who developed gestational hypertension (20.4% (4.5%)) and pre-eclampsia (23.3% (7.3%)) than in normal women (19.8% (3.8%)). No evidence of a relation between placental ratio and first antenatal visit haemoglobin concentration or mean cell volume was detected, and placental ratio was not associated with change in mean cell volume during pregnancy or with third trimester serum ferritin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support the proposed association between poor maternal nutrition and increased placental ratio. The association between high placental ratio and adult hypertension may be confounded by genetic and environmental factors associated with maternal obesity (and possibly maternal hypertension).
Recently, thromboxane synthetase inhibitor has been used for the treatment of preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (OKY-046) on placental blood flow (measured with clearance of hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis) in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The systolic blood pressure of OKY-046-treated SHR (1, 4 and 8 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.05); however, the systolic blood pressure of WKY did not decrease. The placental blood flow of both OKY-046-treated WKY and SHR did not decrease. We found that OKY-046 has no reducing effect on placental blood flow in rats, and systolic blood pressure of SHR decreases. These data suggest that thromboxane synthetase inhibitor might have a beneficial effect on preeclampsia.
The effect of nifedipine on placental blood flow was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared with that in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) by means of the clearance of hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis. The placental blood flow of nifedipine-treated WKY (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with that of WKY control. On the other hand, the placental blood flow of nifedipine-treated SHR did not change compared with that of SHR control. These data suggest that nifedipine has different effects on placental blood flow in SHR and WKY.
Recently, prostacyclin (PGI2) has been used for the treatment of preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the effects of PGI2 on placental blood flow (measured with clearance of hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis) in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The placental blood flow of PGI2-treated SHR (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced compared with WKY. These data suggest that PGI2 has a certain reducing effect on placental blood flow in SHR; on the other hand, in WKY, it has an increasing effect depending on the dose.
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have documented increased perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in the growth-restricted postterm fetus. Our purpose was to evaluate the receiver operating characteristic curve of ultrasonographically estimated fetal weight as a predictor of fetal growth restriction in prolonged pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: Fetal weight was estimated ultrasonographically within 9 days of delivery (mode 1 day) in members of a cohort of 410 patients with prolonged pregnancies (>41 weeks). Estimated fetal weights were compared with birth weights in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting birth weights <10th percentile (3125 g in this population) and <5th percentile (2930 g in this population) were 0.89 and 0.96, respectively. Both areas were significantly different from an area indicating a useless test. The estimated fetal weight values corresponding to the inflection points for the receiver operating characteristic curves predicting birth weights <10th percentile and <5th percentile were 3370 and 3200 g, respectively. With estimated fetal weight at less than these test cutoff values, the relative risks for a fetus to have a birth weight <10th percentile or <5th percentile were 14.6 (95% confidence interval, 6.25-33.8) and 89.8 (95% confidence interval, 12.1-665), respectively. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves resulted in improved test characteristics relative to using the actual 10th and 5th birth weight percentiles as cutoff values for estimated fetal weight (relative risk of 14.6 vs 9.5 and 89.8 vs 26.0, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight is a useful test for predicting fetal growth restriction in prolonged pregnancies. Future studies should evaluate whether intervention on the basis of this identification results in improved perinatal outcome.
Embryo transfer techniques may result in fetuses that are heavier at birth and that have been described as highly muscled. The aim of this study was to investigate myogenesis in lambs derived from embryo transfer. Embryos were transferred at Day 3 (estrus = Day 0) to a 3 days-advanced uterine environment, maintained there for 3 days, recovered, and then returned to a synchronous (Day 6) uterus; these fetuses comprised the asynchronous group. Control animals were created by synchronous embryo recovery and single transfer at Day 3. Asynchronous transfer did not affect fetal weight or curved crown-rump length between 46 and 135 days of gestation. No differences were detected between groups at Days 110-135 with respect to muscle mass or protein, RNA, and DNA content. However, total muscle fiber number was significantly increased in plantaris muscles from the asynchronous groups at Day 110 and Day 125, suggestive of prolonged hyperplasia. In addition, the levels of Myf 5 protein and the secondary-to-primary fiber ratio were altered in plantaris muscle from the asynchronous group. The growth data are in contrast to previously reported findings. The results show that fetal myogenesis can be altered by very early events in embryogenesis and suggest that any inferences made solely on the basis of fetal or muscle weight may be fallacious.
In the present study we investigated the accuracy of Shepard's formula in the sonographic diagnosis of macrosomic fetus of non-diabetic pregnant women. Three hundred and eighty-one macrosomic and 450 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses born to non-diabetic mothers between 37-42 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation within two days of delivery was made using Shepard's formula in all patients. The estimated fetal weights were compared with the actual birth weights of the same subjects. We did not observe any macrosomic newborn birth in pregnant women with 3200 g or less fetal weight estimation. However, in patients with 3400-3499 g fetal weight estimation, a statistically significant increase in macrosomic newborn birth was observed. Only 3.2% of newborns having actual birth weights greater than or equal to 4000 g had sonographic birth weight estimation less than 4000 g. Accuracy of weight estimations using the Shepard's formula was found to be low in macrosomic fetus. On the other hand, increased incidence of macrosomic newborn birth was observed in subjects with ultrasonographic fetal weight estimations above 3400 g and this level may be useful as a cut-off value for prediction of macrosomic fetus in non-diabetic pregnant women.