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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Cause od death statistics and death certificate documentation. 1. Historical development of cause of death statistics of fetal death, infants and children and current regulations in the GDR].

After having described the beginnings of documentation and statistics of causes of death of newborns and children the development of this branch of medical statistics in the GDR and the introduction of a special death certificate in 1961 is dealt with. To help obstetricians, perinatologists and pediatrists to tackle the problem of documentation of the causes of death of stillborns and newborns the 9th revision of ICD, the nowadays valid death certificate and special rules of signing are explained to avoid mistakes, which are often met with in the daily practice.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1982

Maternal serum diamine oxidase in fetal death and low-birth-weight infants.

Serum diamine oxidase was measured at different gestational ages in 681 pregnancies resulting in live births and 102 pregnancies resulting in fetal deaths. Statistical analysis revealed that gestational age-adjusted diamine oxidase levels in the fetal-death group were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those in the live-birth group. Moreover, the relative risk associated with a low diamine oxidase level, compared with a normal level, increased from 3.7 at 8 weeks to 16.6 at 12 weeks. Pregnancies resulting in low-birth-weight infants exhibited normal serum diamine oxidase levels. The association between low diamine oxidase and subsequent fetal death is discussed in view of the hypothesis that polyamines and polyamine-degrading enzymes interact to protect the fetoplacental unit from immune rejection.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of gestational age reporting methods based on physician estimate and date of last normal menses from fetal death reports.

Utilizing 10,587 cases from the 1980 National Center for Health Statistics Fetal Death Statistics File, we examined the comparability of two methods of determining the gestational age of a fetal death, the calculated interval from date of last normal menses (DLNM) and the physician's estimate. The physician estimated gestational age distribution exhibits even number digit preference and a distinct clustering at the 40-week value. The DLNM distribution appears more smoothly distributed but with a more pronounced post-term tail. An exact agreement between the two methods is observed in only 27.9 per cent of the cases. A 1.7 week mean difference between the methods indicates a systematic underestimation by physician reported gestational age when compared to that calculated from the DLNM, potentially biasing gestational age distributions when the physician estimate is substituted for cases with a missing DLNM. Over 8 per cent of cases 20+ weeks by DLNM are estimated as less than 20 weeks by the physician. This underestimation has important implications for the completeness of reporting of fetal deaths on vital records and the comparability of fetal death rates. Further, it may limit investigations of the completeness of reporting of less than 500 gram live births.

Female↗
PubMed1982

In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol: adverse effects on the reproductive tract and reproductive performance and male and female offspring.

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero is associated with adverse effects on the reproductive tract in male and female progeny. These effects include epididymal cysts, microphallus, cryptorchidism, and testicular hypoplasia in male subjects and adenosis, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and structural defects of the cervix, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes in female subjects. As these offspring have reached reproductive age, reports of adverse reproductive performance have been published, including still controversial reports of menstrual dysfunction and infertility. More well established are increased rates of spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, premature deliveries, and perinatal deaths, all contributing to an increase in overall adverse pregnancy outcome. Often there is correlation between the DES-associated anatomic abnormalities in the reproductive tract and the adverse reproductive performance. Altered male reproductive capacity is also suggested by diminished semen analyses and sperm penetration assays. A detailed review of these effects of in utero DES exposure is presented.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1980

Spontaneous foetal losses in women using different contraceptives around the time of conception.

Spontaneous losses between the 5th and 27th weeks of pregnancy were measured in a prospective study of 32 123 women whose contraceptive history around the time of conception was known. Diaphragm use prior to conception was associated with a significant reduction in second-trimester losses, after taking into account the effects of age, parity, race, marital status, alcohol use, and previous spontaneous or induced abortions. Women who used oral contraceptives and stopped them more than one month prior to their LMP experienced a deficit of first-trimester losses but conceptions occurring immediately after stopping the pill were followed by a small but nonsignificant increase in spontaneous abortions. After oral contraceptive failures there was an increase in first-trimester losses, but no change in the incidence of second-trimester ones. IUD failures were followed by a significant two-fold increase in the risk of both first and second-trimester losses: no differences were detected between the different brands.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1981

Perinatal outcome in Western Australia, 1968 to 1976. Perinatal mortality and birthweight.

Trends in perinatal mortality and low birth-weight in Western Australia were analysed by means of a linked file of perinatal death and birth registration papers for the years 1968 to 1975. Stillbirth rates fell only slightly, and there was no improvement in low birthweight stillbirth rates. There was increased ascertainment of low birthweight stillbirths after 1968 when the definition changed. Neonatal mortality fell markedly after 1971, much of the fall being due to a shift in the birthweight distribution towards heavier babies, particularly in males. The proportion of babies with birthweights of less than 2500 g fell from nearly 6% to 5.3%. The impact of changes in the obstetric care of premature labour were minimal up to 1975, with rural (away from specialist care) low birthweights rates differing only slightly from metropolitan rates. Social and demographic differences probably account for the major differences in stillbirth rates between areas. Neonatal mortality rates in low birthweight babies showed a definite advantage for babies living close to neonatal intensive care facilities. However, decisions to expand neonatal intensive care facilities to rural areas need to take into account other adverse perinatal risk factors.

Australia↗
PubMed1975

[Feto-infantile births and deaths. Statistical data].

After a period of stability between 1968 and 1971 the birth-rate was lowered slightly in 1972-1973. The first projections worked out by INSEE lead us to predict that there will be a considerable drop in the number of births in 1974 (800, 000 as against 855,000 in 1973). Perinatal mortality has dropped rapidly since 1969. The rate for France is now better than that for Scotland or the Federal German Republic and is catching up on England. It is however still far behind the rates for the Scandinavian countries and Holland and Belgium.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1990

Effect of "in utero" exposure to low doses of low energy X-rays on the postnatal development of mouse.

Pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed to a single dose of 9 mGy or 50 mGy of 70 kVp X-rays on day 3.5 (preimplantation), 6.5 (early organogenesis) or 11.5 (late organogenesis) of gestation. The offspring were observed for any radiation induced changes in litter size at birth and sex ratio at 4 wks of age, and postnatal mortality and growth retardation up to 6 wks of age. Irradiation at the early organogenesis stage produced an increase in the postnatal death, statistically significant in the 50 mGy group. A significant increase in the number of retarded offspring and decrease in body weight were observed in the groups exposed at the early and late organogenesis periods. The results indicate that a single exposure to low energy low dose X-rays can be harmful to the growing embryos and the type and extent of the injury will depend on the stage of development as well as the dose of radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Perinatal death recording: time for a change?

The new perinatal death certificate proposed by the World Health Organisation was examined in relation to existing measures for recording perinatal death statistics and also with regard to new information gathered. Present procedures appear to underestimate the number of perinatal deaths by roughly 10%, though late registrations may lower this figure slightly. The use of a minimum birth weight as the criterion for inclusion in perinatal statistics removed much of the uncertainty associated with definitions of live birth and stillbirth. The new certificate led to duplication of some information already recorded through birth notification yet failed to provide information on some other factors generally considered relevant to perinatal mortality. The format proposed for recording cause of death provided a more logical presentation of events. Standardizing birth information recorded on all infants, modifying death certificates, and developing efficient record-linkage schemes would be more valuable than introducing the WHO certificate. Useful interpretation of the meaning of the characteristics of infants dying in the perinatal period awaits these timely changes.

Death Certificates↗