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PubMed2025

Association between lean mass, fat mass, and waist circumference with bone mineral density in Mexican children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

To assess the associations of lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), truncal fat mass (TFM), and waist circumference (WC) with bone mineral density (BMD) in Mexican youth, independently of body weight. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1,054 children and adolescents from the Health Workers Cohort Study. We measured total and region-specific BMD, LM, and FM, with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. To eliminate the effect of body weight on FM, LM, TFM, and WC, weight-adjusted values were generated using the residuals method, and then we employed multivariate linear regression models adjusted for relevant potential confounders. We further stratified the analysis by sex, age group, and sexual maturation. LM was positively associated with BMD in various anatomical sites, with β coefficients ranging from 0.004 to 0.013 in both sexes (P < 0.05). FM was inversely related to total BMD and other sites, with β coefficients ranging from -0.013 to -0.006 (P < 0.05). WC showed negative associations with BMD at some sites, with β values ranging from -0.007 to -0.002. TFM was negatively associated with BMD. During puberty, the associations were consistent across all sites, whereas this was not the case for all sites after puberty. These patterns were similarly observed across different age groups.Conclusion: An increased LM and reduced FM are associated with higher BMD, particularly in the leg and hip regions, during childhood and adolescence, a critical developmental stage essential for healthy bone accrual and balance in adulthood.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between body fat mass, carbohydrate tolerance and IRI response during glucose infusion in subjects with early diabetes.

We have studied the interrelationship of total body fat mass, carbohydrate tolerance and IRI response in 17 non-obese and obese subjects, who were suspected of having early diabetes. We carried out an i.v. glucose infusion test consisting of a priming injection of 0.33 g/kg followed by constant glucose infusion of 12 mg/kg/min in all persons. Total body fat mass was estimated by the tritium dilution method. There was a positive correlation of body fat mass, fasting glucose concentration and blood glucose concentration at 150 min as well as a strong correlation between body fat mass and BG area 60--120 min as parameters of carbohydrate tolerance in all subjects, i.e. the degree of carbohyrate intolerance was directly related to the quantity of total body fat mass. A similar correlation was found when the non-obese and obese groups were analyzed separately. In neither group did total body fat mass correlate with parameters of IRI response. In obese subjects with pathological carbohydrate tolerance, however, a positive correlation of basal IRI concentration and total body fat mass was found. Furthermore, a close relation between basal IRI level and parameters of carbohydrate tolerance could be demonstrated in obese subjects. The present study failed to demonstrate any correlation of parameters of carbohydrate tolerance and glucose-induced IRI response in either group. Thus, the significant relationship between body fat mass and degree of carbohydrate intolerance indicates that body fat mass plays an important role in the disturbance of blood glucose homeostasis in early diabetes with and without obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

Body composition in middle-aged women with special reference to the correlation between body fat mass and anthropometric data.

A variety of anthropometric measurements was made in a randomized population sample of middle-aged women in five age strata in whom body composition was estimated from total body potassium and total body water determined by whole body counting and isotope dilution technique, respectively. No significant differences with age were found for total body potassium or total body water. A significant age difference was found for body fat mass. Simple linear correlations between anthropometric variables and body fat mass estimates were found to be 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 for body weight, buttock circumference, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that these three variables accounted for 80 to 91% of the variation in body fat in the different age strata studied. Multiple regression equations for prediction of body fat from anthropometric variables are given. In about two-thirds of the subjects, the difference between predicted body fat mass and estimated body fat mass was found to be less than +/- 2.5 kg.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of fat mass reduction by dieting and by lipectomy on carbohydrate metabolism in obese patients.

The interrelation of enlarged body fat mass (BFM) with reduced carbohydrate tolerance and hyperinsulinemia was studied in obese subjects with chemical diabetes. These patients were subjected to lipectomy following weight loss induced by a low-calorie, low-carbohydrate diet. An improvement in glucose tolerance and in insulin sensitivity and a reduction in insulin release during OGTT was observed after a diet-induced BFM loss of 9.9 +/-1.2 kg. Subsequent surgical reduction of BFM by 6.0 +/- 0.5 kg had no further effect upon carbohydrate tolerance, insulin release or insulin sensitivity though a marked decrease in basal plasma FFA values was observed. These findings suggest that fat mass enlargement per se has no effect on blood glucose homeostasis after oral or i.v. loading. The improvement in carbohydrate tolerance and in insulin resistance usually observed following diet-induced loss of BFM seems to be due to the reduction in calorie and carbohydrate intake rather than to decrease of BFM.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

[Plasma cortisol response to intravenous beta 1-24 corticotropin as related to the fat mass and its topographic localisation (author's transl)].

Plasma cortisol response induced by 2.5 microgram/kg beta 1-24 corticotropin (1 hour infusion) in obese females was not related to fat mass. The response was increasingly pronounced as fat predominated in the upper body segment, i.e. android obesity. This phenomenon may be interpreted as indicating an increased adrenal capacity to secrete cortisol in such obese patients. Low level but longstanding excess cortisol secretion is probably the cause of the android features of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

Effects of bran on serum cholesterol, faecal mass, fat, bile acids and neutral sterols, and biliary lipids in patients with diverticular disease of the colon.

Twenty-two patients with symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon were randomly allocated to control and high-fibre groups so that the long-term effect (up to 12 months) of bran on serum, faecal and biliary lipids could be studied. Even in cases of high initial values, faecal mass was increased by bran and the change was positively correlated with the change in dietary fibre. Faecal fat and dry weight were also increased. Faecal bile acids were initially slightly raised and were positively correlated with wet weight both off and on bran. The latter significantly decreased the excretion and concentration of bile acids, in particular the high initial values. The change in bile acids was not correlated with the change in dietary fibre or faecal wet weight. Sterol balance values indicated that the bran-induced decrease in faecal bile acids was associated with a lower cholesterol synthesis. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly in two hypercholesterolaemic individuals only. Correlations between different parameters revealed that the higher the initial level or the greater the drop in cholesterol synthesis, the greater the decrease in serum cholesterol. Bran had no effect on the biliary saturation of cholesterol. The percentage of biliary deoxycholate was negatively correlated with faecal mass (less so with faecal bile acid output) both before and during bran and was significantly decreased by bran. The percentage of cholic acid increased correspondingly and that of chenodeoxycholate remained unchanged. Faecal bile acids also indicated that the synthesis of the two primary bile acids was lowered by bran to the same degree.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Causal relationships between modifiable risk factors and heart failure: A comprehensive Mendelian randomization study.

Heart failure threatens human health across the globe. Comprehensively identifying its risk factors has public health importance. This work utilized the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to evaluate the effects of over 200 modifiable factors on heart failure. The data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) was used, with the sample size ranging from 711 to 1232,091. Two distinct GWAS datasets for heart failure were employed for results validation. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used and other supplementary models were employed for comparison. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to verify the results. After integrating the MR estimates derived from heart failure GWAS datasets from integrative epidemiology unit (IEU) and Finngen, we found that body measurement indices like body mass index, whole body fat mass, trunk fat mass, basal metabolic rate, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, were associated with a higher risk of heart failure. Similarly, smoking behavior, sedentary behavior, overall health rating, and type 2 diabetes were determined to increase the risk of heart failure. In contrast, college or university degree showed a protective effect on heart failure. Among these significant findings, body mass index, whole body fat mass, trunk fat mass, basal metabolic rate, body fat percentage, overall health rating, smoking initiation, waist circumference, lifetime smoking index, college or university degree, sedentary behavior, waist-hip ratio, and type 2 diabetes were replicated validated. This MR work figured out that obesity, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, and metabolic features showed broad relations with heart failure. The findings would provide evidence for future policy development for the management of heart failure.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Causal Relationships Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent digestive disorder, yet the causal roles of modifiable risk factors remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the causal relationships between 28 modifiable risk factors (including obesity traits, mental health disorders, sleep traits, metabolic comorbidities, and serum parameters) and GERD using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Our findings aim to inform targeted prevention and treatment strategies for GERD. METHODS: This study obtained data from extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Pooled data associated with gastroesophageal reflux associations were obtained from the 23andMe Research team's research, which included a total of 129,080 cases of gastroesophageal reflux and 473,524 controls of European ancestry. We conducted a univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to ascertain whether genetic evidence of exposure demonstrated a statistically significant association with the risk of GERD. Subsequently, a multivariable MR analysis was carried out to estimate the independent effects of the exposures on GERD. RESULTS: Univariable MR analysis utilizing extensive GWAS data suggested that genetic factors such as BMI, Waist circumference, Arm fat mass (left and right), Leg fat mass (left and right), Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Schizophrenia, Negative emotions (including nervousness, anxiety, tension, or depression), Insomnia, Sleep apnea syndrome, Sleep duration, and Snoring, as well as Total cholesterol levels and Apolipoprotein B levels, are associated with the development of GERD. Multivariate Mendelian randomization of BMI and Negative emotion as correction factors showed that Waist circumference, Arm fat mass (left and right), Leg fat mass (left and right), ADHD, Insomnia, Sleep apnea syndrome, and Snoring were associated with an increased risk of GERD (p< 0.05). Conversely, longer sleep duration was associated with a reduced risk of GERD (p< 0.05). DISCUSSION: This MR study reveals novel causal mechanisms in GERD pathogenesis: (1) Peripheral adiposity (arm/leg fat mass) exerts independent effects beyond central obesity, indicating site-specific fat distribution significance; (2) ADHD emerges as a distinct psychiatric risk factor independent of mental disorders; (3) Sleep apnea operates through BMI-independent pathways. Collectively, these findings redefine GERD pathophysiology, highlighting fat depot specificity and brain-gut interactions as critical mechanistic drivers. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings suggest that multiple risk factors are associated with the risk of GERD. These results provide a theoretical basis for controlling body weight and plasticity, improving sleep habits, and preventing and timely seeking medical attention to reduce the occurrence of psychiatric disorders, which will be important strategies to prevent and alleviate GERD.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Estimating fat body mass from antrhopometric data.

Regression equations have been derived for the calculation of fat body mass in boys from 4 to 12 1/2 years old and girls 4 to 19 years old. Height and weight give a good prediction of fat body mass, but the addition of skinfold thicknesses to the regression equations reduces the number of large errors in the estimates. The regression equations and the limits of accuracy are given.

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PubMed1979

Body water compartments with human aging using fat-free mass as the reference standard.

Forty-five healthy men and women aged 16-39 and 59-89 yr were studied for total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW); intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as the difference (ICW = TBW - ECW). An independent measurement of total body fat by inert gas uptake provided a value (+/- 2%) for fat-free mass (FFB is wt minus body fat). Results agreed with observations by others that TBW and ICW are lower in the aged and lower in women, whether expressed as absolute volumes or per unit of weight, surface area, or height. However, with FFB as the reference standard very different aging trends appeared. TBW/FFB remained constant to our oldest measured subjects (704 +/- 7 ml/kg). ICW/FFB was slightly lower at advanced age, but the 4-5% decrease for each sex was within statistical variability. With age ECW increased slightly and its proportion within the fat-free body (ECW/FFB) was significantly higher. Based upon FFB, the distribution, proportions, and aging trends of body water compartments were similar for men, women, and male rats. Although its potential limitations must be appreciated, the FFB appears widely useful as a reference standard. The stability of ICW volume and of fat-free mass in aging man does not support the hypothesis that cellular mass is lost by healthy mammals with age.

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PubMed1976

Growth and growth velocity of lean body mass and fat in adolescent boys.

Beginning at age 10 years, height, weight, body density, and bone age of 40 normal boys were measured yearly over a period of 8 years. From body density, lean body mass and body content of fat were calculated. Values for all measurements are included in the Appendix and mean values, including those for lean body mass and percentage of body fat, are presented for each year in Table 1. Coefficients of correlation between measurements made during the first and eighth years of study were high for height (0.68), weight (0.50), and lean body mass (0.60), but relatively low for body fat (0.25). Correlation coefficients between the various parameters in a given year are presented in Table 2. The maximum yearly increment in height, weight, and lean body mass of individual subjects coincided in time. The respective mean values for the year of maximum growth were 9.4 cm, 8.1 kg, and 7.5 kg. Throughout the growth spurt, the contribution of fat to increase in body weight was small. It may be concluded that, next to height, the absolute amount of lean body mass demonstrates the most constant trend of development during adolescence.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2026

Effects of free-weight resistance training based on hexagonal barbell deadlift in older women: A 24-week randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial examined effects of a 24-week hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBDL)-based free-weight resistance training program on body composition, trunk muscle function, and functional performance in older women. METHODS: Thirty-two women (67.6 ± 6.3 years) were randomly assigned to an HBDL group (DG, n = 16) or control group (CG, n = 16). DG trained twice weekly for 24 weeks under supervision. Primary outcomes were body composition and isokinetic trunk peak torque and average power at 60°/s and 120°/s. Secondary outcomes were isokinetic knee function, mobility, and maximal isotonic strength. Between-group differences after the intervention were examined by analysis of covariance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: After intervention, DG showed greater trunk lean mass (+0.4 kg vs. -0.2 kg, p = 0.006) than CG, and reductions in body fat percentage (-1.4% vs. +0.3%, p = 0.003), total fat mass (-1.1 kg vs. +0.3 kg, p = 0.013), and regional fat mass (trunk, gluteal, thigh; all p < 0.05). Trunk extensor peak torque at 60°/s (+26.0% vs. -6.3%, p < 0.001) and average power at 60°/s (+38.1% vs. -7.6%, p < 0.001) and 120°/s (+33.2% vs. +0.1%, p = 0.002) improved significantly. DG also showed better eyes-closed static balance and 6-min walk performance (both p < 0.05). Whole-body lean mass and lower-limb isokinetic strength did not differ between groups. Attendance was 89.6% with no adverse events. CONCLUSION: HBDL-based free-weight resistance training is a safe, feasible, and effective strategy to improve body composition, trunk extensor function, and mobility in older women.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Linking visceral fat accumulation to gut microbiota: key bacterial taxa and their roles in the glycogen synthesis pathway.

Obesity, marked by visceral fat accumulation, has a complex relationship with the gut microbiome that impacts body weight and fat accumulation. However, previous studies did not account for fat distribution, reflecting only overall fat mass, leaving specifics of this relationship partially understood. Here we analyzed the mechanistic links between visceral fat and the microbiome in a large cohort of healthy Koreans. Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance and prediction modeling, we examined associations between microbial profiles and metabolic variables including insulin, triglycerides, waist circumference and visceral fat. The strongest correlations were noted with specific enterotypes. Shotgun sequencing revealed that visceral fat is linked to the glycogen synthesis pathway influenced by Dorea longicatena and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. This suggests that these specific microbial signatures and their associated functional potential play a role in visceral fat-related obesity. To validate these findings, we conducted an in vivo study using diet-induced obesity mouse model. Oral administration of D. longicatena or B. adolescentis significantly promoted body weight gain and fat mass expansion and induced hepatic lipogenic gene upregulation. The prevalence of these strains in Korean and American populations highlights their global relevance, contributing to the development of personalized treatments and advanced health strategies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy.

Measurements of body weight, total body water and total body potassium (40K) were made serially on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum in 27 normal pregnant women. Skinfold thickness and fat cell diameter were also measured. A model of body composition was formulated to permit the estimation of changes in fat, lean tissue and water content of the maternal body. Total maternal body fat increased during pregnancy, reaching a peak towards the end of the second trimester before diminishing. Serial measurements of fat cell diameter showed poor correlation, whilst total body fat calculated from skinfold thickness correlated well with our estimated values for total body fat in pregnancy.

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PubMed2026

EffectS of Lifestyle Interventions in Older PEople With Obesity (Effective SLOPE): a Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analyses.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We conducted a systematic review with network meta-analyses (NMA) summarizing the effects and safety of lifestyle interventions containing nutrition (NUT; e.g., calorie restriction), exercise (EX; e.g., aerobic/resistance exercise) and behavior change interventions (BCI; e.g., behavioral therapy) on physical function, body composition, quality of life, psychosocial outcomes, health and adverse events in community-dwelling older adults with obesity. METHODS: We used the methodology proposed by Cochrane and searched six databases and one trial registry for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs; intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks) up to May 2022 with a full new search in MEDLINE and a re-assessment of previously identified eligible trial registry entries in October 2025. Random-effects NMA ((standardized) mean difference ((S)MD), 95% confidence intervals) were conducted if possible. RESULTS: We included 72 RCTs (n = 6716) for descriptive summaries and 54 RCTs (n = 4249) for NMA. NUT+EX+BCI improved physical function (performance batteries) compared to control (SMD 3.37 [1.76;4.97]; high certainty of evidence). NUT+EX+BCI may reduce body (MD -8.69 [-13.14;-4.25]) and fat mass (MD -6.58 [-10.44;-2.73]) while not negatively affecting fat-free mass (MD -1.38 [-3.52;0.76]) or bone mineral density (MD -0.01 [-0.05;0.02]) (evidence very uncertain). Other interventions (single/combined) may also be effective; however, effects were often imprecise. For psychosocial outcomes, quality of life, and health events, data were insufficient or too heterogeneous to derive clear results. CONCLUSION: The evidence suggests that NUT+EX+BCI interventions are most suitable for the management of obesity in older adults. Nevertheless, further RCTs-especially in frail populations and on patient-relevant outcomes-are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Associations Between Paternal Pre-Conceptional Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors and Offspring Weight Development.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that pre-conceptional paternal factors, including BMI and diet, may influence offspring development. OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations between paternal BMI, dietary protein intake, glycemic index (GI), smoking and alcohol consumption and offspring development during the first 5 years of life. METHODS: This secondary analysis of an RCT included 162 father-child pairs from pregnancies among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity. Paternal characteristics were reported at gestational week 15, reflecting the preceding 3 months. Offspring anthropometry was measured at birth, 6 and 18 months, 3 and 5 years. Associations were examined using linear mixed models and linear regression models. RESULTS: No consistent associations were found between paternal characteristics and offspring outcomes from birth to 3 years. At age 5, higher paternal BMI was associated with higher offspring BMI z-score (β = 0.07 (CI: 0.03; 0.10)), fat mass index (β = 0.07 kg/m2 (CI: 0.02; 0.12)) and fat-free mass index (β = 0.05 kg/m2 (CI: 0.01; 0.08)). Lower paternal protein intake was associated with higher offspring BMI z-score (β = 0.54 (CI: 0.07; 1.01)) and fat-free mass index (β = 0.60 kg/m2 (CI: 0.13; 1.07)), while moderately higher protein intake was associated with higher waist-to-height ratio (β = 0.03 (CI: 3.00 × 10-3; 0.05)). Higher paternal GI was associated with lower offspring BMI z-score (β = -0.04 (CI: -0.08; -2.14-10-3)) at age 5. Smoking and alcohol were not associated with offspring outcomes. CONCLUSION: Paternal BMI was associated with offspring outcomes at age 5 years, while findings for paternal dietary factors were less consistent.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity.

Twenty-seven women with varying degrees of obesity were physically trained for 6 mo on an ad lib. diet. Body fat changes were positively correlated with the number of fat cells in adipose tissue. Obese women with fewer fat cells decreased in weight during training whereas women with severe obesity and an increased number of fat cells even gained weight. Blood pressure decreased consistently after training. Blood pressure elevation was not associated with body fat mass, nor was a decrease in blood pressure associated with a decrease in body fat or with pretraining blood pressure level. There were, instead, correlations between decreases in blood pressure on the one hand and initial concentrations and decreases in plasma insulin and triglycerides and blood glucose on the other. These results suggest an association between elevated blood pressure and metabolic variables. The possibility of treating and preventing early essential hypertension with methods that also correct the metabolic derangement, such as diet and exercise, should be given high priority in further research.

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PubMed2026

Efficacy and Safety of Bimagrumab in Adults With Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

AIMS: This study aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of bimagrumab on body composition and glucose parameters in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction and its safety profile. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library on April 20, 2026, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing bimagrumab treatment in adults with obesity, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2), and meta-analyses of efficacy and safety data were conducted using R software. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to assess the strength of evidence. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261377110). RESULTS: Of the 134 retrieved records, 4 RCTs (enrolling 268 participants) were included. The included population represented a broad spectrum of metabolic dysfunction, from obesity and nondiabetic insulin resistance to established T2DM. Compared with placebo, bimagrumab treatment significantly reduced total weight (mean difference [MD] -4.85 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] -6.82 to -2.88), fat mass (-4.72 kg [-8.05 to -1.40]), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (-0.13% [-0.23 to -0.03]) and significantly increased total lean mass (1.66 kg [0.81 to 2.51]). However, bimagrumab led to an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations of 0.47 mmol/L [0.03 to 0.91] and significantly increased incidences of discontinuation (risk ratio [RR] 5.75 [1.61 to 20.46]), muscle spasms (RR 10.44 [4.23 to 25.75]), and diarrhoea (RR 4.91 [2.38 to 10.11]). CONCLUSION: Bimagrumab effectively reversed adverse effects on body composition in obese individuals, resulting in significant fat reduction, increased skeletal muscle mass, and improved glycemic control, suggesting that bimagrumab is a promising new target for personalized metabolic therapy.

Humans↗