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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous fat emulsion in dogs.

An intravenous infusion of Intralipid-10% was observed to exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular performance in a canine isovolumetric left heart preparation. There was no effect on diastolic compliance, however. Intravenous fat emulsion also produced significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of these actions has not been elucidated, but it is postulated that free fatty acid (FFA) components or their metabolites directly affect the contractile properties of both myocardium and smooth muscle. These results suggest that until suitable clinical studies can be obtained, caution should be exercised in administering intravenous fat emulsions, particularly at maximum rates of infusion or in conjunction with sodium heparin in patients with known cardiac dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. II. Blood chemical changes after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles.

Biochemical changes were monitored during fat infusion as part of an evaluation of the toxicity that accompanies the intravenous administration of a new soybean oil emulsion in dogs. Beagles were given FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day for 28 days via a central venous catheter. The total serum lipid, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3 to 4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The rise of serum lipid fractions was proportionally smaller in animals receiving the low dose fat infusion. All values returned to the control range 2 wks after termination of the infusion. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 g/dl in animals given 9 g/kg/day fat while animals receiving 4 g/kg/day had a significant increase to 8.4 g/dl (day 27). In comparison with the control groups, the animals receiving low dose fat infusion also had a significant rise in serum albumin and, to a lesser degree, in alpha and beta globulins. A rise in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in all dogs receiving fat infusion, but was significantly different from the controls only in animals on high dose fat infusion. None of the other monitored biochemical serum values were affected by the administered fat and there was no evidence of disturbance in liver function.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

Splenic lipidosis after administration of intravenous fat emulsions.

Spleens showing fatty infiltration and necrosis of the pulp were found at necropsy on several patients who had received intravenous fat emulsions during their terminal illnesses. The postmortem findings are described and the clinicopathological correlation is discussed with special reference to the phenomenon of creaming of the emulsion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. i. Hematologic changes and survival after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles.

The potential toxicity of FE-S15 (B. Braun-Melsungen), a soybean-oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure-bred beagles, in two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose-Ringer's solution), were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. Vital signs and hematologic, biochemical, and bacteriologic changes were monitored closely. When compared with control groups, no significant weight loss was observed in either group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups during infusion, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high-dose fat infusion where the hematocrit declined from 45.5% to 31.7%. This decrease was significantly different from the controls only during one observation period. Clinical signs, such as lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and fever were observed infrequently in both experimental and control animals, more often in those treated with high-dose fat infusion. It appears that the fat emulsion FE-S15 causes only minor side effects but otherwise is well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Tolerance studies of an intravenous fat emulsion (FE-S15) with beagle dogs].

The potential toxicity of FE-S15, a soybean oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure bred beagles, divided into two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 gm/kg BW/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose Ringer's Solution) were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. When compared with control groups no significant weight loss was observed in either experimental group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high dose fat infusion was the hematocrit decline from 43.9% to 31%. This decrease was significantly different from the control only during one observation period. The total serum lipids, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3-4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 gm/dl in animals receiving 9 gm/kg BW/day while animals receiving 4 gm/kg BW/day had a significant increase to 8.4 gm/dl. Except for an overall decreased activity clinical sign such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea were infrequent and equally observed in experimental and control animals. The post mortem examination did not reveal changes that must be attributed to the administered fat. It is concluded that the fat emulsion FE-S15 is fairly well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Postmortem findings in three patients treated with intravenous fat emulsions.

Three patients died of intercurrent illness in relation to intravenous nutrition with fat emulsions (20% Intralipid). In two cases, postmortem findings showed milky white, shiny, clotted lumps in the heart, with a fatty acid composition resembling that of fat emulsions. In vitro investigations make it likely that fibrin deposits in hyperlipemic plasma composed the lumps. In two cases, 30- to 50-mu Sudan-positive accumulations were found in the small vessels of the lungs, the cerebrum, and the kidneys.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Acid-base status and urinary hydrogen ion excretion pattern in low-birth-weight infants receiving intravenous fat emulsion and glucose.

The acidifying effect of short-term (6-hr) infusion of intralipid was studied in 12 low-birth-weight infants by following the changes in acidbase status and urinary H+ excretion pattern. The infants received 5% or 10% glucose as a base-line calorie supply. Intravenous fat emulsion induced a transient metabolic acidosis. The slightly affected pH and BE recovered in the first two hours following Intralipi d infusion. Parallel to the recovery, urinary net acid excretion increased. NH+4 excretion responded rapidly, titratable acid showed a progressively increasing response and was the major component of net acid excretion. As to the mechanism involved in the activation of NH+4 production in the kidney, it is suggested that in addition to acidaemia increased fatty acid oxidation might contrbute to stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis and ammoniagenesis.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1976

Effect of intravenous fat emulsion on hepatic bile. Increased lithogenicity and crystal formation.

Hepatic bile from a series of patients with non-functioning gallbladders treated with an intravenous infusion of fat emulsion during prolonged preoperative fast was compared with that of controls. After the fat emulsion the bile was found to contain rhomboid tetragonal crystals whereas that of controls did not. It also contained polygonal crystals which showed Maltese crosses in polarized light. These crystals were also absent in the controls. Bile from cholecystectomized patients did not contain rhomboid cholesterol crystals after the infussion of fat but the occasional presence of polygonal crystals was noted. In both series of patients the infusion of fat resulted in increased lithogenicity of bile.

Bile↗
PubMed1976

The elimination of free fatty acids, free glycerol and triglycerides from the plasma of low-birth-weight infants receiving intravenous fat emulsion and glucose.

The disappearance rate of plasma. free glycerol, free fatty acids and triglycerides following the termination of short-term (6-hr) infusion of fat emulsion (Intralipid) was studied in 12 low-birth-weight infants. The mean K values for each lipid component were found to be higher in infants receiving 10% glucose. Owing to the wide individual variation of responses and the small number of infants studied, only the disappearance rate of free fatty acids reached the level of significance. It is concluded that increased amounts of glucose given simultaneously with fat emulsion could diminish hyperlipidaemia by increasing the clearance of lipids from the plasma.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1979

Liver disease in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition.

Progressive cholestasis and abnormal elevations of liver enzymes occurred in one third of 92, mostly preterm, newborn infants who received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with protein hydrolysates, synthetic L-amino acids, and intravenous fat emulsion. The synthetic amino acid plus intravenous fat emulsion was not superior to the protein hydrolysate in preventing liver disease. The liver function returned to normal after discontinuation of TPN, which suggests a causal relationship. Hepatic microscopy was abnormal in 12 of 14 infants examined. The main features were progressive cholestasis and portal tract fibrosis and infiltration, which led to liver failure and death in two infants. In our experience, liver disease is the major metabolic complication of TPN in infants.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Effect of hyperlipidaemia on pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide.

There is conflicting evidence on the effect of hyperlipidaemia on pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO or TLCO) in man. We have measured the carbon monoxide transfer factor per unit alveolar volume (TLCO/VA or KCO) by the single breath method in 25 patients with hyperlipidaemia, and in three normal subjects before and after infusions of an intravenous fat emulsion, Intralipid. Non-smokers with hyperlipidaemia had normal levels of TLCO/VA, whereas some of the smokers showed a slight reduction. In neither group was there any correlation of TLCO/VA with serum triglyceride or cholesterol concentrations. A reduction in triglyceride concentrations of up to five-fold produced by plasma exchange (three studies in two patients) or by dietary manipulation (one patient) had no significant effect on the levels of TLCO/VA. Intralipid infusion in three normal subjects caused a four- to five-fold increase in serum triglyceride concentration but had no effect on TLCO/VA. We conclude that moderate degrees of hyperlipidaemia have no effect on pulmonary diffusion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nitrogen balance and electrolyte requirements in intralipid-based hyperalimentation.

The present study was directed at determining whether or not a relatively low-calorie regimen in which 40 to 50% of the calories are provided as fat will produce positive nitrogen balance in most patients, and at establishing the electrolyte requirements for such a regimen. Clearly, the recommended regimen is successful in promoting nitrogen balance and provides adequate electrolytes. Further experience will be necessary to determine the place of intravenous fat emulsions in the clinical practice of total parenteral nutrition.

Diet↗
PubMed1975

Nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. III. Lipolysis and free fatty acid elimination after intravenous administration of fat emulsion.

Triglyceride linoleic acid in a fat emulsion for intravenous administration (Intralipid) was used as a marker in an evaluation of fat metabolism in newborn low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. Qualitative data on fatty acids as well as quantification of triglycerides and free fatty acids were obtained by gas-liquid chromatography. Influences on these parameters after a single and after repeated injections of Intralipid revealed differences between low-birth-weight infants appropriate-for-date (AFD) (n=8) and those light-for-date (LFD) (n=5). The LFD exhibited in comparison with the AFD infants an impaired lipolysis of injected triglycerides and a retarded elimination from plasma of released free fatty acids. In LFD, in general, this resulted in triglyceride accumulation and low free fatty acid levels. Heparin facilitated plasma triglyceride lipolysis and free fatty acid elimination from the blood stream.

Birth Weight↗