To dispel fantasies about the fantasy-based measure of fear of success.
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Achievement↗
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[The opus fantasy. Fantasied work as a metafantasy in the creative process].
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Creativity↗
Gender-specific variances in sexual fantasy.
Six sexual fantasy categories were derived by inductive content analysis, based upon the starting criterion that fantasy is a dynamic and interactional event. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasy in three conditions, including 'Daydream,' 'masturbatory,' and "During Sex Relations' were obtained from 48 male and 45 female volunteer graduate students. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasies were collected by administration of sexual fantasy questionnaires. While the intention was to empirically derive sexual fantasy categories which could be used for personality assessment of gender identity, the hypothesis predicted gender-specific variances in fantasy productions according to derived fantasy categories. Results indicated that significantly more females than males fantasized themselves as recipients of sexual activity from fantasized sexual objects, while males fantasized the sexual object as recipients of sexual activity. Marginal tendencies toward reversal of this gender pattern occurred in the 'Mastubatory' condition for males, and in the 'Daydream' sexual fantasy condition for females.
Adolescent↗
Effects of fantasy contexts on children's learning and motivation: making learning more fun.
Two studies examined the effects of embedding instructional materials in relevant fantasy contexts on children's motivation and learning. In Study 1, Ss showed marked preferences for computer-based educational programs that involved fantasy elements. In Study 2, Ss worked with these programs for 5 hr. One program presented purely abstract problems. Others presented identical problems within fantasy contexts. Some Ss chose among 3 fantasies; others were assigned identical fantasies. Tests on the material occurred before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the experimental sessions. Ss showed significantly greater learning and transfer in the fantasy than in the no-fantasy conditions. Having a choice of fantasies made no difference. Motivational and individualization strategies for enhancing interest and promoting learning are discussed.
Achievement↗
Associations between sexual experiences and fantasies in a nonpatient population: a preliminary study.
We have been interested in devising some methodology short of psychoanalytic therapy to study the relationship of conscious fantasy to personality trends and behavior. Presented here is a pilot study, utilizing the questionnaire technique, the sample consisting of 193 students enrolled at one prestigious urban university, that reports on the prevalence and content of conscious sexual fantasies in a normal (nonpatient) population and their relationship to sexual behaviors. Factor analysis suggested four experience and four fantasy clusters. Those individuals who score high on one experience factor are apt to score high on all other experience factors as well. The same is true of the fantasy factors. Our findings indicate that low sexual activity and low levels of sexual fantasy go together, whereas more sexual experience is connected to a greater range of sexual fantasy. Consequently, erotic fantasies cannot be viewed as compensation for lack of sexual outlet. Instead, there is a positive correlation between the two domains of sexual fantasies and sexual behaviors. Our overall results lead us to conclude that by and large, people are sexual generalists not specialists.
Adult↗
History of child sexual abuse and adult sexual fantasies.
The study investigated the hypothesis that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse would report different sexual fantasies from women with no childhood sexual abuse. Women with a history of abuse had more force in their fantasies, had more sexually explicit fantasies, began having sexual fantasies at a younger age, and had more fantasies with the theme of being under someone's control. Women with a history of childhood physical abuse did not have a similar pattern. It was suggested that the sexual fantasies may reflect the sexualizing effect of childhood sexual experiences and that fantasies of the abusive experience may become intrusive.
Adolescent↗
On some relationships of fantasies of perfection to the calamities of childhood.
In this paper narcissism conceived of as a fantasy of perfection is further redefined within an evolving structural model of psychic conflict. In pursuit of this goal a number of related propositions are explored. 1. A fantasy of perfection is best thought of as a compromise formation. 2. Fantasies of perfection have a development that is influenced, in part, by the development of the calamities of childhood. 3. Fantasies of perfection function as defences to diminish unpleasure associated with conflict. From this perspective a fantasy of perfection is a component of compromise formations. 4. The threat of the loss of the fantasy of perfection evokes anxiety while the sense the loss has occurred is associated with the experience of depressive affect. 5. Fantasies of perfection are important aspects of the compromise formations that constitute the superego. They are also important components of masochistic and narcissistic compromise formations characteristic of aspects of the ego. These compromise formations are intimately related to defensive identificatory relationships between the ego and superego. Analytic data are presented to demonstrate the value of these theoretical considerations.
Adult↗
Male sexual fantasy: multidimensionality in content.
Sixty-six men provided ratings of the extent to which they regarded fantasies depicting nominated sexual activities as sexually arousing. A Male Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (MSFQ) with five subscales was constructed following factor analysis of these ratings. The subscales yield separate scores for fantasies representing sensual, genital, public sex, sexual dominance-submission, and sexual aggression themes. Levels of penile tumescence recorded while men engaged in fantasies depicting content represented in the MSFQ correlated with the extent to which these men earlier had rated these same fantasies as sexually arousing. Since ratings on the MSFQ did not correlate substantially or consistently with scores on the Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, the Imaginal Processes Inventory, and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, sexual fantasy may be mediated by processes different from those involved in non-sexual imagery and daydreaming. The need to validate use of the MSFQ in several clinical contexts is noted.
Adolescent↗
On fantasies of self-creation.
The authors present a psychoanalytic study of fantasies of self-creation. These fantasies constitute important mental structures shaping the lives of many individuals. Although hitherto unreported in the clinical literature, artists have made rich use of self-creation fantasies, and we therefore begin our investigation with representative portraits of self-creators by Milton, Goethe, and two modernists, Luigi Pirandello and F. Scott Fitzgerald. We then describe the psychoanalyses of two men whose lives were shaped and organized by self-creation fantasies, showing the clinical value of uncovering and analyzing these fantasies. We offer some preliminary observations on the cultural significance of self-creation fantasies and their impact on the analyst and the analytic enterprise.
Adult↗
Fantasy and self-esteem of renal dialysis patients and their spouses.
The fantasy life and self-esteem of 22 male and 13 female renal dialysis patients and their spouses were examined using a Self-Esteem Evaluation Scale, Empathic Fantasy Scale, and eight portions of the Imaginal Process Inventory reflecting eight types of fantasy use. For the patient group as a whole, a high degree of fantasy behavior was associated with low self-esteem, but the sex of the patient made a difference. Frequency of fantasy was shown to be indicative of poor adjustment for female dialysis patients, but not for male dialysis patients. Results also indicated that patients, without regard to sex, were more prone toward guilt fantasies in which they were punished for some wrongdoing such as feelings of anger toward people involved in their treatment or envy of others who do not suffer their same disability.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Narcissism and the use of fantasy.
This study examined the relationship between narcissism and the use of daydreams and fantasy in samples of 129 and 193 subjects. In sample 1, it was found that (1) narcissistic individuals experience achievement, heroic, sexual, hostile, self-revelation, and future-oriented daydreams; and (2) these six types of daydreams represent a coherent "narcissistic" fantasy style. In sample 2, narcissistic individuals who were experiencing higher levels of daily stress report using more self-admiration, power and revenge, and suffering fantasies to cope with stress. The narcissistic theme of entitlement is uniquely related to narcissistic fantasy and the narcissists' use of sustaining fantasies to cope with stress. Results are consistent with clinical literature on the narcissistic personality.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Correlates of females' sexual fantasies.
The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.
Adult↗
A fantasy penis: its development, multiple meanings and resolution.
A 30-year-old single woman came to analysis because of anxiety, guilt and a sense of being bad. After two years of analysis that focused primarily on her relationship with her family members, an unconscious fantasy of having a penis was uncovered. The origin of the fantasy was traced to the narcissistic crisis and the birth of her brother, and as an attempt to regain the loss of mother's love. However, other meanings were added during subsequent developmental stages; namely, the fantasy penis was an umbilical cord that connected her with her mother, it bestowed power and licence to do whatever one wants and was a shield against father's subtle breach of the oedipal fantasies. The resolution of the fantasy passed through a stage of losing the penis and ending up with 'nothing' before a vagina could be experienced as a natural way to be.
Adult↗
Sex differences in children's expression and control of fantasy and overt aggression.
The present study explored sex differences in children's expression and control of fantasy and overt aggression. Fifth-grade boys and girls were presented a TAT-like projective test to measure fantasy aggression and controls over aggression. Overt peer-oriented aggression was measured by peer and teacher ratings. Results indicated that boys were rated more physically and verbally aggressive than girls but not more indirectly aggressive. Boys also produced more physical aggression in fantasy than girls, although the opposite trend was found for indirect aggression; no sex difference was found for verbal fantasy aggression. Finally, girls had a higher ratio of aggression control per total fantasy aggression than boys. The results support the position that while boys, in contrast to girls, are socialized in a way that encourage direct expression of aggression, girls are just as likely to be aggressive as boys when the aggression is indirect. The results are discussed further from the perspective of social learning theory and Maccoby and Jacklin's biological position.
Aggression↗
The assessment of a relationship disposition, "fantasy withdrawal," from Rorschach face sheet data.
This study investigated the predictive relationship of Rorschach face sheet variables, selected on the basis of psychoanalytic considerations of the patient-examiner relationship, to a dimension of clinical-theoretical relevance in the evaluation of treatment outcome, "fantasy withdrawal." The first step in the present study involved rank ordering and grouping of 19 nosological subgroups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. This ranking and grouping served as the criterion against which several quantified aspects of fantasy production on the Rorschach were assessed. The score categories were selected on an a priori basis as most likely to predict the ordering of the patient groups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. A formula for such prediction was developed, applied to the original groups, and then reapplied to a patient group in the present hospital setting.
Fantasy↗
Sexual interviewing, evaluation, and therapy: psychoanalytic emphasis on the use of sexual fantasy.
Sexual fantasy in initial interviews and during psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is explored for its contribution to understanding psychopathology, both sexual and nonsexual. The focus is on distinguishing between the sexual and the seemingly sexual. "Sexual" behavior and fantasy are regarded as having sexual pleasure and orgasm as the predominant goal. Seemingly sexual behavior and fantasy have a predominant goal that is not sexual, even though a sexual mode is used. Predominant goals in the seemingly sexual are emphasized such as coping with intense aggression and problems of self-esteem, self-definition, self-cohesion, and the maintenance of object relations. Sexual fantasy and behavior can be especially useful for repairing negative self- and object images and the associated intensely negative affects. This does not imply that all more primitive patients are incapable of experiencing intense sexual pleasure and orgasm. On the contrary, borderline patients, with extensive use of splitting mechanisms at the level of dyadic object relating, may have intact sexual functioning.
Affect↗
A clinical application of subliminal psychodynamic activation. On the stimulation of symbiotic fantasies as an adjunct in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics.
This study attempted to utilize the subliminal psychodynamic activation method as an aid in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. More specifically, we inbestigated whether the subliminal activation of a fantasy of symbiotic gratification would produce an increment in the degree of improvement that schizophrenics manifested as a result of hospitalization. Forty male patients were seen individually for three weekly sessions over a 6-week period for a fantasy expression task carried out by a psychology graduate student. Both at the beginning and at the end of each session and whenever during the session anxiety was in evidence, the patient was exposed to subliminal stimulation. The patients were divided into two groups equated for intelligence, pathology level, and other pertinent variables. For one group, the tachistoscopically presented stimulus consisted of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, a verbal message which, in several prior studies, produced a significant reduction in ego impairment within a laboratory session. The other group served as a control, and their stimulus was PEOPLE ARE WALKING. The subjects in each group were subdivided in order to investigate the effects of two other interventions in addition to the subliminal symbiotic stimulation. One of these was aggressive expression consisting of an attempt to elicit specifically aggressive fantasies in the fantasy expression task. The other was self-focuing, designed to strengthen self-boundaries. All patients were blindly assessed for seven measures of ego impairment before and after the intervention period and for the number of rehospitalizations over a 9-month follow-up period. Of the three types of interventions impairment measures. For on of the variables, the symbiotic group showed significantly more improvement than the control group, while for two others the results approached significance. In addition, on an overall measure of ego impairment, there was significantly mor improvement for the symbiotic group than for the control patients.
Aggression↗
Fantasy in psychiatric patients: exploring a myth.
Through six interrelated studies the author examines the common conception that daydreams and fantasy are important factors in the onset and maintenance of severe psychopathology, particularly hallucinatory psychosis. Results of the studies failed to support the idea that psychotic patients have particularly frequent or vivid daydream activity, and indicate instead that psychotic patients tend to inhibit aspects of normal fantasy. Hallucinatory schizophrenics, in particular, were blocked in their emotional-interpersonal imagery. In a study of depressed patients, a negative fantasy style was found to be associated with clinical depression. Sleep disorder was similarly associated with a negative fantasy style.
Adolescent↗