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Results for “Family Size, Average”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Projecting average family size in rural India by the analytic hierarchy process.

"In this study, cultural, economic as well as certain crucial demographic factors are considered as the determinants for projecting the average family size in rural India.... The Analytic Hierarchy Process [is used] to analyze influences of the factors which enter implicitly in a rural couple's decision-making to determine the number of children they want to have as time goes by. [The authors] did not attempt to make distinctions among the regional differences in rural India. The outcome projected in [this] analysis compares favorably with the results of other demographic studies."

Asia↗
PubMed1976

Family sizes of children and family sizes of women.

This paper demonstrates the relation that obtains between the average family size of women and the average family size of offspring of those women. It estimates the value of these two measures for cohorts of American women aged 45-49 in various years from 1890 to 1970. It shows that children born during the post-war baby boom actually derived from smaller families than those born during the low-fertility 1930's; that under current patterns a woman would have to bear an average of almost two children fewer than were borne by her mother merely to keep population fertility rates constant from generation to generation; and that average family size for nonwhite children exceeds that for white by 50 percent, although the racial difference in family sizes of women is only 19 percent.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1987

[Births and cohort size: an empirical test of the Easterlin hypothesis].

The author develops an alternative to the Ahlburg specification of the Easterlin hypothesis concerning the relationship between cohort size and fertility. "In combination with a declining trend in average family size (represented by a linear spline function), the Easterlin effect is found to affect the movement of births in the Netherlands during the period 1950-1985. It should be noted, however, that the trend explains by far the larger fraction of variance of births. The model projects a rise of births until 2000 followed by a decline." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Cohort Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why do Chinese women practice contraception? The case of rural Jilin Province.

This study focuses on the relationship between contraceptive behavior, family size preferences, and perceptions of the one-child policy among young Chinese women in rural areas of Jilin Province. In 1985, about 85 percent of rural married women with one surviving child were practicing contraception, although most of them reported two as their ideal number of children. Most women with one surviving child, including those with one-child certificates, were practicing contraception in response to the government campaign, while more than half of women with two or more children were doing so voluntarily. Most of the women with one child were using the IUD, whereas more than half of women with two or more children were sterilized. Through multivariate analysis of contraceptive behavior and method choice, additional factors were found to be associated with the contraceptive behavior of rural Jilin women; achievement of their ideal family size was a significant factor in the voluntary practice of contraception as well as in contraceptive method choice. Implications of the results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction markers to estimate the number of Aedes aegypti families at oviposition sites in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

We report the application of a molecular genetic technique to estimate the number of full-sibling families of Aedes aegypti contained in oviposition traps. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction markers were used to estimate the numbers and sizes of families in traps at field locations in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Forty-nine presumptive loci were amplified with five primers in a total of 813 individuals from 26 sites. The average family size was 10.95, but the size distribution was skewed with an excess of small families containing 1-2 individuals. The number of families increased with the number of eggs in traps; however, the average family size decreased as the number of eggs increased. This suggests that females oviposited only a few eggs in traps that were recently placed in the field and lacked mosquito eggs or fewer eggs were oviposited as traps became crowded.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the human sex ratio and factors influencing family size in Botucatu, Brazil.

During 1974--75, data on sex and family size were obtained from approximately 500 Brazilian college students and their parents. Sex ratios for the immediate and parental generations were 107:100 and 106:100, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between sexes of various children in families of the immediate generation. A significant positive relationship was found between sexes of the first two children in families of two or more children. The overall correlation between sexes of successive births was positive but not significant. Correlation coefficients between sexes separated by one or more births were not significant. The observed frequencies of combinations of sexes within the various family sizes did not differ from expected frequencies. Average numbers of children per family were 4.39 and 6.80 for the immediate and parental generations, respectively. Average family sizes decreased as the formal educational level of the parents increased. If the parents' desired both sexes of children, such preferences had no measurable influence on family size.

Brazil↗
PubMed2002

Child labour a reality: results from a study of a squatter settlement of Karachi.

INTRODUCTION: Pakistan's exports have suffered heavy losses due to its denunciation for use of children in the industry on the premise that it destroys their childhood and desires for progress. The international community has not realized the root cause of child employment and imposed harsh economic sanctions that have harmed Pakistan's economy leading to further deterioration of health and well being of these unprivileged children. OBJECTIVES: To identify the reasons behind child labour and to asses the occupational, health and related problems faced by the working children. METHODS: This study was done in a section of a squatter settlement Bhutta village near the seaport called Accora with a population of 10000 (approx.). It was a cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire with questions regarding occupation, eating habits, health, hopes and aspirations. Respondents were 150 male working children permanent residents of Bhutta Village (Accora) selected by systematic sampling. RESULTS: The children were between the ages of 12-14 years (mean = 13.91 yrs). The average family size of these children was 7.4 members and the average family income was Pak Rupees 2,884/month. Fifty seven percent said they get no time to rest whereas the remaining got half to one hour of rest during the day. The usual foods consumed included pulses (46%), vegetables (39%) and meat (15%). Eighty seven percent were not suffering from any disease at the time of interview. The children had an average income of Pak Rupees 615/month (range: 200-1200). Forty five percent were helpers in shops the rest were employed in other businesses. The reasons given for job included family support (89%), parent's pressure (5%), fond of work (4%), learning skills (1%) and self support (1%). The majority (56%) was working for more than 7 hours per-day and 79% said that they do not like to work. Majority of the children wanted to study, play, be born in another family and become doctors, engineers and officers. CONCLUSION: The children in this area were deprived and were trapped between work for family and the desire of living the life of a child with hopes dreams and aspiration for a better future. Making them jobless is only going to aggravate their health and financial problems and will not improve their social and economic status. A policy for supporting these children has to be worked out which caters to their need for financial support and at the same time provides them with learning opportunities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting family size in rural Bangladesh.

This was a cross sectional study which was conducted to estimate the family size and to identify the factors influencing family size in rural areas of Bangladesh. Respondents of 150 households were interviewed through interview schedule and in-depth questionnaires. The size of the family was observed as 4.59 persons where nearly half of the respondents (48%) having less than five members. Age of the respondent, number of children, age of the first and last child, average monthly income, number of rooms in the house, persons living in the main dwelling houses, number of earning persons having audio-visual assets had statistically significant association with the size of the family and all were with higher percentage in big family. Middle-income group was more in the small and big family category (75% and 65.40% respectively). The higher income group was more common in big family than small one (23.10% and 8.30% respectively). There was significant association between family size & average monthly income (p < 0.05). Number of earning persons, housing type, number of rooms in the house and persons living in the main dwelling houses were also interdependent with average monthly income and proved to be a factor for family size determination. The study emphasises that family planning activities should be intensified with modification of educational programs in mass media to attract the rural population regarding family size.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Changes in fertility and family sizes in Europe.

This article describes recent trends in annual fertility rates, and generation measurements of average family size and family size distributions for eight selected European Countries. It compares the changing ages at which mothers are having children and the decline in higher order births, both over time and between countries: The way that variations and changes in annual rates influence generation measurements is also illustrated. Finally, the article compares prevailing annual rates with the long-term fertility assumption included in the most recent population projections for seven countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of pedigreed and nonpedigreed randombred control systems for use with artificial selection in the Japanese quail.

The performance characteristics of six replicate sublines of a randombred control, three pedigreed (P) and three nonpedigreed (NP), were studied to see if the NP mating system could be used as a method for maintaining a randombred control for selection experiments. Each subline was maintained with 32 single-pair matings, with 64 offspring placed each generation for each line. Brother X sister matings were avoided in the P but not in the NP system. The NP chicks were pedigreed in order to determine the exact numbers of brother X sister matings selected in that system, but pedigrees were not considered during selection. Records were collected on the numbers of matings producing offspring, the expected rate of inbreeding based on the effective population size, hatchability, egg production, egg weight, and the body weights of the males and females. Replicate lines in the P system had more matings that produced viable offspring, which resulted in larger effective population sizes, lower rates of inbreeding, and smaller average family sizes than those in the NP system. A number of significant differences were found between means of the replicate lines within system and between regressions of the traits measured in the individual lines on generation number. Most of these differences disappeared when the data from the three replicates within mating system were pooled and compared, suggesting that differences found between lines within system were due to random genetic drift due to restrictions in population size. It is suggested that the NP system can be used as an effective control procedure for Japanese quail breeding experiments, but that more than 32 mating pairs should be used for its maintenance in order to reduce the amount of genetic drift within the control population.

Animals↗