[The family in contemporary society. New family characteristics].
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Family Characteristics↗
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Family characteristics of subjects with panic attacks.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study identified associations between panic states and family 1) structure, 2) functioning, and 3) stress/support. METHODS: Ninety-seven adults with panic disorder or infrequent panic attacks, based on the structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition, Revised, were matched to 97 subjects without panic symptoms based on age, gender, and race/ethnicity. All subjects completed a structured interview concerning health care use by family members and family characteristics. Family functioning was assessed using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, and family stress/support were assessed using the Duke Social Support and Stress Scales. RESULTS: Although groups did not differ in either perceived or ideal family cohesion or adaptability, the panic group perceived their families as more dysfunctional and reported higher levels of family stress and total stress but lower levels of support, including family support, nonfamily support, and total support. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with panic symptoms have families with high levels of dysfunction and stress but low levels of support. Increased family dysfunction may be due to comorbid substance abuse.
Adult↗
Systems-behavioral intervention with families of delinquents: therapist characteristics, family behavior, and outcome.
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Adolescent↗
[Comparison study on child anxiety disorder with different family characteristics]
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations between child anxiety disorder with different family characte ristics. METHODS Family characteristics were measured by family environment scale. 144 mothers of child with anxiety disorder and 100 mothers of health children were invited to fill out questionnaires. RESULTS There were obviously different family characteristics between health children and those with anxiety disorder except phobic anxiety disorder. The scores of cohesion, independence, achievement orientation and active recreational orientation in children with anxiety disorder were significantly lower than those in health children P<0.01). In 4 groups of children with anxiety disorder cohesion showed correlation with intellectual- cultural orientation r=0.9219, 0.8348, 0.8935, 0.9550 respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The importance of family characteristics must be emphasized for children with anxiety disorder.
Journal Article↗
Socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental functioning of Japanese civil servants: explanations from work and family characteristics.
Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research.
Adult↗
Work and family characteristics as determinants of socioeconomic and sex inequalities in sleep: The Japanese Civil Servants Study.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To clarify whether socioeconomic and sex inequalities in poor sleep quality are explained by socioeconomic and sex differences in work and family characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred fifty-six employees (2397 men and 1159 women) aged 20 to 65 years in local government in Japan. MEASUREMENTS: Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire that asked about sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; work characteristics, as measured by the job-demand-control-support model, work hours, and shift work; and family characteristics, such as family structure and family-work conflicts. RESULTS: Lower control at work, higher work demands, lower social support, shorter and longer working hours, shift work, being single, higher family-to-work conflict, and higher work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poorer sleep quality in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor sleep quality was 1.64 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-2.36) in comparison with high-grade employees. The difference in sleep was attenuated when work and family characteristics were adjusted for (OR=1.25 [0.84-1.86]). Among women, there was no significant grade difference in sleep. Women tended to have poorer sleep quality than men (the age-adjusted OR=1.75 [1.49-2.06]). The sex difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjustments were made for work and family characteristics (OR=1.04 [0.85-1.27]). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that work and family characteristics may be important for reducing socioeconomic and sex inequalities in sleep. Sex differences in the pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in sleep deserve further research.
Adult↗
Family characteristics of binge-eating disorder patients.
Binge-eating disorder (BED) has been described and proposed as a new eating disorder diagnosis. Although studies have examined the characteristics of the family members of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), little is known about the characteristics of family members of BED patients. The Family Environment Scale (FES) was administered to 88 patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of an eating disorder (23 AN, 45 BN, 20 BN + AN), as well as 43 patients with BED as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Statistically significant differences were found among the groups on the cohesion, expressiveness, and active-recreational subscales of the FES by analysis of variance (ANOVA). On the cohesion subscale, significant differences were noted between AN and BED, p < .019, with AN scoring higher than BED. On the expressiveness subscale, significant differences were noted for BED and BN, p < .016, with BN scoring higher than BED. On the active-recreational subscale, there were significant differences for BED versus BN, BED versus AN, and BED versus AN + BN (p < .0001), with BED scoring lower than all other groups. Comparison of BED data to existing normative data yielded significant differences on the cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, independence, intellectual-cultural, active-recreational, and control subscales, with BED patients scoring higher than controls on the conflict and control subscales and lower than controls on all others. These data represent the first study of family characteristics of BED patients utilizing DSM-IV criteria, and provide a beginning understanding of family factors that may be useful in treatment.
Analysis of Variance↗
Family characteristics and pedestrian injury risk in Mexican children.
BACKGROUND: Family characteristics have been described as risk factors for child pedestrian and motor vehicle collision. Research results come mainly from developed countries, where family relationships could be different than in developing ones. OBJECTIVE: To examine family characteristics as risk factors for pedestrian injury in children living in Guadalajara City, Mexico. METHODS: Case-control study of injuries among children 1-14 years of age involved in pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. Cases resulting in death or injuries that required hospitalization or medical attention were included and identified through police reports and/or emergency room registries. Two neighborhood matched controls were selected randomly and compared with cases to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Significant risk factors were: male (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.4), number of siblings in household (two siblings, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.6; three siblings, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 11.0; four or more siblings, OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 12.9), and number of non-siblings/non-parents in household (four or more, OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 26.6). Children of a sole mother, working mother, or grandmother living in house did not show increased risk after adjusting for socioeconomic conditions. CONCLUSION: Household size has implications for child pedestrian and motor vehicle collision prevention efforts and is relatively easy to identify. Also, the lack of risk association with working mothers may indicate that grandmothers are not part of the social support network that cares for children of working mothers.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Self-perceived oral health in adolescents associated with family characteristics and parental employment status.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate self-perceived oral health and its associations with family characteristics and parental employment status in an adolescent population from a gender perspective. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires answered anonymously in classrooms. SETTING: All senior (13-15 years) and upper secondary (16-18 years) level schools in Skaraborg County, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 17,035 students, participation rate 88.5%. OUTCOME MEASURES: A single-item rating of self-perceived oral health; satisfaction with the appearance of the teeth; self-assessed gingival bleeding; a perceived oral health index. RESULTS: Independent of family characteristics and parental employment status, girls, more often than boys, perceived their oral health to be good and had less self-assessed gingival bleeding but were less satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. Adolescents living with a single mother (senior level odds ratios OR 0.71 [Confidence Interval CI 0.59,0.84], upper secondary level OR 0.76 [CI 0.62,0.92]) or with neither parent were less likely to perceive their oral health as good when single-item rated and reported more gingival bleeding (living with a single mother: senior level OR 1.37 [CI 1.20.1.57], upper secondary level OR 1.51 [CI 1.28,1.77]) than those who lived with both parents, while adolescents who lived with a single father did not. Associations between parental employment status and self-perceived oral health were weak and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Family characteristics were important for adolescents' self-perceived oral health while parental employment status was not. Children living in single-parent households should be supported and recognised in strategies for oral health promotion and prevention. Gender differences should also be taken into consideration.
Adolescent↗
[Social and familial characteristics of pregnant adolescents seen at a high-risk care module].
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to identify social and familial characteristics in the pregnant adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 74 pregnant adolescents referred to the Mexican Institute of Social Security's (IMSS) Vicente Guerrero Regional General Hospital High-Risk Module in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico from September to November, 2003. An opinion-descriptive questionnaire was formulated by a Committee of Experts and was applied to pregnant adolescents. Variables studied included personal data, obstetrics, and family characteristics. RESULTS: With regard to personal characteristics, average participant age was 17 years, 21 (28%) participants had a high-school academic level, 66 (89%) entertained an interest in continuing their academic studies, 49 (66%) were married, 66 (89%)were homemakers, 35 (47%) mentioned that the reason they got pregnant was to get married, while (36%) got married to leave their original home situation, 54 (73%) accepted the pregnancy, and 71 (96%) of participants reported feelings of responsibility with regard to caring for their infants. Obstetrical characteristics included sexual activity beginning at an average age of 15 years, 63 (85%) of participants' mothers had a pregnancy during adolescence, and 63 (85%) received information on contraceptives but 51 (69%) did not use these. Family characteristics showed 48 cases (65%) had parents who were married, 58 (62%) of participants lived with their spouses' family, 26 (35%) reported more confidence with their mothers, and 68 (92%) had support from their spouse during the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to develop and organize a strategy to improve integral care for pregnant adolescents individually, in the family, and socially that includes active participation in the health education process, needs identification, and deciding on the best choices.
Adolescent↗
Clinicopathologic and familial characteristics of endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas in relation to the loss of protein expression of MSH2 and MLH1.
BACKGROUND: The frequency of synchronous or metachronous multiple primary carcinomas in patients with endometrial carcinoma has been reported to be between 10% and 23% and is highest among all gynecologic carcinomas. However, clinical characteristics and underlying genetic abnormalities in endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas has not been well clarified. Endometrial carcinoma is the most commonly associated extracolonic malignancy in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma in which germ line mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, particularly in MSH2 and MLH1, are known to cause this syndrome. The purpose of the current study was to investigate clinicopathologic and familial characteristics including MSH2, MLH1, and p53 expression in endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas, by comparing them to endometrial carcinoma without other primary malignancies. METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients with synchronous or metachronous multiple primary carcinomas other than endometrial carcinoma and 116 patients with endometrial carcinoma without other primary malignancies. Clinicopathologic characteristics, family history of cancer, and immunohistochemical protein expression of MSH2, MLH1, and p53 expression were investigated in both groups, and 15 endometria from benign disease were used for normal controls in immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The frequency of high risk clinicopathologic factors of endometrial carcinoma and 5-year survival rates and the frequency of p53 overexpression were not statistically different between the two groups. However, the loss of MSH2 and/or MLH1 expression was significant in endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas, when compared with endometrial carcinoma alone (22 of 30 vs. 31 of 116). In cases with multiple primary carcinomas, particularly those diagnosed before the patient was 55 years of age or those in which the patient had a family history of cancer, the frequency of this loss was especially high (11 of 13 and 10 of 11, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical or biologic nature of endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas seems to be similar to endometrial carcinoma alone. A high incidence of defective MSH2 and MLH1 protein in endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas, however, suggests that abnormalities in the function of MSH2 and MLH1 may play an important role in tumorigenesis for patients with endometrial carcinoma with multiple primary carcinomas and their families.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
Child maltreatment: family characteristics and developmental consequences.
Although it has been suggested that certain family characteristics and experiences may mediate the effects of child abuse and neglect, pertinent research conceptualized from this perspective is limited. In this literature review, the cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes for maltreated children are reviewed, and the literature concerned with a variety of family characteristics that may potentially mediate or compensate for the effects of maltreatment is examined. The inherent developmental perspective in conjunction with a family systems orientation reflects a nursing perspective that can be used to understand and intervene with the multivariate phenomenon.
Child↗
Income, family characteristics, and physical violence toward children.
OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses the ways in which existing microeconomic theories of partner abuse, intra-family bargaining, and distribution of resources within families may contribute to our current understanding of physical child abuse. The empirical implications of this discussion are then tested on data from the 1985 National Family Violence Survey (NFVS) in order to estimate the effects of income, family characteristics, and state characteristics on physical violence toward children. METHODOLOGY: The sample consists of 2,760 families with children from the NFVS. Probit and ordered probit models are used to explore relationships between income, family characteristics, state characteristics, and physical violence toward children among single-parent and two-parent families. RESULTS: In both single-parent and two-parent families, depression, maternal alcohol consumption, and history of family violence affect children's probabilities of being abused. Additionally, income is significantly related to violence toward children in single-parent families. CONCLUSIONS: These results reinforce earlier findings that demographic characteristics, maternal depression, maternal alcohol use, and intra-family patterns of violence may largely contribute to child abuse. This research also suggests that income may play a substantially more important role in regard to parental violence in single-parent families than in two-parent families.
Adult↗
Family characteristics and sexual risk behaviors among black men in the United States.
CONTEXT: Past research indicates that family characteristics are associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and adulthood Because the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases is higher among black males than among males of other races, it is important to understand factors associated with sexual risk in this group. METHODS: Data from 1,125 black men participating in the 1991 National Survey of Men were used in structural equation modeling to examine the association of individual and family characteristics with age at sexual initiation and the lifetime number of sexual partners. RESULTS: Men whose mothers worked were likely to have first intercourse at a younger age than others (beta, -.104), whereas those raised by both parents were likely to delay sexual initiation (.072) and to have fewer partners during their lifetime (-.062). Men who were married or had had first intercourse at an old erage were likely to have a lower total number of partners than others (-.297 and -.369, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: School and community programs should provide culturally appropriate and accessible activities for black youth, and should reach black males early, while they are still in elementary school. Programming targeted at parents mayhelp them learn skills for communicating effectively with children about sexuality-related issues.
Adult↗
[Social and family characteristics in children born to women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus].
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the social and family characteristics of children born to women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As secondary objectives, to analyse their schooling and the number of hospital admissions and lengths of stay that these children required. DESIGN: A prospective observation study. SETTING: HIV unit in a children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS INCLUSION CRITERIA: all the children recruited from the HIV unit who had their infection status defined during the study period, understood as between the first known case in 1985 and April 1994. The sample included 177 children (62 HIV-infected and 115 not infected). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Through an interview the social, family and school variables were collected. On comparison between infected and non-infected children, there were no important differences as to the lack of protection of the new-born (8.1% vs 13%), scant mother-child relationship (31.2% vs 36.5%) or people responsible for the custody of these children. Less schooling and greater problems of school integration were detected in infected cases, with odds ratios of 2.68 (p = 0.004) and 11.36 (p = 0.004), respectively. Children infected also needed more admissions (4.3 +/- 5.7) than the non-infected (1.7 +/- 0.9) (p = 0.001), and more days of hospital stay (75.1 +/- 110.3 vs 23.3 +/- 19.6) (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Infected children and non-infected children had similar social and family characteristics. However, less schooling, problems of school integration, and more and longer hospital admissions were related to HIV infection in children, and not so much to their status as children of seropositive mothers.
Child↗
[The family characteristics of overusers of primary care health services].
OBJECTIVE: To discover the family characteristics of overusers of a family medical practice. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Sonseca Health Centre (Toledo). PARTICIPANTS: Overusers of the health services at a family medical practice. Variables of structure, family function and their use were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The family type of the overusers was described as a nuclear family (61.11%), formed by 2-4 members (76.39%) in a period of decline in their life cycle (72.22%), with a certain level of familial dysfunction (13.4%) and overuse of the health services (70.49%). All these findings concurred with data published on the question. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the importance of tackling the family as a whole within the primary care field and the relevance of studies which investigate the relationship between family variables and use of services.
Adult↗
Cognitive abilities of Kenyan children in relation to nutrition, family characteristics, and education.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether nutritional factors, family characteristics, and the duration of schooling were associated with cognitive and attentional capacities in children growing up in rural Kenya. Food intake was measured by direct observation and weighment twice monthly over the course of a year. Families were characterized in terms of socioeconomic status and the literacy of the parents. Children who were better nourished had higher composite scores on a test of verbal comprehension and the Raven's matrices. Better-nourished females were more attentive during classroom observations than malnourished female schoolchildren. Family characteristics and duration of school participation were associated with cognitive abilities for both boys and girls. For the children considered as a group, cognitive scores were best predicted by a combination of factors including duration of schooling, food intake, physical stature, and SES.
Aptitude↗
Do male and female adolescents differ in the effect of individual and family characteristics on their use of psychotropic drugs?
This study assesses the effects of individual and family characteristics on psychotropic drug use among male and female adolescents. The sample included 2,396 subjects attending two middle schools and two high schools. Respondents completed self-administered questionnaires covering gender, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, illicit drug use, tiredness during the daytime, self-reported personality traits, family conditions, and psychotropic drug use. The data were analyzed using logistic models. The prevalence of frequent psychotropic drug use (for headache, tiredness, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia) was 43.0% overall; twice as high among girls than boys. Among the girls, frequent psychotropic drug use was associated with frequent tiredness during the daytime (adjusted odds ratio OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.61-2.57), smoking (2.02, 1.50-2.71), alcohol use (1.34, 1.04-1.74), higher body mass index (>18 kg/m(2), 1.54, 1.16-2.04), poor family atmosphere (1.33, 1.03-1.72), and being worried (1.93, 1.53-2.43) or easily becoming irritable (1.28, 1.01-1.62). In boys the factors with significant ORs were frequent tiredness during the daytime (2.21, 1.67-2.93), alcohol use (1.52, 1.15-2.01), and being worried (1.70, 1.28-2.26) or easily becoming irritable (1.42, 1.06-1.89); univariate analysis revealed a significant relationship with smoking and family atmosphere. An association was also observed for illicit drugs in both sexes and for age > or = 17 years in girls. Individual and family characteristics have marked influence on psychotropic drug use among both male and female adolescents. Preventive measures should be taken to make adolescents and their parents more aware of the risks and to improve their living conditions.
Adolescent↗