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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Systematic tactile error of judgment in finger-toe correspondence.

40 normal adults were tested for finger-toe correspondence identification. A systematic differential pattern of tactile judgment of errors for the five toes (with more errors in the case of the middle three toes) was obtained. The pattern was similar for both men and women and across right- and left-foot toes. These results are discussed in terms of poor sensory representation (or overlapping sensory pathways) of toes in the cerebral cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Differentiation between finger, toe and tongue movement in man based on 40 Hz EEG.

Movements of right and left index fingers, right toe and tongue were studied by EEG measurement in the alpha and gamma (30-40 Hz) bands. The EEG was recorded with a 56-electrode array over pre- and postcentral areas. For each movement the average power decrease, as a measurement of the event-related desynchronization or power increase in narrow frequency bands, was calculated. Single-trial data from 8 electrodes, 3 frequency bands and 4 time points within a 1 sec window were subject to a classification task. It was found that, based on single EEG trials, the data from the 4 movements could be differentiated with an accuracy of 70% when alpha and gamma band activity were used but only with 58% in the case of the alpha band activity alone. This shows that the gamma band activity or 40 Hz EEG is strongly related to planning of a specific movement and therefore, improves the accuracy of classification significantly.

Brain↗
PubMed2003

Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations.

We investigate whether imagery of voluntary movements of different body parts activates somatotopical sections of the human motor cortices. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect the cortical activity when 7 healthy subjects imagine performing repetitive (0.5-Hz) flexion/extension movements of the right fingers or right toes, or horizontal movements of the tongue. We also collected functional images when the subjects actually executed these movements and used these data to define somatotopical representations in the motor areas. In this study, we relate the functional activation maps to cytoarchitectural population maps of areas 4a, 4p, and 6 in the same standard anatomical space. The important novel findings are 1). that imagery of hand movements specifically activates the hand sections of the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) and the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex (area 6) and a hand representation located in the caudal cingulate motor area and the most ventral part of the supplementary motor area; 2). that when imagining making foot movements, the foot zones of the posterior part of the contralateral supplementary motor area (area 6) and the contralateral primary motor cortex (area 4a) are active; and 3). that imagery of tongue movements activates the tongue region of the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex bilaterally (areas 4a, 4p, and 6). These results demonstrate that imagery of action engages the somatotopically organized sections of the primary motor cortex in a systematic manner as well as activating some body-part-specific representations in the nonprimary motor areas. Thus the content of the mental motor image, in this case the body part, is reflected in the pattern of motor cortical activation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Fingers, toes and thumbs, correct digital nomenclature based on early Hebrew texts].

INTRODUCTION: There is some dissonance as to the correct Hebrew terms for the digits of the extremities. Terms in common use include 'Etzba, 'Bohen' and 'Agudal'. While most agree that 'Etzba' in the singular represents the index finger, there is debate about the plural (Etzba'ot), whether it represents 'fingers' (upper extremity only) or 'digits' (upper and lower). The meaning of 'Bohen' is disputed as well, with proponents existing for it to represent: 'Toe', 'Big Toe' or 'Big Digit'. 'Agudal' is in the same predicament, with uses as 'Thumb' or 'Big Digit'. METHODS: We undertook a computerized search of the Bible for these words and their derivatives in order to establish their correct use. RESULTS: The term 'Etzba' and its derivatives appeared numerous times in the scriptures both in singular and in plural. 'Bohen' appeared somewhat less, however, all appearances were in conjunction, viz" 'Bohen' of the hand" or " 'Bohen' of the foot". 'Agudal' was not found in our computerized search. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: According to the early Hebrew texts 'Etzba' in singular usually represents the index finger. However, the plural form 'Etzba'ot', corresponds to the term 'digits' and may be used both for fingers and toes. 'Bohen' is a term representing the large digit of all extremities, i.e. both 'Thumb' and 'Hallux'. Likewise, the term 'Agudal', while not appearing in the scriptures, appears in later contexts in early Hebrew texts, and also represents both the thumb and the hallux.

Fingers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using finger-toe pulse oximetry to assess arterial blood flow.

National guidelines (RCN, 1998; Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team, 1998; SIGN, 1998) suggest that an assessment of ankle brachial pressure index using Doppler ultrasound is necessary to assess arterial blood flow in patients with leg ulcers or healed ulcers. Robin Cooper describes a newer, more simple test of arterial blood flow using a pulse oximeter, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Arteries↗
PubMed1992

[Postural changes in finger and toe pulse waves].

Finger and toe pulse waves were simultaneously recorded in medical students and outpatient hypertensive patients. The delay of the rise of toe pulse to that of finger pulse (t) was almost halved in students on postural change from the supine position to the sitting position. This was mainly due to an increase in the pulse wave velocity in the aorta, which was thought to be induced by the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the aorta. In students a marked dicrotic wave was observed in both finger and toe pulse waves. That the interval between the main and dicrotic waves (T) was shorter for finger pulse than toe pulse also seems to be ascribable to the influence of the intraaortic pressure: Pulse was transmitted faster in the systolic phase than in the diastolic phase. The features of pulse waves of hypertensive patients were that (t) was short even in the supine position, and that dicrotic wave was small or absent especially for toe pulse. These differences were considered to be accounted for by the high blood pressure and the structural change of arterial wall in the hypertensive patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Finger reconstruction by microvascular second toe-to-finger transplantation in patients with traumatic loss of all fingers].

PURPOSE: To assess the utility of second toe-to-finger transplantation with neurovascular reconstruction in patients with loss of all four digits. METHOD: Analysis of 24 toe-to-finger transplantations in 18 patients regarding over-all survival, complications and secondary procedures, sensibility, function, foot symptoms, and patient satisfaction. The original metacarpophalangeal joint was preserved in 50 % of the transplantations. In six patients, a second transplantation was performed. RESULTS: A mean follow-up of 5.8 years was available in 94 % of the patients. 92 % of the transplanted toes survived, in 38 % of the cases complications occurred followed by a secondary procedure. Two-point-sensibility was present in 62 % of the transplantations, the largest range of motion of ca. 50 degrees was obtained in the metacarpophalangeal joint. An increase in the range of motion could be achieved by preservation of the original finger joint. The mean extension lag was 37 degrees independent of the preservation of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Foot symptoms were mild in four patients, in two cases severe donor-site-problems were observed. Cold intolerance was present in 47 % of the transferred toes. Overall patient satisfaction was high with 83 % of the patients confirming their decision to undergo operative treatment. CONCLUSION: Second toe-to-finger transplantation is indicated in patients with traumatic loss of all digits. By this method, a great functional gain could be achieved as well as a high level of satisfaction. The rate of complications and possible foot symptoms should be considered. The preservation of the original metacarpophalangeal joint seems to be of importance for the function of the transplanted toe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Phantom finger phenomena and the effects of toe-to-finger transplantation.

Phantom finger phenomena and the effects of toe-to-finger transplantation were studied in 76 patients who had had traumatic finger amputation. Phantom finger phenomena were observed in 48 (63%) patients with the presence of phantom finger only in 30, phantom finger with sensation in nine, and phantom finger with motion also in nine. After toe transplantation, phantom finger phenomena disappeared immediately in about half of the transplanted fingers that had phantom phenomena before toe transplantation, and also in about half of the amputated fingers without the surgery. Conversely, phantom toe phenomena occurred in 13 (17%) patients. Although some patients had mild-to-moderate unpleasant phantom sensations, none had severe or distressing phantom finger pain or phantom toe pain. It is concluded that phantom phenomena occurred in both finger and toe amputations, and that toe-to-finger transplantation appeared to facilitate the disappearance of phantom phenomena not only in the transplanted fingers but also in the amputated but untransplanted fingers. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of resting capillary flow dynamics in the finger and toe nailfolds.

The purpose of this study was to compare capillary dynamics in the nailfold regions of the human toes and fingers. Capillary blood flow velocity (VEL), vessel diameter, the total number of capillaries and the number of capillaries with active flow per mm2 of tissue were measured in the toe nailfold region of 17 and in the finger nailfolds of 15 male subjects 20 to 40 years of age. All measurements were made in the rest state at a skin temperature of 32 degrees C. Group averages were: (Formula: see text). These results demonstrate that compared to the finger the nailfold capillaries in the toe have a lower blood flow per vessel but a much higher capillary density. The combination of these factors indicates that total capillary blood flow is higher in the toe nailfold system.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Toe-to-finger transfer combined with wrap-around flap: a new technique for four-finger amputation.

A surgical technique for reconstruction of four-finger amputation, toe-to-finger transfer combined with wrap-around flap procedure, is described. Opposable ulnar fingers, reconstructed using the second and third toe, provide sufficient grip function. The long finger, reconstructed with the wrap-around flap using the lateral aspect of the great toe, provides pinch function. Improving the hand function is worthwhile despite morbidity from losing two toes.

Amputation, Traumatic↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical studies on various therapy for the intractable trauma of toes and fingers in cases of diabetes mellitus and peripheral ischemic diseases].

In cases of ischemic extremities and diabetes mellitus, the trauma on finger and toe is very intractable. For such injuries amputation of extremity is indicated very often because of severe necrosis. The number of such cases has been increasing recently because many cases of these patients have arteriosclerotic arterial occlusion and diabetes mellitus, and these are correlated with the changes of aging. The number of cases of Buerger's disease has been also increasing and it is another etiology of intractable trauma in ischemic extremity. The repeated hyperbaric oxygenation, sympathetic block, warfarin therapy and insulin bath with bubbling of hyperbaric oxygen, were applied to has been of such necrosis. By these procedures, the rate of amputation of extremity decreasing. It was concluded that the surgical reconstruction of artery for ischemic extremity has never any meaning as the therapy of such intractable injuries, if blood flow in the peripheral tissue is not kept physiologically, before vascular reconstruction. In order to increase peripheral tissue circulation, the hyperbaric oxygenation, sympathetic block and warfarin therapy wer performed in many cases and these methods were very effective for intractable injuries with severe necrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Functional MR imaging of the human sensorimotor cortex after toe-to-finger transplantation.

BACKGROUND: A model of toe-to-finger transplantation has been used in studying peripheral nerve regeneration and central reorganization. It was found that recovery of sensory perception depends not only on peripheral reinnervation but also on central integrative mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate functional changes of the brain and somatotopic representation of the transplanted toes after toe-to-finger transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients who had toe-to-finger transplantation from 3 to 8 years earlier underwent motor and sensory functional MR imaging studies of transplanted toes and opposite corresponding normal fingers. The motor task was performed by repetitively tapping of the transplanted toe or finger against the thumb, whereas the sensory task was applied by tactilely stimulating the pulp of the transplanted toe or finger. RESULTS: The main activation areas from both types of stimulations were located in the expected location of the finger homunculus of the primary sensorimotor cortex. In addition, activated volumes from the transplanted toes were significantly greater than those from the opposite fingers (P = .017 for motor task and P = .005 for tactile sensory task, paired samples Student t test). CONCLUSIONS: Functional recruitment in the primary sensorimotor cortex seemed to have occurred following toe-to-finger transplantation. The transplanted toe was somatotopically represented in the hand area.

Adolescent↗