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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Assessment of left ventricular filling in normally grown fetuses, growth-restricted fetuses and fetuses of diabetic mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine fetal left ventricular diastolic function as expressed by normalized left ventricular filling rate integral as well as conventional indices of transmitral blood flow in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) fetuses during the third trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of fetal left ventricular filling using conventional parameters of transmitral blood flow. SUBJECTS: Twenty-five AGA fetuses (mean 32 weeks), 18 SGA fetuses (mean 32 weeks) and 15 fetuses associated with IDDM (mean 31 weeks). METHODS: Doppler measurements of mitral inflow velocity were converted to relative cumulative volume flow by integration at sequential time points along the velocity contour, producing a relative filling curve of the ventricle. The area under this curve was calculated to obtain the left ventricular filling rate integral. RESULTS: The left ventricular filling rate integral (I) for the complete diastole (E + A wave) was not significantly different between AGA and SGA fetuses but significantly lower in the IDDM fetus (p < 0.05) compared with the AGA fetus. Ie (E wave) was significantly lower and Ia (A wave) significantly higher in both SGA fetuses (p < 0.05) and IDDM fetuses (p < 0.01) compared with AGA fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: There is a delay in left ventricular filling which may reflect changes in myocardial relaxation and possible reduction in passive ventricular filling as a result of chronic hypoxemia in the SGA fetus and altered in utero metabolic environment in the IDDM fetus.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed1986

Serotyping of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis by passive hemagglutination technique based on soluble autoclaved antigens.

Antigens for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes were released from C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis suspensions by autoclaving in alkaline and neutral saline and by boiling in alkaline but not in neutral saline. Serotyping with rabbit antisera showed the same two serotypes of O-antigens, A and B, as shown by tube agglutination of heated bacteria. All C. fetus subsp. venerealis strains had the A antigen. The C. fetus subsp. fetus strains tested had either the A or B antigen. All ten human isolates tested were of the A type.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Amniotic fluid steroid levels. Fetuses with adrenal hyperplasia, 46,XXY fetuses, and normal fetuses.

Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and hydrocortisone were determined in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis or at elective cesarean section. Male fetuses had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione than female fetuses had between 15 and 21 weeks of gestation but not near term (36 to 40 weeks). In both sexes, progesterone and 17-OHP concentrations fell and DHA, DHAS, and hydrocortisone concentrations increased significantly with advancing gestational age. Amniotic fluid 17-OHP, testosterone, DHA, and androstenedione levels from female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were more elevated in the second trimester than in the third. Three female fetuses at risk for CAH, but not affected, had normal steroid concentrations. Steroid concentrations from two fetuses with Klinefelter's syndrome were not abnormal.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1995

Sad fetus syndrome--gestational trophoblastic disease concurrent with a living fetus or fetuses.

The term gestational trophoblastic disease is used to indicate a group of both benign and malignant trophoblast, including molar degeneration of villi, hydatid mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma. This study shows a new classification of trophoblastic disease existing with a living fetus or fetuses. Benign hydatid mole is the initial stage of the disease continuum, whereas highly malignant choriocarcinoma is the final stage of this spectrum.

Choriocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Effects of fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses affected with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the factors related to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP based on the findings of a lateral cephalogram. DESIGN: Embryo transfer experiments were performed to determine the effect of the fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the Intra-uterine craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses. On the 18th gestational day, each pregnant dam that had received CL/Fr mouse embryos was laparotomized to remove the transferred fetuses that had developed in the uteri of the cleft lip and palate (CLP)-susceptible CL/Fr strain dam and the CLP-resistant C57BL strain dam. A cephalometric observation of the craniofacial morphology of each fetus was subsequently performed. RESULTS: Based on a multiple regression analysis, the standardized partial regression coefficients of the affected fetus weight, the dam weight, and the litter size on the maxillary size of the affected CL/Fr fetus were 0.71 (p < .01), 0.03, and -0.07. According to a least-squares analysis of variance, the dam strain effect in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight on the maxillary size and the cranial size of the affected fetuses was significant (p < .01 for cranial size, p < .05 for maxillary size) and close to a significant level (p = .09) for the mandibular size of the affected fetuses. The adjusted maxillary size and cranial size after statistically eliminating the effects of the affected fetus weight, dam weight, and litter size on each original craniofacial size of the affected fetuses that had developed in the CL/Fr dam strain were also significantly smaller than those of the affected fetuses that had developed in the C57BL dam strain. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that the craniofacial growth of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP increased in proportion to the fetus weight. The dam strain effect, in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight, could thus not be ignored when the etiology of the spontaneous CLP was examined, while the uterine environment, provided by the CL/Fr strain dam, retarded the intra-uterine craniofacial growth of the affected fetuses. It was therefore concluded that the dam strain effect, as well as the effect of the affected fetus weight, both play an important role on the craniofacial morphogenesis of the CL/Fr strain of the affected fetuses that developed in both strain dams.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Physiologic restriction versus genetic weight potential: study in normal fetuses and in fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation.

Physiologic weight restriction is defined as the difference between the genetic and real weight in a normal fetus. The aims of this study were (1) to obtain, in normal pregnancies, reference values of mean weight restriction between 32 and 42 weeks for both male and female fetuses, and (2) to observe how weight restriction may influence intrauterine growth retardation. In the first part of the study, 1004 ultrasonograms of 389 different women were studied and the estimated fetal weights with their regression curves were calculated and drawn for all fetuses by sex. Differences between the 50th percentile of the genetic curves in normal population and the estimated fetal weight values for each of the 1004 examinations were calculated and weight restriction 50th and 90th percentiles were described. In the second part of the study, genetic curves were constructed retrospectively for 20 fetuses with intrauterine weight restriction whose examinations were performed before week 28 and were compared with curves for the normal population. Finally, for the 20 patients with intrauterine weight restriction, differences between genetic and real weight at delivery were plotted and compared with weight restriction 50th and 90th percentiles. Also, fetuses with intrauterine weight restriction were compared according to differing degrees of restriction. Weight restriction began between 31 and 33 weeks of gestation and was earlier and marked in female fetuses. Genetic percentiles were higher in normal fetuses than in fetuses with intrauterine weight restriction. In addition, pregnancies of intrauterine growth restricted fetuses with greater degrees of weight restriction were more abnormal than those of fetuses with a lesser degree of weight restriction. Both facts imply that some of the fetuses included in the classic diagnosis of intrauterine weight restriction may be genetically small fetuses. Concepts of weight restriction and physiologic weight restriction might be applied to discriminate between normal, genetically small fetuses and fetuses affected with intrauterine growth retardation.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed2003

Fetuses subsequently born premature are smaller than gestational age-matched fetuses not born premature.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether singleton fetuses in pregnancies that subsequently deliver prematurely are smaller than singleton fetuses of the same gestational age who are not born premature. METHODS: Our study population consisted of singleton pregnancies meeting the following criteria: at least 1 first-trimester sonogram (to ensure accurate dating), at least 1 sonogram after 24 weeks' gestation, and a known delivery date. Controlling for gestational age at sonography using analysis of covariance, we compared very premature fetuses (delivery at 24-29.9 weeks; n = 26) and moderately premature fetuses (delivery at 30-36.9 weeks; n = 306) with nonpremature fetuses (n = 1,838) with respect to the following sonographic parameters: abdominal diameter, femur length, biparietal diameter, and estimated fetal weight. RESULTS: On 24- to 29.9-week sonograms, fetuses who were subsequently born very premature had significantly smaller fetal measurements than did fetuses who were not born premature (P < .05 for all parameters). Even after excluding 9 very premature fetuses with a risk factor for uteroplacental insufficiency (e.g., toxemia or hypertension), the remaining 17 fetuses had significantly smaller abdominal diameters, femur lengths, and estimated fetal weights than nonpremature fetuses (P < .05). Sonographic parameters in moderately premature fetuses were smaller than in nonpremature fetuses on 30- to 36.9-week sonograms (P < .05 for all parameters), but the only parameters that differed significantly between these 2 groups on 24- to 29.9-week sonograms were abdominal diameter and femur length. CONCLUSIONS. Singleton fetuses subsequently born premature are smaller than gestational age-matched fetuses not born premature, even in the absence of an identifiable cause of growth restriction. The lag in growth appears to occur in the last few weeks before delivery.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1984

Restriction endonuclease analysis of Campylobacter strains with particular reference to Campylobacter fetus ss. fetus.

Forty-three strains of Campylobacter fetus ss. fetus isolated from sheep abortions in New Zealand, and reference strains of C. fetus ss. fetus (four), C. fetus ss. venerealis (two), C. jejuni (one) and C. coli (one) were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis with the enzymes BstE II and Xho I. DNA fragment patterns of C. fetus, C. jejuni and C. coli differed strikingly from each other, but there were many similarities in the patterns obtained for all strains of C. fetus ss. fetus (47) and C. fetus ss. venerealis (three). The 43 local strains of C. fetus ss. fetus were clearly divided into four types. Two of these types produced patterns nearly identical with those of overseas reference strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection.

During a six-year period five patients with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infections were seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Bacteremia was observed in two patients, one presenting with aortic valve endocarditis and the other with abdominal atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm. C. fetus subsp. fetus was isolated from tibial tissue of a patient with osteomyelitis. Diarrhea was the main complaint of two further patients, and was also mentioned by the patient with the aortic aneurysm. Despite the use of incubation conditions and selective media geared to detect only Campylobacter jejuni, C. fetus subsp. fetus was isolated from stool specimens of the two patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. The fact that three of five C. fetus subsp. fetus infections observed in this study were associated with intestinal symptoms further supports the importance of the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of C. fetus subsp. fetus infections.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Extra-adrenal deoxycorticosterone production in hypoestrogenic pregnancies: Serum concentrations of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone in anencephalic fetuses and in women pregnant with an anencephalic fetus.

In a continuing effort to define the origin of and the regulation of the production of deoxycorticosterone, we measured deoxycorticosterone and progesterone in the umbilical cord plasma of 16 anencephalic fetuses and newborn infants (21 to 45 weeks' gestation) and deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and estriol in the plasma of 18 women pregnant (16 to 45 weeks) with an anencephalic fetus. Whereas umbilical cord plasma levels of progesterone in the anencephalic fetuses were similar to those of normal abortuses and newborn infants, those of deoxycorticosterone (1.3 +/- 0.21 ng/ml, mean +/- SE) were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those in normal abortuses and newborn infants delivered between 31 and 42 weeks' gestation (3.94 +/- 0.26 ng/ml). We found that plasma levels of deoxycorticosterone were significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) to those of progesterone in women pregnant with an anencephalic fetus, as well as in women pregnant with a normal fetus. Plasma levels of deoxycorticosterone (range = 0.14 to 0.92 ng/ml) in women pregnant with an anencephalic fetus were significantly lower than those in women pregnant with a normal fetus; plasma levels of progesterone were similar in both groups. The plasma levels of 17 beta-estradiol and of estriol were extremely low in women pregnant with an anencephalic fetus compared with those in women with a normal fetus and did not vary as a function of gestational age. In one subject who was pregnant with an anencephalic fetus, we found that estrogen treatment (100 mg of diethylstilbestrol/day) for 6 days caused a progressive increase in the serum levels of deoxycorticosterone and in the ratio of the concentration of concentration of deoxycorticosterone to that of progesterone in serum. Both the serum levels of deoxycorticosterone and the ratio of the concentration of deoxycorticosterone and in the ratio of the concentration of deoxycorticosterone to that of progesterone declined after cessation of estrogen treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2002

Detection of Campylobacter antibodies in sheep sera by a Dot-ELISA using acid extracts from c. fetus ssp. fetus and c. jejuni strains and comparison with a complement fixation test.

In this study, a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) was evaluated in comparison with a complement fixation test (CFT) for the detection of Campylobacter antibodies in sheep sera. Acid glycine extracts (AGE) of both Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus and Campylobacter jejuni strains that had been isolated from the gall-bladder of slaughtered sheep was used as antigen in both tests. A total of 153 sheep sera from aborted (74) and slaughtered (79) sheep were examined by both Dot-ELISA and CFT. Twenty-two sera showed anti-complementary activity were not suitable for CFT. Of the 22 sera showing anti-complementary activity, two sera were found to be positive in Dot-ELISA. Eighty-eight (67.2%) of the remaining 131 sera were negative by both Dot-ELISA and CFT using AGE of both Campylobacter strains whereas 43 sera (32.8%) gave different reaction patterns in Dot-ELISA and CFT with the extracts of both Campylobacter strains. Twelve sera were positive by both tests using AGE of C. fetus ssp. fetus but CFT failed to detect antibodies in nine of these sera when AGE of C. jejuni was used. Twelve sera were positive by both tests only when AGE of C. fetus ssp. fetus was used. Eleven sera were positive only by CFT. Seven of these reacted only with the AGE of C. fetus ssp. fetus and four sera were positive by using AGE of both Campylobacter strains. The remaining eight sera were found to be positive only by dot-immunobinding assay either with the AGE of both Campylobacter strains or with the AGE of one of the Campylobacter strains. It is concluded that Dot-ELISA using AGE from C. fetus ssp. fetus could be employed for the detection of Campylobacter antibodies in sheep sera and the additional use of AGE from C. jejuni as antigen appeared not to be profitable for this purpose.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Longitudinal assessment of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in healthy fetuses and in fetuses at risk for anemia.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the feasibility of longitudinal assessment of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) to predict fetuses who will have severe anemia. STUDY DESIGN: Doppler measurement of MCA-PSV was serially performed in 15 healthy fetuses (99 measurements; range: 4-9 per fetus), 8 fetuses who were mildly anemic (41 measurements; range: 3-10 per fetus), and 11 who were severely anemic (50 measurements; range: 2-7 per fetus) at their first cordocenteses. Linear models were fitted to the data from individual fetuses and the slopes were determined. The average rate of change (slope) of MCA-PSV as a function of gestational age in the 3 groups was calculated from these data. Estimated average slopes were computed using restricted maximum likelihood. F tests were used for hypothesis tests, with the degrees of freedom based on the Kenward and Roger approximation. The values of MCA-PSV and hemoglobin were expressed as multiples of the median (MoM). A P <.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: Gestational age at the time of the Doppler studies ranged from 15.1 to 41 weeks in the healthy fetuses. It was between 15 and 33.4 weeks in the fetuses who became anemic. The estimated average slopes increased with the degree of anemia (P =.03). The difference in mean slope between the severely anemic sample and the healthy sample was statistically significant (estimated difference = 2.2, SE =.65, P =.01). The difference in mean slope between the mildly anemic and healthy samples was not statistically significant (estimated difference = 1.1, SE =.06; P =.08). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that the MCA-PSV slope is an excellent tool for identifying those fetuses who will become severely anemic and, therefore, need to be followed up more closely during the pregnancy. Our findings expand the clinical applications to which Doppler ultrasonography can be applied in monitoring pregnancies at risk for fetal anemia.

Anemia↗
PubMed1985

Thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus. Report of four cases and a review of the literature.

Four cases of acute thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to C. fetus ssp. fetus are reported, with a review of 18 previously reported cases. Vascular infection with thrombophlebitis due to C. fetus ssp. fetus occurred predominantly in adult male patients with underlying debilitating, immunocompromising illnesses resulting in a mortality rate of 32%. Although approximately one-third of the patients had exposure to known reservoirs of C. fetus ssp. fetus, none of the patients presented with diarrhea, and only one of the cases had C. fetus ssp. fetus recovered from stool culture. Diagnosis of C. fetus ssp. fetus thrombophlebitis or cellulitis is based on clinical suspicion and recovery of the agent from blood culture; the latter requires an average incubation period of 8 days. Empiric therapy with erythromycin, and an aminoglycoside or chloramphenicol is recommended in suspect patients pending results of blood cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Responses to vibroacoustic stimulation in a fetus with an encephalocele compared to responses of normal fetuses.

BACKGROUND: Observation of fetal movement and fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to repeated vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) might be useful as a measure to assess fetal well-being and to assess the integrity of the fetal central nervous system (CNS). We observed the movement and FHR responses to repeated VAS of a term fetus with a serious brain anomaly as compared to responses of normal term fetuses. SUBJECTS, METHODS, RESULTS: In 37 normal term fetuses and in a term fetus with an encephalocele we studied movement and FHR response to repeated VAS. All normal fetuses responded within 1 s after stimulation with general body movement and FHR acceleration. At 36 gestational weeks, no movement or FHR responses were seen in the fetus with an encephalocele. Repetition of the test in this fetus after one week still showed no response to repeated VAS. CONCLUSION: Normal fetuses showed movement and FHR responses to external stimulation. The fetus with an encephalocele did not respond to repeated VAS with a movement or FHR acceleration. Case studies in fetuses with structural anomalies of the CNS are needed to gain insight into the spectrum of possible responses to VAS.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Uterine and umbilical blood flows and net nutrient uptake by fetuses and uteroplacental tissues of cows gravid with either single or twin fetuses.

To evaluate the influence of cow breed and number of fetuses on uterine and umbilical blood flows and nutrient fluxes or uterine tissues from gravid cows, surgery was performed on Charolais or Hereford cows with single or twin fetuses at 177 +/- .2 d (mean +/- SEM) after mating. Indwelling catheters were placed in a fetal femoral artery and vein, in an umbilical vein of each fetus, and in a uterine artery and vein of each gravid horn. Deuterium oxide (D2O) was infused into a fetal femoral vein at 183 +/- .3 and 190 +/- .5 d after mating to estimate uterine and umbilical blood flows (liters/minute). Blood oxygen and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined and uterine arterio-venous (A-V) and umbilical venous-fetal arterial (v-a) differences and net uterine and fetal uptakes were calculated. Net utilization by the uteroplacenta was calculated as the difference between uterine and fetal net uptakes. Uterine blood flows were lower (P less than .01) in Hereford (4.80 +/- .28) than in Charolais (7.07 +/- .33) and lower (P less than .01) per fetus in cows with twin fetuses (5.22 +/- .34) than in cows with a single (6.65 +/- .28) fetus. Umbilical blood flows were greater for single than for twin fetuses. Fetal oxygen and glucose net uptakes averaged 57 and 12%, respectively, of net uteroplacental utilization. Lactate was released from uteroplacental tissues to fetal (42%) and maternal circulations (58%). Fetal oxygen uptakes tended to be less for twin fetuses (P = .08) than for a single fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Three-dimensional quantitative echocardiographic assessment of ventricular volume in healthy human fetuses and in fetuses with congenital heart disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional freehand echocardiographic assessment of ventricular volumetry in healthy fetuses and in fetuses with congenital heart disease. The study was approved by the hospital institutional review board. After echocardiographic examination by conventional ultrasonographic equipment interfaced with a magnetic tracking system, three-dimensional cardiac data were collected prospectively in 57 fetuses. Ventricular volumes were determined from three-dimensional data sets, and 22 fetuses with congenital heart disease were compared with 29 healthy fetuses. A multiple regression analysis of covariance was performed to assess between-group differences. Gated three-dimensional volume data sets enabled assessment of ventricular volumes in 51 of the 57 fetuses. Both fetuses with and without congenital heart disease had exponential increases in cardiac volumes during gestation. In fetuses with congenital heart disease and a marked inequality of ventricular size but no heart failure, the combined end-diastolic and stroke volumes of both ventricles were found to be significantly reduced compared with controls with no disease and fetuses with other types of congenital heart disease. Three-dimensional imaging can provide estimates of ventricular volume changes in fetal hearts with abnormal ventricular morphology that cannot easily be performed by two-dimensional echocardiography, and it may provide insight into evolving congenital heart disease.

Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional↗