Adequacy of radioiodinated triolein for fat tolerance tests.
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Fats↗
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Proceedings: the evaluation of an intravenous fat-tolerance test in assessing fat turnover in surgical patients.
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Fats↗
Long-term reproducibility of the intravenous fat tolerance test.
The reproducibility of the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) with Intralipid was studied in 26 healthy volunteers, in whom the test was repeated after 5-9.5 years (mean interval 6.5 years). Mean body mass, IVFTT fractional removal rate and serum TG (triglyceride) concentration were not significantly changed with time, whereas a slight increase of the serum cholesterol concentration from 5.09 +/- 0.12 to 5.54 +/- 0.19 mmol/1 (P less than 0.05) was found. The coefficient of variation intra-individually for the IVFTT k2 value was 16%. The corresponding figure for the serum TG concentration was 29%. The results suggest that the IVFTT might be a useful tool in long-term evaluation of serum TG abnormalities.
Adult↗
Reproducibility of an oral fat tolerance test is influenced by phase of menstrual cycle.
Knowledge of the reproducibility of oral fat tolerance tests is important for experimental design and data interpretation. In this study, seven normolipidaemic men underwent two fat tolerance tests (blood taken fasting and for six hours after a meal containing 1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate per kg body mass) with an interval of one week. Eleven normolipidaemic women underwent two fat tolerance tests--one during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the other during the mid-luteal phase. Dietary intake was controlled for two days and subjects refrained from exercise for three days before each test. There was no significant difference in postprandial triglyceride responses between the two tests in the men (10.20 +/- 3.45 mmol/l.h vs. 9.68 +/- 2.77 mmol/l.h, NS) (mean +/- SD); intraclass correlation coefficient between the two tests was 0.93, and within-subject coefficient of variation was 10.1 %. In the women, the postprandial triglyceride response was lower in the luteal phase (6.75 +/- 1.83 mmol/l.h) than in the follicular phase (8.36 +/- 3.71 mmol/l.h) (p = 0.05), intraclass correlation was 0.65 and within-subject coefficient of variation was 23.2 %. These results suggest that, with adequate control of preceding lifestyle, reproducibility of postprandial triglyceride responses is high in men, but menstrual phase should be taken into consideration when studying these responses in women.
Adult↗
Evaluation of the intravenous fat tolerance test in chronic renal disease.
The intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) was performed on 17 controls, 25 patients with non dialyzed, non nephrotic chronic renal failure and 32 patients on hemodialysis. The fractional removal rate of triglyceride (K2) from plasma is decreased to the same degree in renal disease whether treated by hemodialysis or not. There was an inverse relationship between K2 and both serum triglyceride and fasting blood sugar, which were significantly increased compared to controls. The IVFTT also separated patients with renal disease and hypertriglyceridemia into two groups. One, where there was a low K2, suggesting that defective clearance of triglyceride was the major etiological factor in the hypertriglyceridemia and two, those patients with a normal K2 value, where other factors appear to be more important.
Adolescent↗
The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 gene is not associated with postprandial responses to glucose or fat tolerance tests in young healthy subjects: the European Atherosclerosis Research Study II.
This study investigated whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) gene is associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in young healthy subjects participating in the European Atherosclerosis Research Study II. Men aged 18-28 years (n=675) were recruited from 14 university student populations in 11 European countries. At their first visit subjects had an oral glucose tolerance test and 1 week later an oral fat tolerance test. Lipid variables and genotype were measured centrally. The Ala allele frequency exhibited a clearcut north-to-south gradient through Europe, decreasing from 0.21 in Baltic countries to 0.07 in Mediterranean countries. There was no significant effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on fasting lipid, glucose, or insulin levels, nor on the postprandial changes in these variables after glucose and fat tolerance tests. Neither was the Pro12Ala polymorphism associated with body mass index. This study provides no evidence for a major effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on glucose and lipid metabolism in young healthy subjects. Since PPARgamma has a major role in adipogenesis, the differential effect of its polymorphism on weight and related metabolic disorders may become apparent only later in life.
Adolescent↗
Intravenous fat-tolerance test in ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease.
1. The intravenous fat-tolerance test and serum lipid and lipoprotein measurements were carried out in ninety-three normal subjects, fifty-one patients with ischaemic heart disease and thirty patients with peripheral vascular disease. 2. The fractional turnover rate of exogenous triglyceride was significantly slower in patients with ischaemic heart disease and in patients with peripheral vascular disease than in normal men. The rate was also slower in normal men than normal women. 3. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were higher in both vascular disease groups than in control subjects. 4. The proportion of both groups of patients who had a subnormal fractional turnover rate of exogenous triglyceride was 35%, and 32% of patients had hypertriglyceridaemia in the fasting state; 27% of patients were hypercholesterolaemic. 5. Although the intravenous fat-tolerance test did not provide significantly better discrimination between cardiovascular patients and control subjects than did measurement of serum triglyceride, the results suggest that hypertriglyceridaemia in such patients may be separable into a group in which impaired triglyceride clearance may be partly responsible, and a group in which overproduction of serum triglyceride may be the major mechanism of the hyperlipidaemia.
Adult↗
[Oral fat tolerance test in obese patients].
19 adipose patients, 10 of them women, underwent an oral fat tolerance test with circa 50 g triglycerides. Before the loading test as well as 2 and 4 hours after it the serum lipids were determined. While in the cholesterol components (including the index of arteriosclerosis) no significant shiftings were the result, after 2 hours in the triglycerides a significant increase (p less than 0.05) by 21% from 1.62 +/- 0.76 to 1.96 +/- 0.91 mmol/l could be stated. The further increase after 4 hours by 10% was not significant. A standardized fat tolerance test concerning the triglycerides is apparently better suited for the estimation of the atherogenic risk than the determination of the fasting value alone.-By an additional determination of LPL and insulin as key enzyme and hormone, respectively, probably better statements could be made, which under equal conditions explain the interindividual differences of adipose persons in weight gain and weight reduction.
Adult↗
Intravenous fat tolerance test with Intralipid in chronic renal failure.
The intravenous fat tolerance test with Intralipid has been used to evaluate the triglyceride (TG) removal capacity in 34 male patients with varying degree of chronic renal failure (CRF). The investigations were repeated in 10 patients after 2-3 years when the renal function had deteriorated further. The fractional removal rate of Intralipid (k2) was low compared to controls, regardless of degree of renal function, etiology of renal disease or treatment with antihypertensive drugs. The k2 value did not change in patients investigated twice, although there was a considerable decrease in renal function. Both in patients and controls there was a strong negative correlation between k2 and the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG concentration. However, at the same k2 value, the VLDL TG concentration was higher in patients than in controls. These data suggest that the hypertriglyceridemia commonly seen in patients with CRF is caused both by an increased VLDL production and a decreased VLDL removal from the circulation. Furthermore, these changes in TG metabolism are induced early in the course of renal insufficiency.
Fat Emulsions, Intravenous↗
Proceedings: The intravenous fat tolerance test as a measure of fat utilization.
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Animals↗
[The intravenous fat tolerance test in patients with peripheral arteriosclerotic disorders of the blood supply].
Latent metabolic disturbances become evident only by specific loads. As functional test of the fat metabolism the intravenous fat tolerance test is suited in which after an injection of 0.1 g fat/kg body weight via the decreasing plasma turbidity the degradation rate K2 (%/min) may be calculated. In 29 patients with peripheral arteriosclerotic disturbances of the blood supply we did not find any changed degradation rates in comparison to 29 reference persons, so that a disturbance of the clarification system is not to be supposed in these patients. It is reported on the behaviour of other metabolic parameters. At the same time by the slight changes in the intermediary metabolism after fat injection the good tolerability of the emulsion of soya bean oil lipofundin S which is known from clinical experience is supported.
Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
Elimination of lipofundin S during the intravenous fat tolerance test in patients with low, medium, and high fasting triglyceride concentrations.
The intravenous fat tolerance test with Lipofundin S (0.5 ml of 20% emulsion/kg body weight) was performed in 22 male nondiabetic patients. According to their fasting triglycerides (TG), the patients were arranged into three groups: low (less than 2.8 mmol/liter), medium (2.8-5.7 mmol/liter), and high (greater than 5.7 mmol/liter) concentrations. Fractional elimination rates of injected Lipofundin S decreased from 11.08 in low TG to 4.57%/min in high TG; they were positively correlated with fasting levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but negatively with those of TG. The same pattern of correlations was observed with fractional catabolic rates of endogenous TG as measured after injection of tritium-labeled glycerol. The intravenous Lipofundin S load effected transient TG and free fatty acid elevations which were delayed in high TG. The elimination mechanisms of injected Lipofundin S and of endogenous TG are compared.
Adult↗
The glucose response to an oral fat tolerance test in young men with a paternal history of premature myocardial infarction: possible early indication of insulin resistance. The EARS 2 study.
BACKGROUND: Concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are higher in young men with a paternal history of premature myocardial infarction than in age- and sex-matched controls. AIM: To test the hypothesis that insulin resistance constitutes the biological expression of increased coronary risk in these subjects. DESIGN: A total of 407 male university students with a paternal history of premature myocardial infarction (cases) and 415 age- and sex-matched controls were investigated for differences in insulin sensitivity. METHODS: Four methods of assessing insulin sensitivity were used: (i) insulin and glucose responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); (ii) insulin and glucose responses to an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT); (iii) minimal modelling of insulin and glucose data from a frequent sample intravenous glucose tolerance test performed on a subset of 55 cases and 50 controls and (iv) homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance. RESULTS: The OFTT glucose response discriminated between cases and controls, with a smaller fall in glucose in cases compared with controls. The negative area under the glucose curve (AUC) (mean [standard error of the mean (SEM)]) was -1.42 (0.09) mmol min/L in cases and -1.76 (0.09) in controls (P = 0.004). Peak height (mean [SEM]) was -0.65 (0.02) mmol/L in cases and -0.73 (0.02) in controls (P = 0.007). The insulin responses were similar in cases and controls. Insulin AUC (mean [SEM]) was 161 (10) mU min/L in cases and 148 (10) in controls (P = 0.34). This combination of findings suggests that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced in the cases. These findings were consistent across European regions. None of the other methods revealed any differences between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: In young men with a paternal history of myocardial infarction, an OFTT detects altered insulin sensitivity that is not identified by an OGTT, minimal modelling or HOMA.
Administration, Oral↗
A simple method for the intravenous fat-tolerance test.
A simple method for measuring intravenous fat tolerance with an artificial fat emulsion (intralipid) was studied and compared with the currently used method of Carlson and Rossner [J. Lab. Invest. 29, 271-280 (1972)]. The proposed method uses as little as 3 mL of whole blood to follow, by nephelometry, the elimination of intravenously administered fat emulsions. There is a high correlation between the K2 values obtained by the current method for plasma and those obtained by the proposed method (r = 0.903). The latter is simpler, quicker, and more acceptable to patients.
Adult↗
Lipoprotein lipase, intravenous fat tolerance test, and the influence of fat-rich or carbohydrate-rich diet on plasma triglyceride levels in primary hyperglyceridemia.
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Dietary Carbohydrates↗
Relationship between lipoproteins including HDL subfractions and the intravenous fat tolerance test.
There is a positive relationship between the HDL cholesterol concentration and the fractional removal rate k2 of intravenously administered Intralipid, the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT). This relationship was analysed in 22 female and 20 male healthy normolipoproteinaemic volunteers with regard to HDL subfractions. A positive correlation between the IVFTT k2 value and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.40, P less than 0.05) was confirmed. The k2-HDL2 cholesterol relationship was strong and positive (r = 0.56, P less than 0.001), whereas the correlation between HDL3 cholesterol and k2 was negative (r = -0.37, P less than 0.05). These findings extend other observations indicating that HDL2 seems to be the HDL fraction, directly associated with removal of TG-rich particles from the circulation.
Adult↗
Use of oral and intravenous fat tolerance tests to assess plasma chylomicron clearance in dogs.
The reduced clearance of chylomicrons from plasma results in an exaggerated post prandial lipaemia and fasting hypertriglyceridaemia. This study evaluated whether oral and intravenous fat tolerance tests are appropriate for the in vivo analysis of chylomicron clearance in dogs. Plasma and chylomicron triglyceride concentrations were measured in eight beagles after the administration of a cream-based meal of 2.35 g fat kg-1 bodyweight. The changes in each parameter were determined chiefly by the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which was measured in plasma collected after the intravenous injection of heparin and did not appear to be influenced by intestinal fat absorption. The inclusion of retinyl palmitate in the meal provided additional information on the metabolic fate of chylomicron remnants. After the intravenous injection of 0.1 g Intralipid kg-1 bodyweight, there was an initial linear decay in plasma triglyceride concentrations that represented the maximal elimination rate K1. This was followed by a second exponential component so that the plasma triglyceride concentration returned to baseline by 60 minutes. Lipoprotein lipase was the major determinant of K1 and the area under the curve of plasma triglycerides.
Administration, Oral↗
Glucose administration downregulates lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo: a study using repeated intravenous fat tolerance test.
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key factor determining the clearance of triglycerides from the circulation. The enzyme activity is tissue-specifically regulated by insulin, but it is not clear yet how insulin regulates the total LPL activity in the circulation. To answer such question, we measured LPL activity using the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) that was carried out 1 h before as well as 2 h and 4 h after oral administration of glucose (75 g) in eleven healthy male volunteers. In control experiments, no glucose was given to the subjects. Glucose administration resulted in an expected increase in plasma glucose and insulin and in a suppression of non-esterified fatty acid concentration. The LPL activity assessed in IVFTT as a k(2) rate constant did not change in control experiments and decreased to 78 % and 73 % of baseline values 2 h and 4 h after glucose administration, respectively (p=0.01). Similarly, LPL activity measured in the plasma after intravenous injection of heparin at the end of the experiments was 16 % lower (p<0.05) after glucose administration. In conclusion, LPL activity is already downregulated in vivo 2 h after glucose administration. The results of our study indicate that repeated IVFTT is a promising approach for studying acute changes in LPL activity.
Adult↗