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Results for “Eye Infections, Parasitic”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Transmission of conventional agents during outpatient care].

Outpatient care bring together in a single location a large number of patients potentially bearing conventional infectious agents (virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites). This report details the germs potentially involved. We emphasize adenovirus epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, which is particularly prevalent in ophthalmology outpatient care. We analyze the modes of contamination and the means to prevent iatrogenic infections.

Eye Infections↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of comparative immunological profiles of intraocular fluid and serum samples in patients suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis].

High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma and Toxocara spp. in populations of children and adults in Poland constitutes a significant risk of supradiagnosed parasitic eye infections. We described the clinical characteristics in relation to the analysis of comparative immunological profiles of T. gondii-specific antibodies in aqueous humour and serum samples in patients with reactivated retinochoroiditis, and of Toxocara spp. ones in cases with posterior granuloma, fibrotic and calcified tumor-like masses simulating retinoblastoma, detected by ophthalmoscopy and echography. Intraocular synthesis of specific IgG antibodies was detected in anterior eye chamber fluid in 1/2 and 2/3 of patients respectively, strongly suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis. The evidence of a local production of specific antibodies in intraocular fluid shown by the Western blot seems to be a valuable immunodiagnostic method for a final confirmation of eye lesions of parasitic origin and crucial in the choice of an appropriate treatment regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Validation of a diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for infectious posterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay capable of simultaneously screening vitreous biopsy specimens for a panel of common pathogens in posterior uveitis. METHODS: A multiplex PCR assay using novel primer sets for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and Toxoplasma gondii was developed. The sensitivity of the assay was determined for purified pathogen DNA. Twenty-one vitreous specimens from patients with posterior uveitis were tested by both multiplex and monoplex PCR. RESULTS: Fewer than 10 genomes of VZV and fewer than 100 genomes of HSV, CMV, and T gondii could be detected using the new primer sets. When used in multiplex, the assay lost less than 1 log of sensitivity. Monoplex PCR detected pathogen DNA in 18 of 21 patient samples; multiplex PCR detected pathogen DNA in 15 of the 18 samples positive by monoplex PCR. None of 10 negative control samples were positive for pathogen DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex PCR has adequate sensitivity to simultaneously screen a substantial differential diagnosis for posterior uveitis in a single reaction, without loss of specificity. This assay may reduce the time and cost involved in PCR-based molecular diagnostics of infectious pathogens. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mutiplex PCR may allow rapid diagnosis of infectious posterior uveitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of infectious posterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay allowing rapid and sensitive detection and quantitation of 4 common infectious posterior uveitis pathogens. METHODS: A real-time PCR assay using previously validated primer sets for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Toxoplasma gondii was developed. A standard curve for quantitation of pathogen load was generated for each pathogen using SYBR Green I fluorescence detection. Ocular samples from patients with posterior uveitis and from negative control samples were assayed and compared with standards to identify pathogens and quantify infectious load. RESULTS: Sensitivity for detection of purified pathogen DNA by PCR was not reduced by application of the real-time method. Standard curves for the quantitation of pathogen loads showed sensitivity to fewer than 10 organisms for all pathogens. The technique was applied to 2 clinical problems. First, sensitivities of existing monoplex and multiplex PCR were compared by real-time PCR. No significant difference in sensitivity was observed between multiplex and monoplex techniques. Second, pathogen loads of vitreous specimens from patients previously diagnosed as having infectious posterior uveitis were calculated. Pathogen loads were found to be generally higher for patients with disease caused by varicella-zoster virus than those caused by cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time PCR may be applied to infectious agents responsible for posterior uveitis. This technique will likely prove useful for the diagnosis of posterior uveitis as well as the linkage of pathogen to disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Real-time PCR provides a rapid technique for quantitatively evaluating ocular samples for the presence of infectious pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Diagnostic vitrectomy and chronic uveitis.

BACKGROUND: From the introduction of vitrectomy, infectious endophthalmitis was one of the indications for this surgical technique. Vitrectomy was later found to be a valuable method in both diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of chronic uveitis. METHODS: Twenty-eight eyes of 25 patients were operated on with purely diagnostic intent. These were patients not responding, or no longer responding, to their cortisone treatment and for whom no etiology had been found previously. RESULTS: Vitrectomy itself yielded the diagnosis in nine eyes of eight patients. Three had unexpected infectious pathology (one bacterial, one mycotic, one viral), while five had tumoral pathology four with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and one with a metastasis of a malignant melanoma of the skin. In four other patients, typical fundus lesions were seen during the surgery, providing a clue to the etiology: three cases of retinal necrosis and one case of a pseudotumoral mass suggestive of Toxocara canis. Serologic tests confirmed three cases of herpes simplex infection and one of Toxocara canis. Apart from the fact that a diagnosis could be made in half of the patients, the diagnostic vitrectomy also had a favorable effect upon vision in half the cases. CONCLUSION: In cases of chronic uveitis where no etiology has been found, vitrectomy is able to provide a diagnosis in about one-third of eyes directly. During surgery a typical appearance of the fundus may reveal a supplementary diagnosis, resulting in an overall diagnosis in about half of the cases. Moreover, half of the patients will have improved vision after surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Intraocular antibody production in intraocular inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The production of intraocular antibodies is considered a specific marker for active infectious uveitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of aqueous humor analysis in consecutive patients referred to a tertiary clinical center. METHODS: We analyzed 91 paired aqueous humor/serum samples from 89 patients with intraocular inflammation. In 71 patients aqueous humor analysis was used as a positive or negative confirmation of the suspected cause, whereas in 18 patients the clinical diagnosis was completely uncertain. A modified micro-ELISA technique was used to detect intraocular IgG production against Toxoplasma gondii, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Statistical analysis was performed using the "Cohen's kappa" test. RESULTS: Specific intra-ocular antibody production could be detected in 12 (66.7%) of 18 patients with uncertain diagnosis. Subsequently initiated therapy led to clinical improvement in 10 patients, whereas 2 patients remained unchanged. In 2 (2.8%) of 71 patients aqueous humor analysis led to revision of the initially suspected etiology and to a change of therapy. Statistical analysis showed a significant accordance of diagnosis and aqueous humor analysis (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with infectious uveitis, analysis of intraocular synthesis of specific antibodies is a valuable tool to establish the etiology rapidly and allows initiation of targeted antimicrobial treatment.

Antibodies, Protozoan↗
PubMed2006

Polymerase chain reaction and Goldmann-Witmer coefficient analysis are complimentary for the diagnosis of infectious uveitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the relative contribution of the analysis of intraocular antibody production and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in aqueous humor (AH) to the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Paired AH and serum samples from 230 patients suspected of infectious uveitis were examined for intraocular antibody production against herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and Toxoplasma gondii by calculating the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (GWC). In addition, AH samples were investigated by real-time PCR to determine the presence of microbial DNA. RESULTS: Positive results were obtained in 54 cases (23%): 13 HSV (24%), 16 VZV (30%), and 25 T gondii (46%). Of these, 23 (43%) were positive for both GWC and PCR, 26 (48%) only for GWC, and 5 (9%) only for PCR. With PCR as the sole diagnostic approach, a correct diagnosis of the infectious etiology would have been missed in 34% of cases for the herpes viruses and in 64% for T gondii. Analysis of the relationship between a positive laboratory diagnosis and the time of sampling after onset of ocular disease demonstrated that intraocular antibody production was found throughout the course of the diseases. Viral DNA was more readily detected early in infection. In contrast, T gondii nucleic acid was not detected until 3 weeks after onset of ocular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of intraocular antibody production contributed considerably to the etiological diagnosis of infectious uveitis, most notably of ocular toxoplasmosis early after onset of disease. Therefore, both PCR and GWC determination might be performed for comprehensive diagnosis of intraocular infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Correlation between clinical suspicion and polymerase chain reaction verification of infectious vitritis.

PURPOSE: To compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results to presumptive clinical diagnosis in patients with vitritis. DESIGN: Retrospective review of PCR laboratory records from vitreous samples. METHODS: Fifty consecutive laboratory records of vitreous samples sent for PCR testing were reviewed. Three reviewers with uveitis training ranked the clinical suspicion of a specific diagnosis using a classification system (scale of 1 to 4) and were masked to the PCR results. RESULTS: The degree of clinical suspicion of a particular diagnosis was significantly associated with a positive PCR result (P = .048). Higher clinical suspicion was significantly more associated with a positive PCR result compared with cases with lower clinical suspicion (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: If the clinical suspicion of a specific diagnosis is low, the PCR for any infectious etiology is unlikely to be positive.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection.

External ocular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can often be overlooked by the eye care practitioner. Different types of external ocular disease can be an indication of the patient's overall immune status as well as the stage of HIV infection. The external ocular sequelae of HIV infection can be of visual consequence for the patient. Eye care practitioners need to become familiar with these conditions. The diagnosis and management of the following ocular conditions associated with HIV infection are reviewed: conjunctival microvascular disease, dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes simplex keratitis, molluscum contagiosum, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

Ocular manifestations of systemic infection.

Increased research and awareness of various systemic infections places a greater emphasis on the ophthalmologist's knowledge of ocular manifestations of these diseases. New advances in the diagnosis and treatment, as well as studies of the pathogenesis and histological features of different infectious processes are continually being reported. Recent publications focusing on ophthalmic findings of infectious diseases are reviewed. This article discusses new reports on herpes simplex, herpes zoster, Lyme disease, malaria, onchocerciasis, cysticercosis, and toxocariasis.

Eye Infections, Bacterial↗
PubMed1999

[Infectious uveitis].

Half a century ago, bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis were thought to cause the majority of cases of uveitis. Nowadays, a number of infectious diseases are responsible for uveitis. In our countries, herpes virus and toxoplasmosis are the principal causes of uveitis. Furthermore, because specific antimicrobial therapy can be curative and prevent long-term visual sequel, early diagnosis of infectious causes of uveitis should be a priority for all practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The microbiology of the eye.

Infection of the external structures of the eye is one of the commonest types of eye disease worldwide. In addition, although relatively impermeable to microorganisms, infection within the eye can result from trauma, surgery or systemic disease. This article reviews the general biology of viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa and the major ocular infections that they cause. In addition, the effectiveness of the various antimicrobial agents in controlling ocular disease is discussed. Because of changes in the normal ocular flora, continuous monitoring of the microbiology of the eye will continue to be important in predicting future types of eye infection. Basic research is also needed into the interactions of microbes at the ocular surface. There is increasing microbial resistance to the antimicrobial agents used to treat ocular infections and hence, new antimicrobial agents will continue to be needed together with new methods of drug delivery to increase the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial agents.

Eye Infections↗
PubMed1992

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the eye.

Patients with AIDS or ARC may develop ocular manifestations falling in four broad categories: (1) conjunctival and periorbital disease, (2) neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities, (3) retinal microangiopathy, and (4) opportunistic retinal and choroidal infections. Careful ophthalmologic examination generally permits identification and differentiation of these entities. Although ocular involvement is frequently a harbinger of an unfavorable systemic prognosis, specific drug therapy may be of some benefit in arresting disease in selected individuals. Further advances in the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS-related ocular tumors and infections may improve the quality of life for these patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

[Ocular manifestations of selected zoonoses in humans].

A report is given on the epidemiology and clinical signs of some selected zoonoses that may be of significance for ocular infections in man: brucellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Newcastle Disease, ornithosis (chlamydiosis), rabies, Streptococcus suis infection, larva migrans ocularis by Toxocara canis or Baylisascaris procyonis, toxoplasmosis and tularemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye.

The unique structure of the human eye as well as exposure of the eye directly to the environment renders it vulnerable to a number of uncommon infectious diseases caused by fungi and parasites. Host defenses directed against these microorganisms, once anatomical barriers are breached, are often insufficient to prevent loss of vision. Therefore, the timely identification and treatment of the involved microorganisms are paramount. The anatomy of the eye and its surrounding structures is presented with an emphasis upon the association of the anatomy with specific infection of fungi and parasites. For example, filamentous fungal infections of the eye are usually due to penetrating trauma by objects contaminated by vegetable matter of the cornea or globe or, by extension, of infection from adjacent paranasal sinuses. Fungal endophthalmitis and chorioretinitis, on the other hand, are usually the result of antecedent fungemia seeding the ocular tissue. Candida spp. are the most common cause of endogenous endophthalmitis, although initial infection with the dimorphic fungi may lead to infection and scarring of the chorioretina. Contact lens wear is associated with keratitis caused by yeasts, filamentous fungi, and Acanthamoebae spp. Most parasitic infections of the eye, however, arise following bloodborne carriage of the microorganism to the eye or adjacent structures.

Animals↗