Analysis of explosives and explosive residues. Part 1: chemical tests.
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Acetone↗
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Analysis of explosives and explosive residues. Part 3: Monomethylamine nitrate.
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Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
Analysis of explosives and explosive residues. Part 2: Thin-layer chromatography.
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Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
Toxicological investigation of liquid petroleum gas explosion: human model for propane/ethyl mercaptan exposures.
Four individuals died as the result of a propane explosion. As with many propane explosions, the question was raised as to the adequacy of the product's odorization after the autopsy studies had been conducted. In most cases, this question leads to litigation. Ethyl mercaptan is a widely used odorant for propane and was used in this instance. Three of the four victims had blood available at autopsy for study. Quantitative analyses of the victims' blood, obtained during autopsy, were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, without subjecting the samples to hydrolysis. These analyses determined the relative amounts of propane and ethyl mercaptan in the blood to be 90, 63, and 175 mL/m3 headspace, and 0.36, 0.34, and 0.77 microgram/L blood, respectively. Since mercaptans have been reported in human blood as products of metabolism, modeling studies were conducted to establish the validity of the autopsy data and to develop an autopsy toxicology protocol for investigating explosion deaths. When subjects were not exposed to an atmosphere containing ethyl mercaptan, dimethylsulfide was the only mercaptan detectable in their blood without severe hydrolysis prior to analysis. Metabolic ethyl mercaptan is sufficiently bound to be undetectable by the methods used without hydrolysis. Human subjects were exposed to a flammable mixture of air and propane odorized with ethyl mercaptan. The analyses of the blood from these subjects produced results which were comparable with those for the explosion victims, establishing that the question of odorant adequacy can be addressed at the autopsy of propane explosion victims. It is extremely important that the pathologist and toxicologist investigating gas explosion deaths recognize the valuable evidence existing in the victim's blood.
Autopsy↗
[Explosion accidents during work with tires and wheel rims].
The object of this work is to draw attention to injuries resulting from explosions caused by work with wheel rims and tyres, the extent of the problem and the safety rules which already exist. Seven illustrative cases are presented. A not inconsiderable but frequently disregarded risk for accidental explosions is present in connection with pumping tyres and repairs of tyres and wheel rims. During the explosions, pressure waves of enormous violence may frequently be released. In connection with four accidental explosions of this type, a total of seven persons were injured. Four of these sustained life-threatening injuries. On the basis of the serious accidents, the authors consider it important to draw attention to the fact that the rules, which exist already and which are aimed primarily at avoiding and possibly limiting the extent of the violent explosive energy, should be brought to the notice of all who work with tyres and wheel rims.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Bladder explosion during uninterrupted transurethral resection of the prostate. A case report and an experimental model.
A bladder explosion during transurethral resection with intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder is reported. Immediate operative repair was successful and the final result satisfactory. Gas formed during in vitro and in vivo prostatic resections was analysed by means of an oxygen electrode and gascromatographs. Hydrogen was dominant but oxygen and several explosive hydrocarbons were demonstrated. The gas formed in vitro was highly explosive. Oxygen content in gas formed in vivo was considerably lower. Admixture of atmospheric air during transurethral resection increases the risk of explosion and should be avoided and the air pocket in the bladder be kept at an absolute minimum.
Explosions↗
A portable explosives identification kit for field use.
This study has shown the feasibility of using a miniaturized TLC kit for the presumptive identification of explosives in the field. The process of TLC field screening of a post-explosion site is nondestructive, resolves constituent explosives from interfering backgrounds, and increases the residence time of isolated specimens in the adsorbed state for subsequent substantive identification by trace methods of instrumental analyses. The cost of the modified Kodak kit for explosives identification (excluding the microscope) is approximately +150. The stock items, such as the fluorescent silica gel sheets, Cab-O-Sil, and solvents, are of nominal cost. The kit is relatively simple to use and personnel with a minimal technical background can be trained in its use.
Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
The relationship of blast loading to death and injury from explosion.
Death and injury from explosion are becoming ever more frequent. In this study an attempt is made to relate the blast loading suffered by individual victims of explosions to the injuries sustained. It includes 828 servicemen killed or injured by explosions in Northern Ireland. Two hundred sixteen servicemen were killed, most of them before any assistance could be rendered. In those exposed to a higher blast loading, blast lung was common. Those exposed to lower blast loading died primarily of head injuries. Body armour was worn by 90% of the servicemen and probably reduced the number of fatal secondary missile injuries.
Blast Injuries↗
Injuries caused by home-made explosives.
Eighty-six cases of injuries caused by home-made unconventional explosives were studied. The use of this type of explosive is common in India, Sri Lanka and other Eastern countries. Injuries are due to the blast effect, shrapnel and flash. The blast effect is seen only when the explosion occurs at close range. Accidental injuries to handlers and manufacturers conform to a particular pattern.
Blast Injuries↗
Systematic analysis of explosive residues.
A scheme for systematic analysis of explosive residues is presented and demonstrated by test explosions using commercial, military, and homemade explosives. The significance of reaction product identification is demonstrated.
Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
Instrument safety in explosive atmospheres.
The current "Energy Crisis" has dramatically increased our potential need for coal, the worlds most abundant fossil fuel. This will probably lead to a greater use of automation and instrumentation in the coal mining industry. The presence of methane in coal mines and in the coal itself plus the presence of coal dust, both of which can form an explosive atmosphere in air, means that the possibility of a gas or coal dust ignition must be considered when designing, purchasing and installing new equipment in this industry. In addition, many metallurgical processes involve the use of potentially explosive substances against which similar safety precautions must be taken. This paper outlines the various methods of protection currently in use and proposed for electrical instruments in explosive atmospheres, with particular emphasis on the work of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Accident Prevention↗
[Terrorist explosions--medical aspects].
In this paper we present the review of medical and organizational aspects of terroristic explosion as a type of urban disaster. We have focused on consequences of the explosion of unfragmented explosive devices, particularly regarding the type and localization of injuries. The definitions of urban disaster is given and organizational problems in these situations are classified.
Explosions↗
[Cochlear microcirculation in living guinea pigs following explosion].
The cochlear microcirculation in living guinea pigs was observed, explosion was then imposed on the left ear and the velocity of blood cell flow and vessel diameters were measured within one hour. The results showed that: 1. there was an orderly stable movement of blood cells in all vascular beds under normal conditions; 2. the flow rate in both spiral ligament and stria vascularis increased promptly after explosion, that in the spiral ligament might return to normal within 30 minutes with vasodilatation, indicating increased blood supply early after explosion; 3. there was no relationship between changes in microcirculation and hearing loss and hair cell damage. The cause of hair cell damage and hearing loss were discussed and the techniques of vital microscopic studies of cochlear microcirculation assessed.
Animals↗
[Evaluation of exposure level in the handling of explosives].
For the clarification of a supposed case of poisening by handling of explosives containing nitric acid ester in a man who was an expert in performing explosions the proof of the exposition was necessary. By the determination of free nitrite in the blood as well as by measuring of blood pressure and pulse in persons exposed in the same way the intake of nitrated constituents of the explosive could be made clear. The advantage of the determination of free nitrite in the blood in contrast to the determination of the met-Hb is discussed. It is referred to an additional potential endangering by gun fumes and the measures for the protection of labour which are to be derived from this.
Adult↗
Effects of explosive type strength training on physical performance characteristics in cross-country skiers.
To investigate the effects of a combination of simultaneous strength and endurance training on selected neuromuscular and aerobic performance characteristics seven male cross-country skiers underwent training for a period of 6 weeks. The experimental group trained 6-9 times per week with a programme consisting of 34% explosive type strength training and 66% endurance training during the first 3 weeks of the experiment and 42% and 58% respectively during the last 3 weeks of the experiment. The total volume of training of the control group (eight skiers) was of the same magnitude but consisted of 85% pure endurance training and 15% endurance type strength training. The experimental training regime resulted in specific changes in neuromuscular performance. This was demonstrated by improvements (P less than 0.01) in the maximal heights of rise of the centre of gravity in the squat and countermovement jumps. A significant decrease (P less than 0.05) took place also in the time of rapid isometric force production during experimental training, while no changes occurred in the maximal force of the trained muscles. Aerobic performance characteristics of the experimental group did not change during the experimental training period. No significant changes occurred in neuromuscular or aerobic performance characteristics in the control group. These findings indicated that training-induced improvements in explosive force production may not be fully inhibited by this kind of aerobic training. They also suggested that endurance athletes could undertake explosive type strength training programmes without a concomitant reduction in aerobic capacity, if the overall loading of training were within predefined limits.
Adult↗
Tire explosion injuries to the upper extremity.
Several articles have been published that bring attention to the destructive potential of tire explosions. Although the severity of tire explosion injuries to the head and neck region is well established, only one previous article has reported injuries to the upper extremity. Fourteen patients with upper extremity tire explosion injuries have been treated by us from 1980 to 1988. Each injury was caused by single-piece wheel assemblies, as opposed to multipiece wheel assemblies, which have traditionally been associated with the injury. Three representative patient reports are discussed. Prevention of this injury can be achieved by increased public awareness, formal industrial safety training, tire servicing with dedicated equipment including restraining devices or barriers, complete evaluation of wheel/tire serviceability before tire mounting, separation of servicing of single and multipiece wheels, and complete tire deflation before servicing.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Effects of different training modalities on lower-limb explosive power, acceleration, 20-m sprint performance, and change-of-direction ability in youth soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Youth soccer players repeatedly perform explosive actions, short accelerations, linear sprints, decelerations, and multidirectional movements. However, the comparative effects of different structured physical-conditioning programmes remain uncertain. METHODS: Seven databases were searched from inception to 3 July 2026 using a final expanded search strategy encompassing plyometric, strength or resistance, sprint, acceleration, speed, change-of-direction, neuromuscular, multicomponent, and combined training. Randomised controlled trials involving healthy youth soccer players were eligible. Intervention arms were classified using operational, content-based node definitions. Construct-restricted primary networks and expanded sensitivity networks were analysed using frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis. Hedges' adjusted g was preferentially calculated from post-intervention or final-follow-up means, standard deviations, and sample sizes. Estimates were presented so that positive values indicated better performance. P-scores were treated as descriptive ranking summaries. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted study-level application of the five-domain RoB 2 framework, and confidence in the evidence was assessed using CINeMA. A post hoc strict-age sensitivity analysis excluded two age-boundary studies. RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies were included in the expanded quantitative analysis, of which 74 contributed to at least one construct-restricted primary network. The primary lower-limb explosive-power, acceleration, 20-m sprint, and planned change-of-direction networks included 55, 20, 25, and 38 studies, respectively. Compared with usual soccer training, plyometric training combined with sprint and/or change-of-direction training showed favourable estimates for lower-limb explosive power (SMD 0.79, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.03), acceleration (1.19, 0.90 to 1.49), 20-m sprint performance (0.80, 0.33 to 1.28), and planned change-of-direction ability (1.46, 1.13 to 1.80). Corresponding I² values were 34.6%, 21.8%, 65.0%, and 41.0%. Between-design inconsistency was detected in the 20-m sprint (P = 0.0036) and change-of-direction (P = 0.0007) networks. CINeMA confidence for these four comparisons was low, low, very low, and low, respectively. Expanded sensitivity networks showed substantially greater heterogeneity. The highest-ranked intervention differed across outcome domains but remained consistent within each outcome across the three analysis sets. Excluding the two age-boundary studies did not materially alter the principal estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Plyometric training combined with sprint and/or planned change-of-direction training produced favourable comparative estimates across the four performance outcomes. However, evidence for several nodes and active-versus-active comparisons was sparse, heterogeneity in programmes and outcomes was present, inconsistency was detected in some networks, and confidence in the evidence was low or very low. These limitations do not support a conclusion that any training category is universally superior. The findings should be interpreted as provisional category-level signals rather than definitive training prescriptions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420261347297, registered on 21 March 2026, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261347297 .
Change-of-direction ability↗
Influence of hypothalamic hyperphagia on tolerance of lung to explosive decompression.
A study was made of the effect of hypothalamic hyperphagia on the tolerance of lung to explosive decompression in male Long-Evans rats. The control and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats were explosively decompressed together from 1 atm to an ambient pressure of 30 min Hg in 0.04s. The hypothalamic-lesiones rats gained from 252 g average weight to 460 g, a 82% gain. The respective figures for the controls. were from 248 g to 336 g and 36%. It was also observed that a considerable amount of fat was accumulated between pleura and lungs in experimental animals. The average accumulation of fat between pleura and lungs in experimental rats was 3.23 g, while the value of the control group was only 0.42 g. The difference was statistically significant. Such an increase of fat accumulation in the thoracic cage could decrease the tidal volume. The severity of decompression-induced pulmonary hemorrages might thus be decreased. On the other hand, it also seems possible that the soft fat cushion between pleura and lungs might damp the bruising of the pulmonary tissue against the resistant thoracic wall to a certain extent, thus resulting in a decreased susceptibility to decompression-induced lung damage. Besides , the mortality in obese rats undergoing explosive decompression was also significantly lower than that of the controls
Adaptation, Physiological↗