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Results for “Expeditions”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Changes in plasma lipoprotein levels during a hiking expedition in South America.

Eleven males participated in a hiking expedition over a period of 6 weeks during which they walked an average of 15 km per day, resting days included. The participants completed a seven-day estimated dietary record before and during the expedition. Their habitual dietary intake before the expedition was typical of a Western diet. During the expedition most animal products, with the exception of canned fish, were excluded from the diet. The dietary intake of fat and carbohydrate changed from 36.9% and 40.6% to 14.0% and 76.4% respectively. Cholesterol intake dropped from 557 mg to 92 mg. Mean plasma total cholesterol (TC) decreased from 190.9 mg/100 ml to 142.0 mg/100 ml. These changes were mainly due to changes in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) did not change, the ratio of HDL-C to TC increased significantly. It can be concluded that drastic dietary changes, together with increased physical activity and weight loss resulted in major plasma lipoprotein changes. The expected fall in HDL-C due to a high carbohydrate diet was counteracted by the increased physical activity and weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Expedition stress and personality change.

There have been few attempts to investigate the widespread assumption that short-term challenges can have beneficial effects on personality. An expedition to India organized by the British Schools Exploring Society provided such an opportunity. The Gordon Personal Profile Inventory showed that the expedition was associated with increased ascendancy, emotional stability, sociability and responsibility, and decreased cautiousness. Women tended to benefit more than men. The results suggest that the expedition was associated with positive personality changes, though other explanations of the findings cannot be ruled out.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise and hypoxia after a high-altitude expedition.

Seven young, male subjects were tested before and immediately after 6 weeks high-mountain expedition. Cardio-respiratory measurements were performed at rest and during standard physical excercise (10 min, 100 W) when breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture (14% O2 in N2). After the expedition an increased V o2 max (16% an average) and diminished heart rate response to submaximal exercise were found. This was observed during air and hypoxic mixture breathing. There was significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output during the exercise. No significant differences in ventilatory parameters were found nor at rest or during exercise under condition of breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture. No changes in erythrocyte count or haemoglobin concentration in the blood were found. The physiological changes which developed during high-mountain expedition were more dependent on physical that hypoxic training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: Psychological aspects of acute mountain sickness.

In order to assess the importance of personality and expectations in the development of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), 3 standard personality questionnaires and a Mountain Sickness Anticipation Questionnaire were completed by all of the 17 BMRES expedition members before their departure for the Himalayas. AMS could not be predicted with these tests and its occurrence, when assessed either by clinical interview or by peer review, bore no significant relationship to personality. For comparison daily self-assessment of the signs and symptoms of AMS were also conducted throughout the expedition, using graduated and graphic rating scales. The results were found to be unreliable and dependent upon personality factors. These findings have implications for those assessing others at high altitude.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Megadosage of ascorbic acid in an Antarctic expedition.

1. No difference in health was observed between men on megadosage of ascorbic acid and controls during the year of an Antarctic expedition. 2. All men appeared to have a satisfactory intake of ascorbic acid throughout the year. 3. There was a statistically significant decrease in excretion of ascorbic acid by men on megadosage over the year, and by the controls. 4. The decline in excretion by the control group may be explained by dietary change, but the decline in those on megadosage may be due to altered handling of ascorbic acid by the body. 5. No complications due to megadosage of ascorbic acid were observed.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional pattern of the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" Arctic expedition].

Data on the chemical composition, nutritional value and caloricity of food ration used by the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" expedition during ski marches in the Arctics are reported. The rations consisted chiefly of dehydrated products and weighed 800-1000 g. The daily caloricity of the rations amounted to 3400 and 4400 great calories.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMed1977

The effect of prolonged isolation from environmental allergens on the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the allergic state. Observation on members of the South African Antarctic expedition.

The 1975 South African Antarctic expedition included 8 men with a history of allergy, 7 who showed cutaneous hypersensitivity to common allergens, but denied having experienced symptoms, and 6 who had neither symptoms nor positive skin tests. During a year of residence in the essentially allergen-free, barren environment of Antarctica, allergic subjects were entirely sypmtom-free. Prolonged isolation from environmental allergens did not consistently diminish the serum concentration of total or specific IgE or the intensity of positive skin test reactions, which indicates that the cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of reaginic antibodies have a prolonged existence and do not require repeated allergenic stimulation for maintenance of function.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metabolism in cosmonauts: the results of biochemical research on the blood of the crew members of the 7 prime expeditions on the Mir orbital space complex].

The pre- and postflight biochemical analyses of the blood of 16 cosmonauts flown aboard Mir orbital station over 125-366 days revealed the changes in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism being in line with the present-day ideas about the space flight effects on the human metabolism. A particular individual pattern of the responses and the absence of correlation with flight duration of space expeditions ranging from 4 months to a 1 year, are noted.

Blood↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunological reactivity and the prognosis for allergic complications in the crew of the 2d Saliut-4 expedition].

Immunological reactivity of P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov was studied before and after their 63-day flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The study used the methods to assay reactivity of T- and B-lymphocytes (PHA-blast-transformation, nonspecific formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells, immunofluorescence to identify cells carrying immunoglobulin receptors on their surface, serum level of immunoglobulins as a function of Becells). Sensitization of the human body to allergenes of representatives of normal automicroflora of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus and E. coli was examined. Specific immunological reactivity which was marked on the 2nd day and tended to return to normal on the 7th day postflight as well as a significant decrease of IgA were noted. Postflight P. I. Klimuk showed sensitization to allergens of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Results of immunological examinations of the first and second expeditions aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 were compared.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Action on water-salt metabolism as a prophylactic method in orthostatic intolerance in crew members of the 2d expedition of the Saliut-1 station].

The water-salt supplement developed in ground-based experiments in order to increase human tolerance to LBNP and orthostatic tests was recommended to be given to the crewmembers at the final stage of the second expedition of Salyut-4. On the 53rd flight day, concomitantly with an intake of 4.0 g sodium chloride and 900-1200 ml water, an LBNP test was carried out to assess the effectiveness of this supplement, to select its optimal doses and to clarify individual responses. After the intake both cosmonauts showed a better tolerance of the LBNP test. They also displayed individual variations in their responses, viz. the commander in arterial circulation, and the flightengineer in venous circulation. As suggested by the ground-based experiments and the inflight provocative test, both cosmonauts were requested to take 9.0 g sodium chloride and 1000--1200 ml water on the last flight day. The postflight examinations demonstrated that the countermeasures applied (physical exercises, LBNP) in combination with the direct action on the fluid-electrolyte metabolism gave a pronounced positive effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Peculiar characteristics of crewmembers' metabolism on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4.

This paper presents the results of metabolic studies of crew members on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. Pre- and postflight medical examinations included measurements of a wide range of biochemical parameters characterising protein and carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, energy exchange in red blood cells, hormone concentration, etc. It was shown that, during the 63-d flight and 7-d recovery period, crew-members developed no metabolic changes which could suggest pathologies. The changes were functional and seemed to be manifestations of adaptive reactions to space flight and return to 1 G. Elucidation of mechanisms of the reactions requires further study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of a study of metabolic processes in members of the crew of the 2d expedition of the "Sliut-4" orbital station].

A detailed biochemical analysis of the venous blood and daily urine samples of the crewmembers of the Salyut-4 second expedition after their 63-day space flight showed metabolic changes as compared with the preflight level. The changes were more marked immediately postflight. On the 7th postflight day most parameters studied tended to return to the preflight values. This study did not demonstrate any adverse biochemical changes that may prevent long-duration manned space flights.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preliminary results of medical research completed during the flight of the second expedition of orbital station "Salyut-4"].

The 63-day flight of cosmonauts P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov onboard the orbital station Salyut-4 has shown that man can well adapt to weightlessness and carry out diverse and intensive activities in the weightless state. Weightlessness effects on the human body may be both direct and indirect. The direct effects include reversal of deformations and mechanical tensions in tissue structures, change in the afferent impulsation from receptor zones reacting to the gravity effect, blood redistribution, disturbance in the function of sensory system. The indirect effects of weightlessness are associated with an unusual environment and unusual conditions of work rest, food and water consumption, etc. In the course of flight the human body adapts itself to the new environment; this is assured by self-regulation of physiological functions aimed at the maintenance of a constant level of vitally important parameters. Human adaptation to the weightless state can be subdivided into two periods: 1) period of adaptive rearrangement and 2) period of relative stabilization. The first period includes a rearrangement of functions and regulatory systems of the body. The second period can be defined as attainment of an intersystem homeostasis in the human body and a relatively stable equilibrium of the body with the environment. Incomplete adaptive reactions in shorter flights, e. g. during the first expedition of the orbital station Salyut-4 (G. M. Grechko, A. A. Gubarev), may be one of the factors responsible for a less favourable development of postflight readaptation. Thus, the most important purpose of the medical monitoring and prediction in prolonged space missions is to determine how complete or incomplete these adaptive reactions are. Relative stabilization can be reached, as a rule, after a 1.5 month exposure to weightlessness. However, this time period is rather relative since it depends on the characteristic features of the human body. The results of medical investigations carried out during and after the 63-day flight demonstrated no changes that could prevent from a further increase in the duration of future space missions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗