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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Gas chromatographic studies of vinyl chloride in air by catalytic hydrogenation to ethyl chloride.

In order to investigate the amount of vinyl chloride in air, the hydrogenation of vinyl chloride to ethyl chloride is used. This method of determination is preferable to the other methods described in the literature because: (a) it proves that only vinyl chloride goes through hydrogenation by its displacement to the ethyl chloride peak in the chromatogram; (b) the actual amount of vinyl chloride can be obtained in the case of superimposed or interfering peaks (e.g., various gases contained in air samples), either by calculating the ethyl chloride peak area or by the reduction of the peak area in the region of the same retention time as the vinyl chloride peak in the related chromatogram. In this study various kinds of catalysts for hydrogenation purposes at temperatures ranging from -20 to 250 degrees have been used. Among the catalysts used palladium gives the best results at low temperature.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1983

Punch biopsy of the skin: effect of temperature and local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing.

The effect of local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing on biopsy size and quality for microscopy was studied postmortem. Four-mm punch biopsies were taken from the abdominal skin by different techniques: manual punch and drill (250 RPM) at 8 degrees C and 33 to 36 degrees C, ethyl chloride, and injection of lidocaine for local anesthesia. Histologic sections were assessed, and defatted dried weight (DW) was determined as an expression of biopsy size. After ethyl chloride freezing, microscopy showed more trauma (p less than 0.001) and characteristic, marginal tissue-breaks (p less than 0.01). More biopsies (p less than 0.05) were not proper for microscopy. DW and the variances showed no differences. It is concluded that local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing results in tissue trauma and inferior quality of the tissue specimens for microscopy.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1989

Human epidermal Langerhans' cells are sensitive to rapid cooling by ethyl chloride.

Topical anesthesia with ethyl chloride spraying generates some remarkable reactive events in the human Langerhans' cell (LC) system. Many LC retract their dendrites and a considerable number move to the innermost layers of the epidermis within 15 minutes. This rapid motility supports the view that the interstices between cells in living epidermis are large. The LC cytomembrane is very susceptible to cold shock which causes the cytomembrane to superimpose upon itself forming abnormally shaped Birbeck granules. This process may consume too much of the cytomembrane to be compatible with cell survival.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethyl chloride: an ineffective bacteriostatic or cidal agent for arthrocentesis.

The local and general anesthetic properties of ethyl chloride have been well delineated. The purpose of this study was to determine if ethyl chloride, when used as a local anesthetic, had any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on the normal array of skin flora. Fifteen different aerobic bacteria or fungi were collected from pure cultures. A total of 30 specimens were sprayed; 2 specimens of each of the 15 bacteria were sprayed with ethyl chloride for both 5 and 10 seconds. These specimens then were restreaked once the ethyl chloride had evaporated, and were incubated for 24 hours. At 24 hours the cultures were checked and found to have no significant growth inhibitions. It is thus concluded that ethyl chloride alone does not have any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on these commonly found skin flora.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1994

Allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl chloride and sensitization to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12).

Despite the widespread use of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic and chlorofluorocarbons as propellants in medical and cosmetic aerosols, contact allergy to these 2 gases is rare. In a 30-year-old woman, an unusual itchy dermatitis appeared at all skin sites where a medical aerosol containing ethyl chloride had been briefly applied. Subsequent re-exposure to the spray and patch tests revealed contact sensitization to ethyl chloride and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12). Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the test reaction were consistent with a T-cell-mediated allergic reaction. The low incidence of contact allergy to ethyl chloride and chlorofluorocarbons may be due to the rapid evaporation of these volatile gases, thus preventing intense and prolonged contact with the skin and consequently contact sensitization. A modified patch test procedure using perforated plastic chambers to allow gas evaporation is necessary to test volatile agents.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Venous cannulation and topical ethyl chloride in patients receiving nitrous oxide.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethyl chloride spray on the anxiety and pain associated with placing an intravenous catheter in patients sedated with nitrous oxide. Eighty-eight patients scheduled for dental surgery with a combination of intravenous and nitrous oxide sedation were randomly assigned to have ethyl chloride spray or a placebo, water spray, applied before cannulation of a vein. Anxiety and pain were reported using a 10.0-cm visual analog scale before nitrous oxide administration, after nitrous oxide sedation, following application of the spray, and following venous cannulation. The first 2 assessments measured overall levels of patient anxiety and pain and confirmed that nitrous oxide sedation reduced anxiety without changing already low levels of pain. The second 2 assessments of anxiety and pain measured the reaction toward the spray and cannulation. The application of ethyl chloride spray produced significantly more anxiety and pain than did the placebo. The results of this study demonstrate that ethyl chloride spray does not significantly reduce the anxiety and pain associated with venous cannulation in patients sedated with nitrous oxide.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1990

Ethyl chloride and venepuncture pain: a comparison with intradermal lidocaine.

One hundred and twenty unpremedicated patients undergoing gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to one of three equal treatment groups to assess the effectiveness of ethyl chloride in producing instant skin anaesthesia to prevent the pain of venepuncture from a 20 G cannula. They received either no anaesthetic, 0.2 ml one per cent lidocaine plain intradermally or a ten-second spray of ethyl chloride at the cannulation site. Ethyl chloride produced skin anaesthesia that significantly reduced the pain of venepuncture. However, it was not as effective as intradermal lidocaine. It had no effect on vein visualisation or ease of cannulation. Ethyl chloride can be recommended as a method of producing instant skin anaesthesia.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

Death due to inhalation of ethyl chloride.

A 30-year-old white male was found dead in a locked apartment with a rag held loosely in his mouth. Four cans (3 empty, 1 partially empty) containing ethyl chloride and labeled as VCR head cleaner were found next to the body. Phenylpropanolamine and low therapeutic levels of diazepam (64 microg/L) and nordiazepam (126 microg/L) were detected during toxicological analysis. An unidentified peak was observed when performing ethanol analysis by headspace gas chromatography. The peak was identified as ethyl chloride and the concentrations in the blood, urine, vitreous, brain, and lungs of the deceased were 423 mg/L, 35 mg/L, 12 mg/L, 858 mg/kg, and 86 mg/kg, respectively. The results were compared with previously reported levels of ethyl chloride in blood and vitreous and, based on a literature search, we believe that this is the first report of ethyl chloride levels in tissue.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1988

Sniffing of ethyl chloride--an uncommon form of abuse with serious mental and neurological symptoms.

Abuse of ethyl chloride is a problem which has previously been almost unknown in Sweden. Confusion, hallucinosis, ataxia, and pronounced impairment of short-term memory--all of a transient nature--and a prolonged and uncharacteristic course of abstinence reactions are some of the symptoms that occur on sniffing of ethyl chloride. The course of events in one such case is described. The authors request that references to this article outside the professional press should not be made in such a way as to facilitate abuse.

Ataxia↗
PubMed1993

Death attributed to ethyl chloride.

A young college student was found unresponsive, head down in his pillow with a metal canister containing ethyl chloride in or beside his right hand. Resuscitative efforts failed. Qualitative screening detected ethyl chloride in the vitreous fluid and antemortem and postmortem blood. Quantitation was carried out on available fluids with the following results: hospital blood, 20 mg/dL; postmortem blood, 65 mg/dL; and vitreous fluid, 41.7 mg/dL. No other drugs or volatiles were found. Death was subsequently attributed to an overdose or adverse reaction to this product.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Use of ethyl chloride topical anesthetic to reduce procedural pain in pediatric oncology patients.

Pediatric cancer patients often become anxious, agitated, combative, and uncooperative due to the pain or fear of pain during invasive procedures. Generally, it is not the actual administration of medicines that produces this reaction, but the fear of the needle stick itself. Increased education and implementation of coping mechanisms is often not enough to allay this fear. The tangible solution of using ethyl chloride, an anesthetic spray, before port sticks, lumbar punctures, and bone marrow aspirations, was instituted by the hematology-oncology clinic to determine if the pain, emotional trauma, and fear of cancer treatments could be reduced in oncology patients. Survey results on 60 patients and 60 parents/caretakers showed that when given the choice to use the spray or to refuse its use, 68% of the parents thought that the patient had more of a sense of control and, thus, involvement in their treatment. Seventy-eight percent of the patients reported experiencing less pain associated with procedures. Staff noted an increase in cooperation, less combativeness, and more compliance with treatment. Perceiving the child's discomfort diminished, 87% of the parents/caretakers report feeling less anxious and, therefore, more capable of being supportive to each other and their child. These results verified the staff's perceptions of the advantages of using this noninvasive anesthetic. Ethyl chloride is an easy, effective, concrete approach to reducing procedural pain in pediatric oncology patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Species differences in the biotransformation of ethyl chloride. II. GSH-dependent metabolism.

Groups of male and female F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 15,000 ppm ethyl chloride (monochloroethane, ECL) or to air for 5 days (6 h/day). In this report, features of GSH-dependent ECL metabolism in the animals are described. A concurrent report describes the features of the cytochrome P450-dependent oxidative ECL metabolism (Fedtke et al. 1994). ECL conjugation to GSH in hepatic cytosolic fractions was catalyzed by GSH S-transferases. The specific activities were 0.16 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/- 0.01 nmol ECL conjugated/(min mg protein) in air treated male and female F-344 rats, respectively. These activities were not significantly altered by the ECL treatment. Compared with rats, the GSH-transferase activities towards ECL were generally higher in male and female B6C3F1 mice (0.71 +/- 0.19 and 1.01 +/- 0.19, respectively) and were slightly decreased by ECL treatment. The ECL conjugation to GSH resulted in a marked reduction of the GSH concentration in the lung and the uterus after 5 days of exposure. In contrast, liver and kidney GSH concentrations were affected only to a minor degree. Formed S-ethyl-glutathione was converted to the mercapturic acid S-ethyl-N-acetyl-L-cysteine (SENACys), which was detected in the urine of both species. In addition, the non-acetylated intermediate S-ethyl-L-cysteine (SECys) was excreted in mouse urine but not in rat urine. The cumulative amounts of SENACys and SECys excreted after 5 days were up to fivefold higher in mice than in rats and the excretion kinetics were species specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1994

Species differences in the biotransformation of ethyl chloride. I. Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism.

Groups of male and female F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 15,000 ppm ethyl chloride (monochloroethane, ECL) or to air for 5 days (6 h/day). In this report, features of the P450-dependent ECL metabolism in the animals are described. A concurrent report describes the in vitro and in vivo features of the GSH-dependent ECL metabolism (Fedtke et al. 1994). ECL is oxidatively dechlorinated in an NADPH- and O2-dependent reaction, resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde (AC). The oxidative ECL metabolism rates in microsomal incubations were measured. The results indicated induction of the oxidative ECL metabolism by ECL itself in mice and female rats. The hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol, which was used as an indicator of P450IIE1 activity, was also induced in microsomal incubations from ECL-exposed mice and female rats, but, corresponding to the ECL metabolism, not in male rats. In contrast, catalytic activities related to P450IA and IIB subfamilies were not induced by ECL treatment. Additional experiments with the P450IIE1-specific inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and induction experiments with acetone, phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene confirmed that the isoenzyme mainly involved in the dechlorination reaction is cytochrome P450IIE1. AC was not detected in serum of ECL exposed animals and only slightly enhanced amounts were detected in urine samples from ECL exposed mice, reflecting the high capacities of the AC metabolizing pathways in vivo. The data are discussed with regard to the results of a 2-year bioassay with F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to 15,000 ppm ECL (NTP 1989a).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1989

Ethyl chloride: 11-day continuous exposure inhalation toxicity study in B6C3F1 mice.

Groups of seven B6C3F1 mice per sex were exposed for 23 hr/day to 0, 250, 1250, or 5000 ppm ethyl chloride (EtCl) for 11 consecutive days to evaluate the potential toxicity of EtCl under near-continuous exposure conditions. On the day following the last exposure, a neurobehavioral observation battery was performed, samples were obtained for clinical chemistry and hematology, and necropsies were conducted. Histopathologic examination was subsequently performed. The only observed effects were increased relative liver weights and a slight increase in hepatocellular vacuolation (glycogen or fat) in 5000 ppm-exposed mice. Exposures to EtCl were well tolerated despite the unusually long exposure periods.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethyl chloride: a two-week inhalation toxicity study and effects on liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentrations.

Male and female Fischer 344 rats (6/sex/exposure concentration) and male beagle dogs (2/exposure concentration) exposed to 0, 1600, 4000 or 10 000 ppm ethyl chloride (EtCl) for 6 hr/da, 5 da/wk for 2 weeks showed no toxicologically significant treatment-related effects on body weights; clinical chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters; neurology (dogs only were examined); gross pathology or histopathology. The only treatment-related differences in organ or relative organ weights (in rats or dogs) were slight, but statistically significant increases in liver to body weight ratios of male rats exposed to 4000 or 10,000 ppm EtCl (4.9 and 7.5% respectively). Liver non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) concentration was measured in male Fischer rats and male B6C3F1 mice that were exposed for 6 hours to 0, 1600, 4000 or 10,000 ppm EtCl (mice were exposed to 0 or 4000 ppm EtCl only). Liver NPSH, measured 1/2 hr post exposure, was less than control values in 4000 ppm exposed rats (88% of control value), 4000 ppm exposed mice (64%), and 10,000 ppm exposed rats (89%). The slight decreases in rat liver NPSH seem consistent with the increased liver to body weight ratios. The toxicity data indicate that 2-week repeated exposures to EtCl concentrations that were up to 10 times the current A.C.G.I.H. T.L.V. (1000 ppm) caused minimal treatment-related effects in dogs and rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride.

Allergic contact eczema from the use of deodorant sprays is sometimes caused by sensitization to the propellants. Positive reactions were seen in three patients when patch testing to Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane). One patient also reacted to Freon 12 (dichlorofluoromethane). Another patient had an eczematous eruption after ethyl chloride was sprayed on the skin prior to taking biopsy. The two other patients showed strongly positive patch tests with this compound. Further investigations of the sensitizing capacity propellants with chemical resemblance have to be carried out to solve the problem of cross-sensitization.

Adult↗