Psychotic illness in ethnic groups. Some ethnic groups may be more vulnerable to extremes of social deprivation.
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Adolescent↗
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Modeling the relation between socioeconomic status and mortality in a mixture of majority and minority ethnic groups.
Ethnic variation in mortality and whether this variation can be explained by socioeconomic status are of substantive interest to social epidemiologists. The authors consider the analysis of mortality data for a mixture of majority and minority ethnic groups. Such data are likely to be coarsely cross-classified by age and socioeconomic status and yet, even then, in some cells of this cross-classification the observed mortality rate will be an imprecise estimate of the underlying rate. The authors illustrate conventional and Bayesian approaches to analysis with data from the 1996 census used by the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study. A conventional approach is exploratory data analysis first followed by Poisson regression. The authors use spline smoothing within a generalized additive model framework as an exploratory data analysis, following a strategy of adding just enough model structure to gain a sensible picture. A Bayesian approach is modeling first and then a description of posterior estimates using exploratory data analysis techniques. The authors use hierarchical Poisson regression and then illustrate their posterior estimates of the mortality rate using the same spline smoothing as before. The advantage of the hierarchical Bayesian approach is that it assesses uncertainty about a Poisson regression model proposed a priori; the conventional approach assumes that the fitted Poisson regression model is correct. All analyses use software that is available at no cost.
Age Factors↗
[Analysis of HLA-B locus gene polymorphism in Sichuan Yi ethnic group and Xinjiang Uygur ethnic group].
The polymorphism of HLA-B alleles in Sichuan Yi and Xinjiang Uygur population was investigated using the PCR-SSP method. Twenty one alleles were detected in HLA-B loci in 106 Sichuan unrelated Yi healthy subjects. Of them, B*40, B*15 and B*51 were the most common alleles with an allele frequency of 0.1981, 0.1368, 0.1274, respectively; while B*47, B*44, B*18, B*57 and B*78 were the rare alleles with an allele frequency of 0.0189, 0.0142, 0.0094, 0.0047 and 0.0047, respectively. The distribution of HLA-B allele frequencies in Sichuan Yis was between Southern Han and Northern Han. In 110 Xinjiang unrelated healthy Uygur subjects, 27 alleles were detected in HLA-B loci. Of them, B*35 and B*51 were the most common alleles with an allele frequency of 0.1136 and 0.1136, respectively; while B*41, B*56 and B*78 were the rare alleles with a frequency of 0.0045, 0.0045 and 0.0091, respectively. Frequencies of "Caucasoid origin" HLA alleles such as B*08, B*35 and B*50 in Xinjiang Uygurs were higher than other ethnic groups in China. The result of chi2 tests showed that the distributions of HLA-B alleles in Yi and Uygur ethnic groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Heterozygosity (H), discrimination power (DP) and probability of paternity exclusion (EP) of HLA-B locus from Sichuan Yi ethnic group were computed to be 0.8977, 0.9661 and 0.8009; and those from Xinjiang Uygur ethnic group were 0.9372, 0.9857 and 0.8732. The data obtained in this study on the distributions of HLA-B alleles in the Sichuan Yi and Xinjiang Uygur population provide important group genetics information for forensic and paternity tests to estimate the frequency of a DNA profile in these two populations, and can be used in transplant matching, anthropological and disease association studies.
Asian People↗
Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life.
This study examined the effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life (QOL). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, the Index of Race Related Stress--Brief Version, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life--Brief Version were administered to 160 male and female participants from 3 ethnic groups (African American, Asian American, and Latino American). Results indicated that African American participants had significantly higher race-related stress, ethnic identity, and psychological QOL scores than did Asian and Latino American participants. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that ethnic identity and cultural racism were significant predictors of QOL and accounted for 16% of the total variance for the entire sample.
Adolescent↗
Psychotic illness in ethnic groups. Census categories of ethnic group are limited.
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Humans↗
Ethnic self-awareness as a function of ethnic group status, group composition, and ethnic identity orientation.
This study found that ethnic self-awareness (i.e., the extent to which people are consciously aware of their ethnicity at any given moment) has different meanings for European Americans and Asian Americans and for Asian Americans with different ethnic identity orientations. The authors found main effects of ethnic group status and ethnic composition on ethnic self-awareness when comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. There was also an interaction effect between ethnic composition and ethnic identity orientation for Asian Americans when examining ethnic self-awareness. Findings are discussed in relation to theories that predict salience of ethnicity and to educators and practitioners who deal with ethnic minority group members.
Acculturation↗
Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the study of health assessment and risk in ethnic groups (SHARE).
Cardiovascular disease rates vary greatly between ethnic groups in Canada. To establish whether this variation can be explained by differences in disease risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis, we undertook a population-based study of three ethnic groups in Canada: South Asians, Chinese and Europeans. A total of 985 participants were recruited from three cities (Hamilton, Toronto and Edmonton) by stratified random sampling. Clinical cardiovascular disease was defined by history or electrocardiographic findings. Carotid atherosclerosis was measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Conventional (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, raised cholesterol) and novel risk factors (markers of a prothrombotic state) were measured. Within each ethnic group and overall, the degree of carotid atherosclerosis was associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. South Asians had the highest prevalence of this condition compared with Europeans and Chinese (11%, 5% and 2%, respectively; p=0.0004). Despite this finding, Europeans had more atherosclerosis (mean of the maximum intimal medial thickness 0.75 [0.16] mm) than South Asians (0.72 [0.15] mm) and Chinese (0.69 [0.16] mm). South Asians had an increased prevalence of glucose intolerance, higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and much greater abnormalities in novel risk factors including higher concentrations of fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Although there are differences in conventional and novel risk factors between ethnic groups, this variation and the degree of atherosclerosis only partly explains the higher rates of cardiovascular disease among South Asians compared with Europeans and Chinese. The increased risk of cardiovascular events could be due to factors affecting plaque rupture, the interaction between prothrombotic factors and atherosclerosis, or as yet undiscovered risk factors.
Adult↗
Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE)
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease rates vary greatly between ethnic groups in Canada. To establish whether this variation can be explained by differences in disease risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis, we undertook a population-based study of three ethnic groups in Canada: South Asians, Chinese, and Europeans. METHODS: 985 participants were recruited from three cities (Hamilton, Toronto, and Edmonton) by stratified random sampling. Clinical cardiovascular disease was defined by history or electrocardiographic findings. Carotid atherosclerosis was measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Conventional (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, raised cholesterol) and novel risk factors (markers of a prothrombotic state) were measured. FINDINGS: Within each ethnic group and overall, the degree of carotid atherosclerosis was associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. South Asians had the highest prevalence of this condition compared with Europeans and Chinese (11%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, p=0.0004). Despite this finding, Europeans had more atherosclerosis (mean of the maximum intimal medial thickness 0.75 [0.16] mm) than South Asians (0.72 [0.15] mm), and Chinese (0.69 [0.16] mm). South Asians had an increased prevalence of glucose intolerance, higher total and LDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, and lower HDL cholesterol, and much greater abnormalities in novel risk factors including higher concentrations of fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. INTERPRETATION: Although there are differences in conventional and novel risk factors between ethnic groups, this variation and the degree of atherosclerosis only partly explains the higher rates of cardiovascular disease among South Asians compared with Europeans and Chinese. The increased risk of cardiovascular events could be due to factors affecting plaque rupture, the interaction between prothrombotic factors and atherosclerosis, or as yet undiscovered risk factors.
Arteriosclerosis↗
Incidence of IDDM in Montreal by ethnic group and by social class and comparisons with ethnic groups living elsewhere.
We examined the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) among children aged 0-14 yr in Montreal by social class and by ethnic group from 1971 to 1985. There was a slightly higher risk in wealthier as opposed to poorer classes. This income gradient was more marked in younger than in older children. Children of French extraction had about two-thirds the risk of IDDM of children of other origins, mainly British and other European. This mimics the patterns of risk in Europe, where France is reported to have lower rates than does Britain and Scandinavia. The absolute levels of risks among French Canadian and Jewish Canadian children were about double those reported from France and Israel, respectively. These various results are compatible with the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors influence IDDM risk.
Adolescent↗
Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups: inequalities by gender and ethnicity.
Minority ethnic groups have low income in later life from private pensions, partly due to shorter employment records in Britain since migration. Yet disadvantage and discrimination in the labour market, as well as differences in cultural norms concerning women's employment, may lead to persistence of ethnic variation in private pension acquisition. Little is known about the pension arrangements made by men and women in minority ethnic groups during the working life. This paper examines the extent of ethnic disadvantage in private pension scheme arrangements and analyses variation according to gender and specific ethnic group, using three years of the British Family Resources Survey, which provides information on over 97,000 adults aged 20-59, including over 5,700 from ethnic minorities. Both men and women in minority ethnic groups were less likely to have private pension coverage than their white counterparts but the extent of the difference was most marked for Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Ethnicity interacted with gender, so that Blacks showed the least gender inequality in private pension arrangements, reflecting the relatively similar full-time employment rates of Black men and women. A minority ethnic disadvantage in private pension coverage, for both men and women, remained after taking account of age, marital and parental status, years of education, employment variables, class and income. The research suggests that minority ethnic groups - especially women - will be disproportionately dependent on means-tested benefits in later life, due to the combined effects of low private pension coverage and the policy of shifting pension provision towards the private sector.
Adult↗
Phenotyping and genotyping study of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in healthy Chinese children: a comparison of Han and Yao ethnic groups.
AIMS: Ethnicity is an important variable influencing drug response. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) plays an important role in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs. Previous population studies have identified ethnic variations in both phenotype and genotype of TPMT, but limited information is available within Chinese population that comprises at least 56 ethnic groups. The current study was conducted to compare both phenotype and genotype of TPMT in healthy Han and Yao Chinese children. METHODS: TPMT activity was measured in healthy Chinese children by a HPLC assay (n = 213, 87 Han Chinese and 126 Yao Chinese). Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to determine the frequency of TPMT mutant alleles (TPMT*2, TPMT*3 A, TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C) in these children. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean TPMT activity between Han and Yao Chinese children. A unimodal distribution of TPMT activity in Chinese children was found and the mean TPMT activity was 13.32 +/- 3.49 U ml(-1) RBC. TPMT activity was not found to differ with gender, but tended to increase with age in Yao Chinese children. TPMT*2, TPMT*3B and TPMT*3A were not detected, and only one TPMT*3C heterozygote (Han child) was identified in 213 Chinese children. Erythrocyte TPMT activity of this TPMT*3C heterozygote was 12.36 U ml(-1) RBC. The frequency of the known mutant TPMT alleles was 0.2%[1/426] in Chinese children. CONCLUSION: The frequency distribution of RBC TPMT activity was unimodal. The frequency of the known mutant TPMT alleles in Chinese Children is low and TPMT*3C appears to be the most prevalent among the tested mutant TPMT alleles in this population.
Adolescent↗
[Distribution of 8 blood group systems in Han ethnic group of Fujian Province, China].
The distribution of 19 red cell's antigens of 8 blood group systems in Han ethnic group in Fujian province, China was investigated. The gene and haloptype frequencies were as follows: p = 0.1936, q = 0.1766, r = 0.6298; p1 = 0.1427; Dia = 0.2830; m = 0.5695, n = 0.4305, S = 0.0339, s = 0.9661, MS = 0.0200, NS = 0.0139, Ms = 0.5500, Ns = 0.4161; Fya = 0.8817; Jka = 0.4767; D = 0.9314, C = 0.7617, E = 0.2357, r' = 0.0686, R1 = 0.6352, R2 = 0.1970, R0 = 0.0605, Rz = 0.0388. Le (a +) phenotype frequency = 7.94%.
Blood Group Antigens↗
[A survey on distribution of red cell blood group systems in naxi and primi ethnic groups].
A survey of distribution of red cell blood group systems, including ABO, MNSs, Rh and P, was carried out on the Naxi and Primi ethnic groups in Yunnan province. The results based on 104 cases in each of the two ethnic groups showed that both Naxi and Primi possessed a high gene frequency r of 0.6082 and 0.6882, respectively, with gene frequency p = q. The gene frequency m of Naxi (0.8509) was found to be very high among the populations studied in China until now, only next to that of Lizu (0.8709). The most common phenotype of Rh system was CcDE- in both Naxi and Primi, with a quite high cDE frequency. No case of Rh negative was observed in the two ethnic groups. The P1 in Naxi approximated to that in Primi. The red cell blood group systems and their genetic distances suggested that the Naxi and Primi was genetically close to ethnic groups of North China, but different from those of South China. This fact suggests that these two ethnics groups originated from the North China.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
[Distribution of blood groups in the ethnic groups of Lebanon].
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Blood Group Antigens↗
[Population genetic studies in Ethiopia: distribution of blood group polymorphisms in Amhara/Tigrai ethnic groups].
During 1981-1982 and 1983-1984 a population-genetic study has been performed in the Amhara/Tigrai ethnic groups of Northwestern Ethiopia (Gondar). Blood group frequencies are reported for 6 systems (AB0, MNSs, Rh, P, Kell, Kidd), secretor status, haptoglobin, Gc, Gm/Km, HLA-A and -B as well as for the erythrocytic enzyme polymorphisms AcP, PGM1, ADA, EsD, GPT, AK and GLO I. The results are compared with other reports from East Africa and the Arabian peninsula. The mixed caucasoid-negroid gene pool of the Amhara/Tigrai as well as their relations with Arabia are confirmed.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
Serotyping of Duffy blood group in several Thai ethnic groups.
Duffy blood groups were serologically investigated in 434 individuals from Black Lahu (N = 54), Shan (N = 62), Lisu (N = 74), Red Karen (N = 112), White Karen (N = 102) and Manni (N = 30) in Thailand. High frequency of Fya (0.917-1.0) which is comparable with other Mongoloid populations was observed. The presence of weak-Fya antigen was detected in eight individuals of northern ethnic groups.
Adult↗
Ethnic group preferences and the evaluation of ethnic identity among adolescents in The Netherlands.
The relationship between the evaluation of ethnic identity and ethnic group preferences among Dutch and that among ethnic minority adolescents was examined. It was predicted that a more positive attitude toward one's own ethnic identity would be associated with a higher level of ingroup preference. This prediction was confirmed, and this led to the question of how inter-ethnic relations and a positive ethnic identity could be stimulated simultaneously. Not only the ingroup aspect of ethnic group relations was studied but also the outgroup aspect. As members of the high-status group, the Dutch subjects showed a higher level of ingroup preference, compared with ethnic minorities. Also, own-group identification and own-group-oriented patterns of preferences among the Dutch subjects were found to be accompanied by the rejection of minority groups. No such tendency was found among adolescents from ethnic minorities.
Adolescent↗
The conceptual basis of ethnic group terminology and classifications.
"Ethnic group" is a problematic variable in health-related research. While self-identification is now widely accepted as the appropriate mode of assignment, the impracticalities of a free response in the collection of ethnic group data mean that categorisation into a limited set of choices must take place. The substantial and increasing number of persons in minority ethnic groups who identify through non-standard responses emphasises the need to develop classifications that accommodate salient vernacular terminology. The use of informants in cognitive settings and the monitoring of open-ended responses appear to offer the best way of determining which group labels to employ. The recommended approach addresses the research priorities for accurate, consistent, and high quality data and is also responsive to the dynamic nature of ethnic group and the growing ethnic diversity of the population.
Data Collection↗