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[Ethics, applied ethics, professional ethics].

This study is concerned with "The Familiarity of Basic Rules in Professional Ethics Amongst Nursing Staff Members". Here the codification of norms in professional ethics is understood to be a necessary step on the way to individual nursing ethics. A survey on the study topic showed that there is a lack of familiarity in Germany. Therefore the authors conclude that German nursing has not yet reached this level of individual ethics. As it became clear in the survey that there is a general request for more information, the authors feel bound to demand better coverage of the topic in both basic and further training. The ethics of nursing, however, are applied ethics. In the following discourse first of all the authors will define the term "ethics" and explain the characteristics which are of importance in the present day situation. Secondly, they will ask what "applied ethics" can be against this background. Finally, the authors will discuss what "norms" are as regards professional ethics, how and why they develop and of what relevance they may be with respect to the corresponding ethics applied.

Education, Nursing↗

[On the control of professional ethics].

Professional colleges lost the ethical control of their members in 1980, when a free market economical model was implemented in Chile. Courts of justice have failed to accomplish this task. To recover such control, the Chilean Medical Association would need to modify its internal organization, separating its functions as a union from those required to control professional ethics. The health reform that is being set forth in the country, proposes a "new instance" for the control of professional ethics, within the Health Services and forming part of the Health Care Authority.

Chile↗

Moral expertise: a problem in the professional ethics of professional ethicists.

Philosophers, particularly moral philosophers, are increasingly being involved in public decision-making in areas which are seen to raise ethical issues. For example, Dame Mary Warnock chaired the 'Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilization and Embryology' in the UK in 1982-4; the Philosophy Department at Auckland was commissioned by the Auckland Regional Authority to report on the ethical aspects of fluoridating the public water supply in 1990; and many of us are serving on ethics committees of various sorts. Not only are philosophers actually being called on or consulted, but many of us would argue that a philosophical contribution in such areas is essential. The involvement of moral philosophers in public policy decisions raises a question of professional ethics, viz, what role should a philosopher's own moral perspective or judgements play in the advice s/he gives, or contribution s/he makes, to public decision-making on ethical issues. Like most problems in professional ethics, this prompts reflection on the nature of the profession, and in particular on the expertise we take moral philosophy to offer. It also prompts reflection on how processes of public decision making in ethically problematic areas should be understood. I explore these issues in this paper.

Advisory Committees↗

Professional ethics and collective professional autonomy: a conceptual analysis.

In the first section, it is argued that a professional activity involves systematic knowledge and proficiency, a form of continuous improvement of the related bodies of knowledge and proficiency, as well as two levels of understanding: a local one, which is the ability to justify and explain professional acts, and a global one, which involves a conception of the whole profession and its ethical principles. The second section is devoted to a conceptual analysis of professional ethics. It is argued that it consists of a general conception of professionality, a particular conception of the profession under consideration, and a conception of the normative requirements made by the societal envelope of the professional activity, in particular basic norms of democracy. The third section draws conclusions with respect to the nature and limits of professional autonomy. It is shown that such autonomy is much more restricted than its apparent extent. Examples from engineering and other professions are provided.

Codes of Ethics↗

Formal instruction in dental professional ethics.

Programs in professional ethics are still in their infancy in American dental schools. Enough has been learned, however, to know that formal instruction in dental professional ethics is essential to such a program and that arguments against this approach cannot withstand careful examination. We have developed a set of aims and a sense of the kinds of subject matter that will enable us to achieve these aims. We are beginning to identify the kinds of individuals and teams needed to teach these courses. We have learned that these courses will not succeed unless they are taken seriously by the dental school community and actively supported by the faculty. What is needed for the teaching of dental professional ethics has become clear. It is time to proceed in earnest.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Building a professional ethical culture in case management.

Professional ethical development is a moral obligation, a responsibility of both professional associations as entities and individual members. Herein is a blueprint for professional ethical development in case management, including guidelines for a program to foster the development of a professional ethical culture. The most important goal of this culture is to encourage dialogue about the fundamental value commitments of case management.

Case Management↗

What can we learn by looking for the first code of professional ethics?

The first code of professional ethics must: (1) be a code of ethics; (2) apply to members of a profession; (3) apply to all members of that profession; and (4) apply only to members of that profession. The value of these criteria depends on how we define "code", "ethics", and "profession", terms the literature on professions has defined in many ways. This paper applies one set of definitions of "code", "ethics", and "profession" to a part of what we now know of the history of professions, thereby illustrating how the choice of definition can alter substantially both our answer to the question of which came first and (more importantly) our understanding of professional codes (and the professions that adopt them). Because most who write on codes of professional ethics seem to take for granted that physicians produced the first professional code, whether the Hippocratic Oath, Percival's Medical Ethics, the 1847 Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA), or some other document, I focus my discussion on these codes.

American Medical Association↗