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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Policy paper of the Committee on Ethics and Task Force on Migration and Mental Health: Migration and mental health of migrants, refugees, asylum seekers - Ethical dilemmas and concerns.

BACKGROUND: International migration is a complex phenomenon of global and historical relevance. It includes voluntary, forced, and workforce migration, shaped by diverse determinants. Push factors comprise war, persecution, and political instability, while pull factors include stability, economic opportunities, education, and favorable living conditions. Forced migration is frequently associated with displacement and a disproportionate burden of mental health disorders, which are urgent yet difficult to address due to structural, cultural, and legal barriers. METHODS: Evidence demonstrates that restricted health care access exacerbates psychiatric disorders, while treatment delays contribute to poorer outcomes. Barriers include administrative limitations, linguistic and cultural differences, stigma, and resource shortages. This policy paper was developed by the Committee on Ethics and the Task Force on Migration and Mental Health of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA). Relevant literature was reviewed and combined with the professional expertise of committee members. The draft was subsequently evaluated by the Publication Committee and the EPA Board, and revised accordingly. RESULTS: Ethical principles in refugee care are insufficiently implemented in many European countries. Core principles of medical ethics - beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice - as well as the obligation to advance psychiatric standards and apply psychiatric expertise for societal benefit, are inconsistently upheld. CONCLUSIONS: The primary duty of physicians is to promote health and well-being through competent, timely, and compassionate care. The EPA therefore advocates coordinated strategies to mitigate the mental health consequences of war, displacement, and trauma, and to secure equitable access to psychiatric services for migrants and refugees.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

The biology of ethics or the ethics of biology? The biologist's quest for meaning.

The biologist's involvement in value issues concerning the metholology of biological sciences, in establishing the biological basis of ethics and in creating a value system based on biological knowledge is examined. It is proposed that the roots of this involvement are in the conflict of the knowledge-ethic with the established system of values and in the need for metaphysical explanation.

Biology↗
PubMed1979

Some ethical considerations in clinical trials.

The ethical norms established in various codes and regulations are inadequate to resolve some of the ethical problems presented by clinical trials. They are stated too vaguely to provide unequivocal answers to many specific questions. In order to remedy this situation, many commentators have proposed the development of more specific and complex regulations. We propose that a more fruitful approach would be to examine the ethical principles underlying the norms and to apply these principles to the specific problems. We apply this approach to two questions: (1) Is it ethical to select subjects for a randomized clinical trial (RCT) exclusively from Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals? (2) In the conduct of a RCT is it necessary to disclose the fact that therapy will be determined by chance? We conclude that problems of justice arise not only because of the vulnerability of patients in VA hospitals but also because of the loss of the physician-patient relationship in an RCT. However, the use of patients in a VA hospital is not always unjust; in most cases such use can be made more just through various modifications in design. We also conclude that the fact of randomization should be disclosed in any situation in which it might materially affect the prospective subject's decision, and that the values and preferences of the subjects should be taken into account in determining what information might be material. This work is only a preliminary step toward analyzing ethical issues in clinical trials. While some would challenge our conclusions, we hope that our methods will facilitate clarity about the locus of disagreement in current controversies and about the value questions that must be answered in order to set an ethical context for the conduct of clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

The teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Eduard Seidler sets his discussion of the teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany against an historical background. Immediately after the Second World War the freshness of the memory of the 'Nuremberg Medical Trials' influenced the way in which moral dilemmas were treated in Germany. At the present time no systematic instruction in medical ethics is provided in either undergraduate or postgraduate or continuing medical education. As a result of this, an inquiry was set up in 1977/78. Questionnaires were sent out with a view to collecting information on how subjects referring to medical ethics are treated during medical training. The inquiry showed that no special discipline can claim to be the only competent one for medical ethics, but that everyone has something to contribute. Dr Seidler concludes by stating that basic curricula related to the problems of medical ethics would have to be developed and should be carried on continuously within the training programme.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1978

Clinical judgment: an ethical issue.

In conclusion, the position of this paper maintains that clinical judgment is a viable, ethical issue of the highest order. Clinical judgment involves the personal orientation, the ethical framework of the one making the decision. Whatever judgment is ultimately made carries with it the burden of the maker's personal ethical approach to life, to the nature of man and finally his approach to the world at large. Clinical judgment is inseparable from ethics. It is further maintained that there must be more research into the areas of clinical judgment in relation to psychiatric nursing research. Clinical specialists, in particular, will be called on to make increasingly complex judgments. They must have a valid method to assist in the formulation, testing and analysis of their decisions. A model must be developed that assists the decision maker in: 1. Objectively identifying and specifying stimul; 2. Controlling and regulating the conditions of the judgment-making-process, intrinsic as well as extrinsic; and 3. Defining and standardizing the conditions of reporting.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2026

A cross-sectional study of genomic knowledge comfort, attitudes, ethical and educational perspectives on precision medicine among medical students in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Precision medicine is increasingly transforming clinical practice, yet its effective implementation depends on adequately trained healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed genomic knowledge comfort, attitudes, ethical perceptions, and educational perspectives regarding precision medicine among medical students in Samborondón, Greater Guayaquil, Ecuador. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2025 using a structured questionnaire. A total of 340 students participated. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including non-parametric tests and Spearman correlation, were performed. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated relatively high but uneven genomic knowledge comfort (median 81.3%) and positive attitudes toward precision medicine (65.6%), alongside moderate ethical (62.5%) and educational perception scores (68.8%). While students strongly recognized the importance of precision medicine, perceived preparedness remained limited. Lower confidence was observed in advanced topics such as pharmacogenomics and next-generation sequencing. Ethical concerns were more pronounced at the societal level, particularly regarding health inequities, rather than individual risks. Correlation analyses revealed generally weak associations across domains, with only a moderate relationship between ethical and educational perceptions. CONCLUSION: These outcomes highlight a gap between acceptance and readiness, suggesting fragmented competency development. Strengthening curricula through integrated, applied, and context-specific training is essential to support effective implementation of precision medicine in low- and middle-income settings.

Attitudes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics in professional nursing practice.

With expanded roles in nursing comes increased responsibility, often without clear authority. Understanding professional ethics and their practical application is essential to professional practice. The authors review the concept of ethics and discuss examples for application of ethical judgment from OGN nursing practice.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2025

"It just feels morally not right to Sell the data": Ethical and social perspectives on human genomic data sharing in Uganda-A phenomenological qualitative study.

While genomic data sharing enhances transparency and research efficiency, it also raises significant ethical and social challenges. This study explored stakeholders' perspectives on these issues, particularly around privacy, confidentiality, and equity in collaborative research. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted between August and December 2023 at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, other research-intensive institutions, and national regulatory bodies. The study engaged 86 participants: 47 key informants (16 researchers, 14 ethics committee members, nine community advisory board members, and eight research regulators) and four deliberative focus group discussions with 39 participants. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 14. Three major themes emerged: (1) stakeholders' experiences in genomic research, including their roles as participants, implementers, or overseers; (2) ethical concerns, such as informed consent, third-party data access, inequities between high-income and low- and middle-income country (LMIC) researchers and participants, and the lack of benefit-sharing frameworks; and (3) social implications, including stigma, discrimination, labeling, community perceptions of fairness, and the need for meaningful engagement. Participants emphasized the importance of protecting participant rights, promoting equity, and ensuring robust data governance and security. The theoretical frameworks of principlism and distributive justice provided a valuable lens for examining these concerns, particularly by highlighting the need to safeguard privacy and fairly distribute responsibilities and benefits in global collaborations. Participants also noted that perceptions of fairness are shaped by trust, local context, and past experiences with research factors that are critical for building equitable and respectful partnerships. This study underscores the urgent need to strengthen protections for research participants and promote fairness in genomic data sharing. Policies should, if adopted, emphasize culturally contextualized consent, active community engagement, restricted third-party data access, and strong data protection mechanisms to address existing inequities and prevent misuse.

LMICs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Controlled clinical trials and medical ethics.

During the past 5 years, a great deal of public attention has been paid in the Federal Republic of Germany to legal and ethical implications of controlled clinical trials. If a physician is bound by a contract for treatment, the ethics of individual benefit have to be applied and this might inhibit a controlled trial. To avoid ethical and legal difficulties, a contract for experimentation may have to be introduced.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1977

The American Physical Therapy Association's code of ethics: its historical foundations.

This paper surveys selected historical foundations of the present American Physical Therapy Association's CODE OF ETHICS, showing the extent to which the present code draws upon oaths, ideas in ethics textbooks, and other sources. The article presenta a basis for understanding the significance of these historical influences and provides one means by which physical therapists can more fully appreciate the relevance of the code today.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed1977

Auckland hospital ethical committee: the first three years.

A committee responsible for the ethical surveillance of research involving human subjects has been in existence at the Auckland Hospital for over three years. Guidelines for clinical investigators have been published and a form of application for approval of research projects designed. Major problems grappled with in 121 research projects are outlined. The need for such ethical surveillance appears to have been established beyond reasonable doubt.

Ethical Review↗
PubMed1975

Ethics of selective treatment of spina bifida. Report by a working party.

Ethical problems in medicine usually arise when normal guiding principles appear to be in conflict. In the case of babies with severe spina bifida, or similar abnormalities, two such fundamental principles may be applied with opposing conclusions. The first is that any decision requires an estimate of the balance of suffering and happiness for those concerned in an action, and the other is the assertion that human life is sacred. Resolution of the conflict between these is possible by looking at the problem in a different and less fundamental way, and one such approach is through the concept of ordinary and extraordinary means. While man does not possess power of absolute ownership over life, his duties of stewardship require him to use ordinary means of safeguarding life; he may use, but is not obliged to use, extraordinary means. The distinction between ordinary and extraordinary means may vary with circumstance, and so the application of this principle involves decisions at a third or more practical level. These include an assessment of the child's abnormality, of the effects of this upon the quality of life possible for the child, and of the burdens that will be placed on the family and society. At each level the ethical decisions involve complex choices, and clearly any present policies must be regarded as temporary unavoidable compromises rather than as final solutions.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗