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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. A study in Swaziland.

A study in Swaziland to assess the possible relationship of aflatoxin contamination and the incidence of primary liver cancer is reported. Aflatoxin ingestion levels have been determined in "food from the plate" samples collected over a 1-year period. A significant correlation between the calculated ingested daily dose and the adult male incidence of primary liver cancer in different parts of Swaziland has been established. Samples of foodstuffs other than the plate samples also reflected the correlation of aflatoxin contamination and liver cancer. This study extends and amplifies the findings of an earlier study in the Murang'a district of Kenya and supports the hypothesis that aflatoxin ingestion is a factor in the genesis of primary liver cancer in Africa.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1987

Aflatoxin exposure, hepatitis B virus infection and liver cancer in Swaziland.

A study was carried out in Swaziland to assess the relationship between aflatoxin exposure, hepatitis B infection, and the incidence of liver-cell carcinoma, which is the most commonly occurring malignancy among males in Swaziland. Levels of aflatoxin intake were evaluated in dietary samples from households across the country, and crop samples taken from representative farms. Prevalence of hepatitis B markers was estimated from the serum of blood donors, and liver cancer incidence was recorded for the years 1979-83 through a national system of cancer registration. Across 4 broad geographic regions, there was a more than 5-fold variation in the estimated daily intake of aflatoxin, ranging from 3.1 to 17.5 micrograms. The proportion of HBV-exposed individuals was very high (86% in men), but varied relatively little by geographic region; the prevalence of carriers of the surface antigen was 23% in men, and varied from 21 to 28%. Liver cancer incidence varied over a 5-fold range, and was strongly associated with estimated levels of aflatoxin. In an analysis involving 10 smaller subregions, aflatoxin exposure emerged as a more important determinant of the variation in liver cancer incidence than the prevalence of hepatitis infection. Aflatoxin estimates from crop samples appeared to be a reasonable surrogate for dietary measurements. A comparison with dietary aflatoxin levels measured in an earlier survey in Swaziland suggested that programmes aimed at reducing contamination levels had had some success.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1984

The stratified microbial community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico: a possible model for prephanerozoic laminated microbial communities preserved in cherts.

The microbial mat community of the evaporite flat at North Pond, Laguna Figueroa (Baja California, Mexico) was actively involved in the production of laminated sediments prior to 1978. Heavy rains in 1979 and 1980 flooded the mat with 1 and 3 meters of meteoric water respectively. The flooding deposited up to 10 cm of silicoclastic sediment over the Microcoleus-dominated mat and resulted in the cessation of laminated sediment deposition. In 1982, the surface had been recolonized by species of cyanobacteria (Spirulina, Oscillatoria) and purple photosynthetic bacteria (Chromatium, Thiocapsa). The silicoclastic sediments and residual evaporites, which overlaid the laminated sediment, had been reworked into an anaerobic, sulfide-rich mud and contained well preserved sheaths of filamentous and coccoid bacteria. The Swaziland Sequence in the Barberton mountain land (which includes the Onverwacht and Fig Tree Group as well as the Swartkoppie zone between them) contains laminated sediments and carbon-rich chert. Structurally preserved microfossils have been found in the smooth black chert but not in the laminae. We concur with others who suggested that the laminated sediments from the Swaziland Sequence were deposited by an active stratified microbial community. However, we propose that these organisms which were preserved were originally buried in the associated sulfide-rich muds and were subsequently silicified.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of Boophilus species ticks in Swaziland.

Recent outbreaks of bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis in Swaziland had indicated the presence of the vector tick Boophilus microplus in the country although it had never before been directly identified. Engorged female Boophilus ticks were collected from cattle at diptanks in the course of a tick resistance survey and used to map the distribution of the two different species of Boophilus. B. decoloratus was found to be widespread throughout the country. B. microplus was identified for the first time in Swaziland and was found to have a patchy distribution. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates: II. Archean greenstone belts and Archean sea water.

Carbonate rocks with geological attributes of marine sediments are a minor component of the Archean greenstone belts. Despite their relative scarcity, these rocks are important because they record chemical and isotopic properties of coeval oceans. The greenstones containing such carbonates appear to cluster at approximately 2.8 +/- 0.2 and approximately 3.5 +/- 0.1 Ga ago. The samples for the younger group are from the Abitibi, Yellowknife, Wabigoon (Steep Rock Lake), Michipicoten and Uchi greenstone belts of Canada and the "Upper Greenstones" of Zimbabwe. The older group includes the Swaziland Supergroup of South Africa, Warrawoona Group of Australia and the Sargur marbles of India. Mineralogically, the carbonates of the younger greenstones are mostly limestones and of the older ones, ferroan dolomites (ankerites); the latter with some affinities to hydrothermal carbonates. In mineralized areas with iron ores, the carbonate minerals are siderite +/- ankerite, irrespective of the age of the greenstones. Iron-poor dolomites represent a later phase of carbonate generation, related to post-depositional tectonic faulting. The original mineralogy of limestone sequences appears to have been an Sr-rich aragonite. The Archean carbonates yield near-mantle Sr isotopic values, with (87Sr/86Sr)o of 0.7025 +/- 0.0015 and 0.7031 +/- 0.0008 for younger and older greenstones, respectively. The best preserved samples give delta 13C of +1.5 +/- 1.5% PDB, comparable to their Phanerozoic counterparts. In contrast, the best estimate for delta 18O is -7% PDB. Archean limestones, compared to Phanerozoic examples, are enriched in 16O as well as in Mn2+ and Fe2+, and these differences are not a consequence of post-depositional alteration phenomena. The mineralogical and chemical attributes of Archean carbonates (hence sea water) are consistent with the proposition that the composition of the coeval oceans may have been buffered by a pervasive interaction with the "mantle", that is, with the oceanic crust and the coeval ubiquitous volcanosedimentary piles derived from mantle sources.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Nursing perceptions of collaboration with indigenous healers in Swaziland.

Ethnography implemented through interviews and participant observation was utilized to answer the question: "How do nurses from various health care settings (government, private, mission, industrial and non-governmental organizations) perceive collaboration between indigenous and cosmopolitan health care systems?". Fieldwork took place over a period of 12 months, and 65 nurses were formally interviewed. Religious affiliation and clinical setting may affect perceptions of collaboration. Nurses in mission and private rural practice perceive collaboration positively. Government nurses in rural settings indicate a need for national health policy to structure collaboration efforts, while government nurses in urban settings were ambivalent or expressed negative perceptions. Regardless of perceptions, all modes of collaboration expressed by nurses served to further the goals of cosmopolitan health care. Utilizing rural health motivators as culture brokers was suggested to enhance collaboration between indigenous and cosmopolitan health care systems.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1993

Seroepidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Swaziland.

A cross-sectional study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Swaziland using a serodiagnostic ELISA for parasite antigen is described. The seroprevalence and the levels of parasite antigen were compared in the sera of cattle from different geographical localities, and from areas of high or low population density. Cattle from the Lowveldt region, which has a hot and dry climate relative to the other areas investigated, exhibited significantly higher serum antigen levels. Seroprevalence was also higher in the Lowveldt but this difference was not found to be significant. Within the Lowveldt, antigen levels were found to be slightly elevated in cattle from more highly populated areas. It is suggested that either human behaviour and/or practices in animal husbandry, or increased susceptibility of cattle to reinfection at certain times of the year, may enhance transmission in the Lowveldt since climatic conditions in this region are not conducive to transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of a conventional and an initial 2-month intensive drug regimen for treating pulmonary tuberculosis in Swaziland.

In an area where default from out-patient treatment for tuberculosis is very frequent and leads to 16% known failures on the 2SHT/16HT regimen, a 1-year follow-up study was carried out on 201 new sputum smear-positive patients who were hospitalised for the first 2 months of treatment. The first 103 patients were treated with 2SHT/10HT and the remaining 98 with 2SHRZ/10HT. In the first group 15 (17%) out of 89 traced patients were sputum-positive on a single smear after 1 year, compared with 1 (1%) out of 78 in the second group (P less than 0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Radon levels inside residences in Swaziland.

Time-integrated measurements of environmental radiation levels are commonly carried out using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). These detectors are particularly suitable for monitoring indoor radiation. Levels of radon were measured, during winter and summer seasons, inside 130 traditional and modern houses and multi-family apartment buildings. The traditional houses, modern houses and apartment buildings had average radon levels of 62 Bq.m-3, 125 Bq.m-3 and 133 Bq.m-3, respectively. Between the ground and second floor of the apartment buildings, radon levels diminished by a factor of more than three which indicates that entry of radon-bearing soil gas was largely responsible for the higher concentration of radon in the ground floor. The radon levels in winter exceeded by approximately 30% the radon levels during summer. From the experimental data the equilibrium factor (F) and the effective dose equivalent (HE) were also obtained.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗