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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Comparison of responses to alarm calls by patas (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys in relation to habitat structure.

We studied responses to alarm calls of sympatric patas (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys in relation to habitat structure, with the intention of understanding the relationship between the environment and predator avoidance. Patas and vervet monkeys are phylogenetically closely related and overlap in body size. However, while patas monkeys are restricted to nonriverine habitats at our study site, vervets use both nonriverine and riverine habitats, allowing us to "vary" habitat structure while controlling for effects of group size, composition, and phylogeny. Patas monkeys in the nonriverine habitat responded to mammalian predator alarm calls with a greater variety of responses than did vervets in the riverine habitat, but not when compared with vervets in the nonriverine habitat. Ecological measurements confirm subjective assessments that trees in the riverine habitat are significantly taller and occur at lower densities than trees in the nonriverine habitat. Despite the lower density of trees in the riverine habitat, locomotor behavior of focal animals indicates that canopy cover is significantly greater in the riverine than the nonriverine habitat. Differences in responses to alarm calls by the same groups of vervets in different habitat types, and convergence of vervets with patas in the same habitat type, suggest that habitat type can be a significant source of variation in antipredator behavior of primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Experimental schistosomiasis haematobia in bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus), Patas (Erythrocebus patas), and Grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus), patas (Erythrocebus patas), and grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been evaluated as hosts in experimental schistosomiasis haematobia. Individual hosts demonstrated considerable variation in host-parasite relationships. E. patas is suggested as a host for continuing investigations in Schistosoma haematobium infections, based upon its moderate susceptibility to infection and a moderate potential for pathological involvement of the urogenital system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Serum prolactin concentrations in mangabey (Cercocebus atys lunulatus) and patas (Erythrocebus patas) monkeys in response to stress, ketamine, TRH, sulpiride and levodopa.

An homologous radioimmunoassay for human serum prolactin was validated to measure serum prolactin in 10 mangabey and 7 patas monkeys. Mean basal levels of serum prolactin were almost identical in the males of both species and in immature and mature males. However, basal levels were higher in females than in males. Serum prolactin was enhanced by stress, i.v. injection of TRH and intramuscular injection of a potent dopamine antagonist (sulpiride). The rise in serum prolactin observed after i.m. injection of ketamine hydrochloride used as anaesthetic was of small amplitude and short duration. Oral administration of levodopa was followed by a significant fall in serum prolactin. Sexual maturity did not influence the responses to TRH or sulpiride. The mangabeys were more sensitive to sulpiride but less sensitive to levodopa than were the patas monkeys. The variations in serum prolactin levels observed in these monkeys under the influence of stress, TRH, sulpiride and levodopa are similar to those observed in man to the same stimuli, although the experimental conditions were quite different.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Foraging energetics in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus): implications for reproductive seasonality.

The patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon, have their birth season in the mid-dry season, whereas closely related, sympatric tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) have their birth season in the wet season. To evaluate the optimality of a species-specific birth season, I estimated the daily intake of available energy and gross protein, and energy expenditure for one individual of each sex of each species between respective birth and mating seasons. The monkeys obtained a larger amount of available energy and gross protein in the birth season than in the mating season. No significant seasonal differences in energy expenditure between the birth and mating season were found. Thus, the birth season appears to be timed to the season when the monkeys can obtain more surplus energy and protein. Interspecific differences in the optimality of birth season were attributed to widely exploitative foraging, supported by the patas' high locomotive ability, which may enable them to obtain more energy from seeds of Acacia seyal and gums of A. sieberiana, and more protein from grasshoppers and seeds of A. seyal in the mid-dry season than the tantalus monkeys. A review of preceding studies suggests that the availability of seeds of Acacia fruiting during the dry season may exert the dominant influence on timing of birth not only in patas but also in savanna monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), which include the tantalus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Naturally occurring Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Two cases of Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia occurred in a breeding group of 22 adult patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). Affected animals had acute clinical signs of depression, weakness, dehydration, hypothermia, hepatomegaly and pronounced leukopenia. Both animals died a few hours after treatment was initiated. Gross necropsy findings included jaundice, fluid in body cavities, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, multiple white foci within the liver and spleen, generalized lymph node enlargement and numerous mucosal ulcerations in the colon. Primary histopathological lesions were multifocal hepatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, chronic ulcerative enteritis and diaphragmatic myositis with necrosis and edema. Yersinia enterocolitica was cultured from the liver, spleen, lung, jejunum and rectum. Wild rodents, particularly mice, may have been a source of infection for these animals, as the monkeys were housed in a rural, indoor-outdoor facility. A preliminary culture survey showed that some clinically normal patas monkeys harbored the organism in their intestinal tracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Passive joint mobility in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas): rehabilitation of caged animals after release into a free-ranging environment.

A previous study of passive joint mobility in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) showed that laboratory-caged animals had significantly greater mobility in most joints than age/sex matched free-ranging monkeys. Passive joint mobility on 27 of the same animals was measured 6 months after the caged animals were released onto a 40-hectare island. The results show that within 6 months of becoming free-ranging, typical passive joint mobility is restored. Thus, although caging directly affects measurements of morphologically-determined features in patas monkeys, confinement itself does not necessarily prevent rehabilitation if the immature monkeys are released into a free-ranging environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Blood values of free-ranging patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Free-ranging patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) from El Guayacán island, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish values for the hemogram, serum biochemicals, calcium, and phosphorus. Results were tabulated for males and nonpregnant/nonlactating, pregnant, and lactating females. A summary of blood values from previous studies on captive patas monkeys was also tabulated for comparison.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Locomotor activity differences between sympatric patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for the evolution of long hindlimb length in Homo.

Homo erectus is notable for its taller stature and longer lower limbs relative to earlier hominids, but the selective pressures favoring such long limbs are unclear. Among anthropoid primates, patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and extant hominids share several extreme characteristics involved with foraging and movement, including the relatively longest lower limb proportions, longest daily travel distances and largest home ranges for their body or group size, occupancy of some of the driest habitats, and very efficient thermoregulatory systems. We suggest that patas monkeys are an appropriate behavioral model with which to speculate on the selective pressures that might have operated on H. erectus to increase lower limb length. Here, in a comparison of the locomotor activities of patas monkeys and sympatric, closely related vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), we provide evidence for the hypothesis that patas use their long stride more to increase foraging efficiency while walking than to run, either from predators or otherwise.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Difference in food selection between patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) in Kala Maloue National Park, Cameroon, in relation to nutrient content.

Phytochemical or nutrient analyses of primate diets have revealed clues to their food selection in a single species. On the other hand, few interspecific comparisons of phytochemical or nutrient composition of primate diets have been made, although diets are considered to differ in phytochemical or nutrient content from primate species to species, since different species have different body weights and different morphological and physiological characteristics. I compared the nutrient content of diet between patas monkeys ( Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) living sympatrically in Cameroon. Patas subsisted on a smaller number of food items, most of which were also tantalus food items. Then, I compared the protein-fiber ratio and the available energy content of the food items eaten by patas (patas foods) with those items eaten only by tantalus (tantalus foods). Both variables were higher in patas than tantalus foods, although there was no significant difference in available energy of plant foods. Next, when I performed discriminant analysis for patas foods and tantalus foods, employing the above two variables, a discriminant function with positive coefficients for both variables was obtained. The mean discriminant-function score of patas foods was higher than that of tantalus foods. Despite being somewhat larger in weight, patas selectively fed on a smaller number of foods of higher quality than did tantalus. I discuss why the results are inconsistent with a well known body weight-diet relationship (Jarman-Bell principle). Energy-efficient locomotion enables patas to exploit not only small dispersed food items of high quality but also areas where high-quality foods are distributed in clumps.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Differential habitat utilization by patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) living sympatrically in northern Cameroon.

In order to obtain reliable evidence for differences in habitat preferences between two closely related savanna-dwelling primate species, namely, patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus), I collected data on vegetation and patterns of range use concurrently at a single study site, Kala Maloue, Cameroon, in a similar manner for a group of each species. Kala Maloue consisted of 64% grassland mostly dominated by Gramineae spp. and the rest was woodland. Tantalus monkeys showed preference for woodland, especially gallery forest, much more than did the patas irrespective of the season. Moreover, patas preferentially established their home range in grassland in the wet season. Interspecific and seasonal differences in habitat preferences could be interpreted on the basis of interspecific and seasonal differences in preferences for main food. In dry season, tantalus utilized water-containing areas at a frequency closely in proportion to the availability of such areas while the patas utilized water-containing areas more frequently than expected. This is because tantalus established a smaller home range along the river where water was never completely depleted throughout the dry season. Both the patas and the tantalus preferred woodland to grassland as sleeping sites possibly owing to predation avoidance. Both the daily travel distance per group weight and the home range size per group weight were greater for patas than for tantalus partly because of higher preference for grassland with low habitat quality in the case of patas. It is suggested, however, that high locomotive ability enabled patas to effectively utilize small and widely dispersed items of food such as grasshoppers and to explore areas with high availability of food and water and with preferable sleeping sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild.

Socio-ethological studies on troops of African green monkeys (AGMs) (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Senegal have documented physical contacts between these two species. Elevated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) seroprevalence rates have been reported for the different AGM subspecies. We report here the extent to which patas monkeys are infected and compare the relatedness of the viruses isolated from theses two different species. Among the 85 AGMs and 54 patas monkeys studied, 47% of 7.5%, respectively, had antibodies that cross-reacted with HIV-2 envelope proteins. From two AGMs a virus was isolated. From the patas monkeys, virus isolation was generally not possible, but from one animal that was ill a virus designated pamG31 was amplified by PCR. In addition, for the two SIVagm isolates, an 830 bp region spanning the env and nef genes was amplified and sequenced. Comparisons of sequences from the env/nef region revealed 80% identity between pam G31 and SIVagm isolates from AGMs of the sabaeus subspecies, and 94% identity between the two SIVagm isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that pamG31 belongs to the SIVagm sabaeus subgroup. This is the first report of a lentiviral infection in a patas monkey. The close genetic relatedness between pamG31 and SIVagm sabaeus viruses is a strong argument in favour of cross-species transmission of SIV between AGMs and patas monkeys in the wild. For these reasons, we propose to refer to this patas virus as SIVagm-pamG31.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Coexisting tricuspid valve dysplasia and ventricular septal defect in a young patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).

A 1.5-kg, 6-mo-old male patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) was cyanotic and panting. Evaluation of the heart by electrocardiography, thoracic radiography, two-dimensional echocardiography, and Doppler color-flow echocardiography revealed a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with right-to-left shunting as well as tricuspid valve dysplasia with dilated annulus of the tricuspid ring, dilated right atrium, dilated right ventricle, and deformity of the tricuspid valve. Because of the severity of the cardiac disease, the patas monkey had complications recovering from anesthesia and died 3 days later. Gross postmortem findings included VSD, tricuspid dysplasia, and cerebral hemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diet for a small primate: insectivory and gummivory in the (large) patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus).

A 17 month field study of unprovisioned patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus) in Laikipia, Kenya, using both ad libitum and scan sampling techniques, revealed that the diet of patas monkeys consists primarily of gum of Acacia drepanolobium, arthropods (both free-living and concentrated in the swollen thorns of A. drepanolobium), and other animals. This type of diet is normally found only in smaller-bodied primates. Results from vegetational transects suggest that the larger-bodied patas monkey can subsist on such a diet because gum and arthropods are relatively easily found in their habitat, thereby minimizing search time. Patas monkeys also spend more time moving and less time feeding (while not moving) than other Old World primates. The characteristic long limbs of patas may have evolved in response to feeding on small, nonusurpable, and widely distributed foods, in which access to foods is maximized while time and energy spent in terrestrial travel between food sites are minimized.

Acacia↗
PubMed1988

Isolation and partial characterization of the low-molecular-mass zinc/cadmium-binding protein from the testes of the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). Distinction from metallothionein.

The mammalian testes are generally quite susceptible to cadmium. A deficiency of metallothionein (MT), a metal-binding protein linked to Cd tolerance, has been observed in rat testes and may explain the sensitivity in rats. Little is known about the metal-binding proteins in primate testes. Thus this study examined the nature of these proteins in a non-human primate species, the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). In all cases proteins isolated from testes were compared with authentic MT isolated from the liver of a zinc-treated monkey. A low-molecular-mass Zn/Cd-binding protein was seen in testicular and hepatic cytosol after gel filtration. Neither protein had substantial amounts of associated copper. These proteins could be partially purified from both sources by heat treatment and acetone precipitation. When such extracts were further separated by reverse-phase h.p.l.c., four hepatic forms were isolated, all of which proved to be authentic MT by amino acid analysis. However, only two testicular forms were separated by h.p.l.c., both of which had amino acid compositions quite unlike that of MT, having a much lower cysteine content and amino acids which are absent from MT (leucine and phenylalanine). The testicular protein appeared to be uninducible by Zn treatment. These results suggest that the low-molecular-mass Cd/Zn-binding proteins in the patas testes are not MTs and further support the hypothesis that a MT deficiency may be an important determinate of the marked testicular sensitivity to Cd toxicity.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Endocrine profile of pregnancy in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).

Spontaneous toxemia occurs in approximately 6% of pregnancies in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). To assess further the relevance of this animal as a model system for toxemia of pregnancy in humans, we characterized the endocrine profile of the patas pregnancy by analyzing weekly blood samples for estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, aldosterone, and PRA throughout gestation. The profiles obtained bear striking resemblance to those described for human pregnancy, an unexpected finding since the patas monkey is not a higher hominoid. We conclude that the patas monkey may provide a model of toxemia relevant to study of the human disorder and is superior to other animal models which require surgical manipulation and are characterized by secondary hyperreninemia.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1975

Intestinal absorption, exocrine pancreatic function and response to Vibrio cholerae infection in protein deficient Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Six patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) were fed a protein-free diet. Sixteen animals of the same species received a standard monkey diet. The protein-depleted patas showed reduced absorption of folic acid but not D-xylose, and 5 out of 6 had a decrease in the exocrine pancreatic function. Animals with reduced folic acid absorption and pancreatic enzyme production developed a longer lasting diarrhoea and excreted the microorganisms for a longer time when challenged with Vibrio cholerae.

Amylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microhabitat preference and vertical use of space by patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in relation to predation risk and habitat structure.

Habitat structure can be important in determining habitat preference of animals because it is often closely linked to factors that affect survival and reproduction, such as food availability and predation risk. Here we examine the ways in which microhabitat structure and predation risk affect the habitat preference of wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). Patas monkeys in Kenya are typically restricted to Acacia drepanolobium habitat, but within our study group's home range, there are two distinct microhabitats, one with taller trees ('tall microhabitat') and one with apparently perennially shorter trees ('short microhabitat'). Examination of ranging behavior indicates that the patas monkeys preferred the tall microhabitat. In the tall microhabitat, focal animals climbed into trees that were significantly taller than average, indicating that they preferred tall trees. Female patas monkeys spent more time scanning from tall trees than from short trees and detected predators only from taller than average trees, based on alarm call data. Their use of tall trees may have decreased their predation risk by increasing their ability to detect predators. We found no evidence of increased food availability or reduced predator presence in the tall microhabitat that could contribute to the monkeys' preference for the tall microhabitat.

Animals↗