SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Erythritol”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1969

Erythritol metabolism in wild-type and mutant strains of Schizophyllum commune.

Erythritol uptake and metabolism were compared in wild-type mycelium and a dome morphological mutant of the wood-rotting mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Wild-type mycelium utilized glucose, certain hexitols, and pentitols including ribitol, as well as d-erythrose, erythritol, and glycerol as sole carbon sources for growth. The dome mutant utilized all of these compounds except d-erythrose and erythritol. Erythritol- or glycerol-grown wild-type mycelium incorporated erythritol into various cellular constituents, whereas glucose-grown cells lagged considerably before initiation of erythritol uptake. This acquisition was inhibited by cycloheximide. Dome mycelium showed behavior similar to wild-type in uptake of erythritol after growth on glucose or glycerol, except that erythritol was not further catabolized. Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were compared in cell extracts of glucose-cultured wild-type mycelium and dome. Enzymes of hexose monophosphate catabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent sugar alcohol dehydrogenases, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-coupled erythrose reductase were demonstrated in both. The occurrence of erythrose reductase was unaffected by the nature of the growth carbon source, showed optimal activity at pH 7, and generated NAD phosphate and erythritol as products of the reaction. Glycerol-, d-erythrose-, or erythritol-grown wild-type mycelium contained an NAD-dependent erythritol dehydrogenase absent in glucose cells. Erythritol dehydrogenase activity was optimal at pH 8.8 and produced erythrulose during NAD reduction. Glycerol-growth of dome mycelium induced the erythritol uptake system, but a functional erythritol dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated. Neither wild-type nor dome mycelium produced erythritol dehydrogenase during growth on ribitol. Erythritol metabolism in wild-type cells of S. commune, therefore, involves an NADPH-dependent reduction of d-erythrose to produce erythritol, followed by induction of an NAD-coupled erythritol dehydrogenase to form erythrulose. A deficiency in erythritol dehydrogenase rather than permeability barriers explains why dome cannot employ erythritol as sole carbon source for mycelial growth.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1992

Metabolism and disposition of erythritol after oral administration to rats.

The metabolism and disposition of erythritol was studied using [14C]erythritol in rats. When [14C]erythritol was administered orally at a dose of 0.1 g/kg body wt to male rats, only 6% of the total radioactivity was excreted as expired 14CO2 and 88% was excreted in the urine within 24 h. The excreted metabolite in the urine consisted of a single component identified as intact [14C]erythritol. The excretion of 14CO2 and the incorporation ratios of radioactivity into tissues increased with the oral dosage. After rats were given an intravenous injection of [14C]erythritol, approximately 1% was excreted as 14CO2 and greater than 94% was excreted in the urine as intact [14C]erythritol. The excretion of 14CO2 within 24 h was increased to approximately 10% when [14C]erythritol was administered to rats that had been adapted to erythritol by feeding a diet containing 10% erythritol for 2 wk. When [14C]erythritol was incubated in vitro with the cecal contents from rats adapted to erythritol, greater than 20% was fermented to 14CO2 and 60% to short-chain fatty acids in 6 h. These results indicate that most orally administered erythritol was excreted in the urine without any degradation and that the remainder was transferred to the lower intestine and fermented by microbes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1971

Effects of hexoses and anions on the erythritol permeability of human red cells.

1. The effect of hexoses and of the anions chloride, thiocyanate, and salicylate on the permeability of human red cells to [(14)C]erythritol has been studied.2. It was confirmed that erythritol competes with glucose, mannose, and galactose for the hexose transfer system of the red cell membrane. Approximately 25% of the erythritol influx was insensitive to the presence of hexoses or phloretin. Identical maximum degrees of inhibition were obtained with 0.3 M glucose and with phloretin (0.5 x 10(-3)M). In the absence of competing inhibitors the erythritol permeability, P, was 1.2 x 10(-7) cm/sec at 38 degrees C. At maximum inhibition P was 0.3 x 10(-7) cm/sec.3. Erythritol is able to penetrate the membrane by two pathways, only one of which is sensitive to hexoses. Both hexose-sensitive and hexose-insensitive erythritol influx are well described by first-order diffusion kinetics. The affinity of erythritol for the hexose transfer system is very low, and the half saturation constants of hexoses can be determined from their ability to retard erythritol permeation. The following values were found for the half saturation of the transport system with hexoses at 38 degrees C: glucose 6 mM, mannose 11 mM, and galactose 40 mM.4. Thiocyanate and salicylate reduce the hexose-sensitive fraction of erythritol influx, but the hexose-insensitive erythritol permeability is not affected when chloride is replaced by the foreign anions. This applies to the whole temperature range between 0 and 38 degrees C, where the ionic permeabilities of red cells have been shown to be profoundly changed by thiocyanate and salicylate.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1975

Inhibition of growth by erythritol catabolism in Brucella abortus.

The growth of Brucella abortus (US-19) in a complex tryptose-yeast extract medium containing D-glucose is inhibited by 10 mM erythritol. The enzymes of the erythritol pathway, except for D-erythrulose 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glycero-2-tetrulose 1-phosphate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 4-oxidoreductase) were detected in the soluble and membrane fractions of cell extracts. Glucose catabolism by cell extracts was inhibited by erythritol, whereas, phosphorylated intermediates of the hexose monophosphate pathway were converted to pyruvic acid with oxygen consumption. Erythritol kinase (EC 2.7.1.27; adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP): erythritol 1-phosphotransferase) was found to be eightfold higher in activity than the hexokinase in cell extracts. In vivo, ATP is apparently consumed with the accumulation of D-erythrulose 1-phosphate (D-glycero-2-tetrulose 1-phosphate) and no substrate level phosphorylation. ATP levels dropped 10-fold in 30 min after addition of erythritol to log phase cells in tryptose-yeast extract medium with D-glucose as the carbon source. These data suggest bacteriostasis in the presence of erythritol results from the ATP drain caused by erythritol kinase.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1990

[Non-cariogenicity of erythritol as a substrate].

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol which is obtained through a cultivation of glucose and Aureobasidium sp. The sugar is about 70-80% as sweet as sucrose and is also non-hygroscopic. The effect of erythritol on cariogenicities of mutans streptococci (serotype a-h) and certain oral microorganisms was studies. Erythritol was not utilized as a substrate for the growth, lactic acid production and plaque formation of mutans streptococci (serotype a-h). It did not serve as a substrate for cellular aggregation of mutants streptococci (serotype d, g, h) and was not utilized water-insoluble glucan synthesis and cellular adherence by glucosyltransferase from S. mutans PS-14 (c) or S. sorbrinus 6715 (g). Erythritol was not also utilized for the growth and lactic acid production of certain oral microorganisms although some growth was seen with Actinomyces viscosus. SPF SD rats infected with S. sobrinus 6715 were fed a diet containing 26% erythritol or 26% sucrose for 53 days. A significantly (p less than 0.01) lower caries score (mean +/- SE; 3.1 +/- 0.5) was observed in the rat fed a diet containing erythritol than the control (60.5 +/- 2.0). The caries inhibition rate is 94.9%. Also, rats infected with S. mutans PS-14 were fed a diet containing 56% erythritol chocolate or 56% sucrose chocolate for 58 days. The mean total caries score of rats fed a diet containing 56% erythritol chocolate was 6.7 +/- 0.8, while the mean total caries score of rats fed a diet containing 56% sucrose chocolate was 82.8 +/- 2.8. The value between both groups was significant at 0.01 level, and the caries inhibition rate is 91.9%.

Actinomyces viscosus↗

PubMed1972

Digestion in vitro of erythritol esters by rat pancreatic juice enzymes.

The mechanism of the digestion of erythritol esters was determined using rat pancreatic juice and purified pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). Conditions of hydrolysis were used that would selectively activate or inactivate nonspecific lipase or lipase. It was shown that erythritol tetraoleate was hydrolyzed by nonspecific lipase but not by lipase. The initial digestion product was a triester, predominantly erythritol-1,2,3-trioleate. Thus, nonspecific lipase preferentially hydrolyzed the ester of a primary alcohol. In contrast to the results obtained with the tetraester, lipase could remove a fatty acid from the triester but the resulting erythritol-2,3-dioleate was not hydrolyzed by lipase. The selectivity of this hydrolysis and the inability to hydrolyze the diester are attributed to the known specificity of this enzyme to act only on esters of primary alcohols. Nonspecific lipase completely hydrolyzed erythritol tetraoleate to free erythritol in a stepwise manner. The relative rates of these reactions were tetraester --> triester --> diester --> monoester --> erythritol Because of the specificity of pancreatic lipase and the lack of specificity of nonspecific lipase it is likely that this latter enzyme is the primary agent for the hydrolysis of erythritol esters in the intact animal.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Secretin enhances [14C]erythritol clearance in unanesthetized dogs.

To determine the effect of secretin infusion on clearance of inert markers into bile, unanesthetized dogs fitted with Thomas cannulas received continuous infusions of [14C]erythritol and [3H]inulin throughout study. Taurocholic acid administered sequentially at 9.0, 20.0, and 40.0 mumol/min enhanced [14C]erythritol clearance, and GIH secretin (3 units/min) administered along with TCA (40.0 mumol/min) increased [14C]erythritol clearance from 4.9 +/- 1.2 ml/10 min to 6.8 +/- 1.3 ml/10 min (P less than 0.001), but simultaneously measured [3H]inulin clearance was unaltered. Secretin alone also increased [14C]erythritol clearance but did not alter [3H]inulin clearance. The increase in [14C]erythritol clearance per unit increase in bile flow was less during secretin infusion than TCA. Thus, secretin increases [14C]erythritol transport through restricted channels, probably distal to the canaliculi. [14C]Erythritol may not be an accurate marker for canalicular bile flow in dogs during secretin infusion.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Erythritol, Erythronate, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults in the ARIC Study.

BACKGROUND: Circulating erythritol, an endogenously produced metabolite and an artificial sweetener, is associated with cardiovascular outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The authors assessed associations of erythritol and its downstream metabolite, erythronate, with cardiovascular risk factors and events in older adults in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study (visit 5, 2011-2013). METHODS: We included 4,006 participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease and with metabolomic profiling. Erythritol and erythronate were measured by mass spectrometry. We analyzed associations of log-transformed erythritol and erythronate with cardiovascular risk factors and events using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Participants in the highest tertiles of erythritol or erythronate were older, more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or microalbuminuria, and had higher body mass index and cardiac biomarkers and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (P < 0.001). Over median follow-up of 8.41 (7.62, 8.93) years, higher erythritol and erythronate concentrations were significantly associated with heart failure (HF) hospitalization, HF with preserved ejection fraction, cardiovascular death, and total mortality after adjustment for demographics and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Erythronate was additionally significantly associated with coronary heart disease (HR: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.04-1.61], P = 0.02), stroke (1.40 [95% CI: 1.08-1.83], P = 0.012), and HF with reduced ejection fraction (1.38 [95% CI: 1.09-1.74], P = 0.007). Diabetes status did not modify any of these associations (P for interaction >0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating erythritol and erythronate levels are markers of cardiometabolic health and cardiovascular outcomes in an older adult population. In particular, erythronate is associated with all cardiovascular outcomes assessed. Future studies should assess the role of erythronate and its related pathways in cardiovascular disease.

artificial sweetener↗

PubMed1992

Noncariogenicity of erythritol as a substrate.

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol produced by Aureobasidium sp. from glucose. It is 75-80% as sweet as sucrose and is also nonhygroscopic. The aim of this study was to evaluate this sugar substitute from a cariological point of view. Erythritol was neither utilized as a substrate for the lactic acid production nor for plaque formation of mutans streptococci (serotypes a-h) and certain oral microorganisms. It was not utilized for water-insoluble glucan synthesis or cellular adherence by glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans PS-14 (c) and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 (g). Finally, a significantly lower caries score (3.1 +/- 0.5; mean +/- SEM) was observed in specific pathogen-free rats infected with S. sobrinus 6715 and fed with a diet containing 26% erythritol, as compared to control rats fed with a diet containing 26% sucrose (60.5 +/- 2.0). Also, rats provided a diet containing 56% erythritol chocolate (23.8% erythritol) and challenged with S. mutans PS-14 exhibited a significantly lower caries score (6.7 +/- 0.8) compared to the sucrose chocolate group (82.8 +/- 2.8). The main conclusion from this study is therefore that erythritol is a promising sugar substitute from a cariological point of view.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1981

Survival of mouse embryos after freezing and thawing in the presence of erythritol.

Eight-cell mouse embryos were frozen by using erythritol as the cryoprotective agent. The samples were cooled slowly (1 degree C/min) to temperatures between -15 and -75 degrees C before direct transfer into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The most effective concentration of erythritol for freezing of embryos was 0.6 M, and the optimal exposure time of embryos to 0.6 M erythritol at 0 degrees C prior to freezing appeared to be 60 min under the conditions used. The embryos in erythritol survived slow thawing (approximately 20 degrees C/min), only when cooled slowly to temperatures between -30 and -60 degrees C before transfer into liquid nitrogen, and survived rapid thawing (approximately 500 degrees C/min), only after transfer from -25 to -40 degrees C. The highest survival rates of slowly thawed embryos were obtained after transfer to -196 degrees C from -35 (63%) and -40 degrees C (64%), and the highest survival rates of rapidly thawed embryos were obtained after transfer from -30 degrees C (54%). Mouse embryos that survived freezing and thawing with erythritol as the cryoprotective agent were capable of developing to full-term fetuses.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Erythritol catabolism by Brucella abortus.

Cell extracts of Brucella abortus (British 19) catabolized erythritol through a series of phosphorylated intermediates to dihydroxyacetonephosphate and CO-2. Cell extracts required adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), Mg2+, inorganic orthophosphate, and reduced glutathione for activity. The first reaction in the pathway was the phosphorylation of mesoerythritol with an ATP-dependent kinase which formed d-erythritol 1-phosphate (d-erythro-tetritol 1-phosphate). d-Erythritol 1-phosphate was oxidized by an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase to d-erythrulose 1-phosphate (d-glycero-2-tetrulose 1-phosphate). B. abortus (US-19) was found to lack the succeeding enzyme in the pathway and was used to prepare substrate amounts of d-erythrulose 1-phosphate. d-Erythritol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-erythro-tetritol 1-phosphage: NAD 2-oxidoreductase) is probably membrane bound. d-Erythrulose 1-phosphate was oxidized by an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase to 3-keto-l-erythrose 4-phosphate (l-glycero-3-tetrosulose 4-phosphate) which was further oxidized at C-1 by a membrane-bound dehydrogenase coupled to the electron transport system. Either oxygen or nitrate had to be present as a terminal electron acceptor for the oxidation of 3-keto-l-erythrose 4-phosphate to 3-keto-l-erythronate 4-phosphate (l-glycero-3-tetrulosonic acid 4-phosphate). The beta-keto acid was decarboxylated by a soluble decarboxylase to dihydroxyacetonephosphate and CO-2. Dihydroxyacetonephosphate was converted to pyruvic acid by the final enzymes of glycolysis. The apparent dependence on the electron transport system of erythritol catabolism appears to be unique in Brucella and may play an important role in coupling metabolism to active transport and generation of ATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1966

Metabolic characterization of the genus Brucella. V. Relationship of strain oxidation rate of i-erythritol to strain virulence for guinea pigs.

Meyer, Margaret E. (University of California, Davis). Metabolic characterization of the genus Brucella. V. Relationship of strain oxidation rate of i-erythritol to strain virulence for guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol. 92:584-588. 1966.-Strain rate of oxidation of i-erythritol and strain virulence were studied to determine whether or not the two characteristics were related within the species Brucella abortus, B. suis, and B. melitensis. The oxidation rate of i-erythritol was determined manometrically, and strain virulence was assessed by injecting groups of guinea pigs and then recording counts of organisms recovered on culture from spleens 21 and 42 days after inoculation. The range in oxidative rates characteristic of virulent strains in each species was established, and strains displaying oxidative rates representative of the full array of values within the rate ranges were virulence-tested. In addition, a mutant that was capable of oxidizing i-erythritol, obtained from a strain that did not oxidize this substrate, was assessed simultaneously to detect any alterations in virulence of the mutant. The data presented herein warrant the conclusion that strain rate of oxidation of i-erythritol is unrelated to the virulence of the strain for guinea pigs in the species B. abortus, B. suis, and B. melitensis.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1990

Identification of Brucella abortus strain 19 by decreased ability to utilize erythritol as determined by gas liquid chromatography.

A method to identify Brucella abortus strain 19 by erythritol utilization using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was developed. A total of 69 strains of B. abortus (41 virulent field strain isolates and 28 strain 19 isolates) were tested. Following incubation of the isolate with a standard amount of erythritol, the erythritol present in the cell suspension was acetylated and measured by GLC. Field strains of B. abortus utilized an average of 90.9% of the erythritol, whereas vaccine strains utilized an average of 42.4%. This difference in erythritol utilization will allow a more rapid identification of B. abortus strain 19.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The Brucella abortus vaccine strain B19 carries a deletion in the erythritol catabolic genes.

Brucella abortus B19, an avirulent strain obtained by spontaneous mutation, is used worldwide as a vaccine for the control of bovine brucellosis. B19 differs from other B. abortus strains in its sensitivity to erythritol. We took advantage of a previously obtained erythritol sensitive Tn5 insertion mutant of B. abortus 2308 to clone the chromosomal region containing erythritol catabolic genes from this representative pathogenic strain and from the vaccine strain B19. Physical mapping with restriction endonucleases and nucleotide sequence determination revealed the existence of a 702 bp long deletion, occurring between two short direct repeats, in the chromosome of B19. This deletion rendered the B19 strain sensitive to erythritol. Two oligonucleotides whose sequences flank this deletion provided an easy method to differentiate B19 from all other B. abortus isolates.

Bacterial Vaccines↗

PubMed1967

Metabolic characterization of the genus Brucella. VI. Growth stimulation by i-erythritol compared with strain virulence for guinea pigs.

Strains of Brucella abortus isolated 20 to 38 years ago and strains recently isolated were assessed for their virulence to guinea pigs and for their ability to grow in half-strength Tryptose Broth with and without i-erythritol. The recently isolated strains were virulent and i-erythritol enhanced their growth. The aged strains were avirulent and grew equally well in both media. Three of the recently isolated strains were subcultured serially every 24 hr alternately on Tryptose Agar slants and in half-strength Tryptose Broth without i-erythritol. After 8 to 13 such transfers, the growth of each strain was equivalent in both media. The subculture on which growth equivalence occurred was retested for virulence. None of the three strains had decreased in its virulence for guinea pigs. The conclusion was drawn that strain virulence for guinea pigs and growth enhancement by i-erythritol are independent characteristics.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1978

Erythritol and mannitol clearances with taurocholate and secretin-induced cholereses.

The biliary clearances of [14C]erythritol (Cery) and [3H]mannitol (Cmann) were measured simultaneously in dogs during cholereses induced by sodium taurocholate and by secretin. Cery increased equally with the increase in bile flow induced by taurocholate, whereas mannitol entry into bile was partially restricted; deltaCery/deltabile flow averaged 0.96; deltaCmann/deltaCery averaged 0.81. Values for erythritol clearance exceeded bile flow by a constant volume over a wide range of bile flows, a result that suggests distal reabsorption of a fixed amount of fluid, independent of canalicular bile production. During secretin-induced choleresis both Cery and Cmann accompanied 30-40% of the increase in bile flow, and the ratio of Cmann/Cery was 1.02. Thus the secretin-responsive region is permeable to both erythritol and mannitol. This affects the extent to which measured erythritol clearance accurately reflects canalicular bile formation; Cery may underestimate or overestimate canalicular bile flow. The electrolyte composition of bile remained relatively constant over a broad range of bile flows although the characteristics of taurocholate- and secretin-induced biles differed from each other. Taurocholate-stimulated bile was virtually isotonic. Secretin-induced bile had a high total concentration of electrolyte (mean concentration 367 meq/liter) rich in chloride and bicarbonate and was hypertonic.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Hepatocellular uptake of erythritol and mannitol in the dog.

The purpose of this study was to determine the initial space of distribution of [14C]erythritol (mol wt 122) and [14C]mannitol (mol wt 182) in the liver of the dog by the single-injection, multiple-indicator-dilution method. 22Na was used as the extracellular indicator and tritiated water (THO) was used as total liver water indicator. The indicators were simultaneously injected into the portal vein of anesthetized dogs and dilution curves were obtained at the outflow from the hepatic vein. It was found that hepatic venous dilution curves of [14C]erythritol and THO were practically identical in all experiments. In contrast, the dilution curves of [14C]mannitol were generally distinct from those of THO. Analysis of [14C]mannitol-dilution curves according to Goresky suggested that the observed difference between this solute and THO was the result of a limited permeability of the sinusoidal membrane to mannitol. It is concluded that [14C]erythritol has instantaneous and practically unrestricted access to total liver water. This finding supports the validity of using erythritol as a liver cell water marker. A larger solute, [14C]mannitol, has restricted access to total liver cell water because of a permeability barrier in the sinusoidal liver cell membrane, but its diffusion into the hepatocyte is also very rapid.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Bonding efficacy of erythritol methacrylate solutions as dentin primers.

The bonding efficacy of aqueous solutions of two kinds of erythritol methacrylates as dentin primers was examined by measurement of the polymerization contraction gap of a light-activated resin composite in a cylindrical dentin cavity and the tensile bond strength of the composite to the flat dentin surface. The dentin surface was cleaned with neutralized 0.5 mol/L EDTA and pre-treated with a meso-erythritol or penta-erythritol methacrylate solution, followed by application of a commercial dentin bonding agent (Clearfil New Bond) and a resin composite. Among the tested primers, a 40% meso-erythritol methacrylate solution was shown to be the most effective because, in contrast to the other primers, contraction gap formation by the composite was prevented in all tested specimens.

Composite Resins↗