[Geomedical ergometry in children. Comparative ergometry and spirography in urban, rural and alpine children].
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Adolescent↗
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Limitations to maximum oxygen uptake in arms, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry.
Our purpose was to study the effect of arm, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry on the oxygen uptake (Vo2), cardiac output (Q), ventilation, and anaerobic threshold (AT) of three healthy men. At submaximum work intensities, Vo2 was not significantly different in the three tasks, but differences were observed for heart rate, ventilation, and Q. The AT was reached at progressively higher work rates in arm, leg and combined arm-leg ergometry, respectively. The Vo2 max in arm ergometry averaged 68 percent of the Vo2max in leg ergometry and 60 percent of Vo2 max in combined arm-leg ergometry. Two subjects with Vo2max's less than 45 ml/kg-min had a mean Vo2max in combined arm-leg ergometry 19 per cent higher than in leg ergometry. A third subject, with a Vo2max greater than 50 ml/kg-min, showed no change. Differences in Vo2max were primarily due to the differences in Q. Skeletal muscle blood flow appears to be a critical factor in the limitation of Vo2max in arm or leg ergometry.
Adult↗
[Comparison of 24-hour blood pressure measurement with ergometry in patients with hypertension].
24-h-Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and bicycle ergometry were compared in 112 patients with untreated mild to moderate essential hypertension. Patients with high blood-pressure values above 220 mmHg during ergometry showed a significantly higher number of blood-pressure peaks above 180 mmHg. There was no significant correlation between the level of the blood-pressure rise during ergometry and the mean values of blood pressure during the 24-h period neither in the night- or the daytime period, nor of the peak values of the 24-h profile. Blood-pressure values during ergometry in patients with high numbers of systolic blood-pressure peaks above 180 mmHg during ambulatory monitoring did not differ significantly from patients with blood-pressure peaks above 180 mmHg during ambulatory monitoring. Patients with marked blood-pressure rise during ergometry seem to demonstrate a higher number of blood-pressure peaks during daytime. On the other hand, patients with an elevated number of blood-pressure peaks do not necessarily show a high blood-pressure rise during ergometry.
Adult↗
Prescribing water-based exercise from treadmill and arm ergometry in cardiac patients.
This study investigated the appropriateness of prescribing upright water-based exercise from treadmill and arm ergometry in uncomplicated, trained patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who were accustomed to water-based activities. Ten male patients with established CVD (mean age 59.4 +/- 8.7 yr) underwent maximal treadmill and arm ergometry in randomized counterbalanced order (half of the patients completed the treadmill test first and the other half completed the arm ergometer test first). Electrocardiographic (ECG), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements were made during both tests. Patients performed upright water-based exercise at 60, 70, and 80% of their maximal treadmill heart rate for 6 min at each intensity in a heated pool with a water temperature of 28-30 degrees C. They also performed an easy tethered swim, defined as performing at a comfortable exercise intensity, eliciting a heart rate of 86% of the treadmill maximum. VO2 and RPE were collected for all water-based exercise. To compare the RPE and VO2 between water-based, treadmill, and arm ergometry exercise, individual regression equations were constructed between heart rate, VO2, and RPE for both treadmill and arm ergometry tests. VO2 and RPE were then compared at the same heart rates between the three exercise modes. At 60% intensity, treadmill exercise exhibited a higher VO2 than water-based and arm ergometry exercise (P less than 0.05) but similar RPE. At 70%, treadmill exercise still yielded higher VO2, but also lower RPE than (P less than 0.05) and arm ergometry exercise (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aged↗
[Physical rehabilitation using bicycle ergometry training of patients after aortic valve replacement].
After prosthetics of the aortal valve 30 patients underwent bicycle ergometry training at the sanatorial stage of rehabilitation. 10 patients who did not undergo bicycle ergometry training made up the control group. The efficacy of bicycle ergometry training was assessed according to the time-course of changes in pump and contractile functions of the heart and oxygen consumption at rest and during bicycle ergometry. Transfer of the patients to a higher functional class, a decrease in the number of threshold reactions, attainment of a higher heart rate and a higher oxygen consumption, capacity for an increase of the stroke index up to the load of 1.0 W/kg and of the level of the myocardial reserve up to 1.5-2.0 W/kg were used as criteria for the effectiveness of bicycle ergometry training. The effectiveness of bicycle ergometry training is also supported by the data obtained on comparison of the findings in the main and control groups.
Adolescent↗
[Life-threatening complications of ergometry].
During the four most common ergometric exercise tests--bicycle ergometry seated and lying, step exercise testing and treadmill ergometry--such life-threatening complications as ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary edema or myocardial infarction occur to a varying degree. As a typical complication of bicycle ergometry with the patient lying, pulmonary edema, which can be explained by an increase in the venous return in the supine patient, has been observed in 1:29,000 cases. Ventricular fibrillation is particularly common in treadmill ergometry, possibly as a consequence of CNS-derived stimuli provoking arrhythmias due to this type of ergometry which may cause anxiety in some patients. Myocardial infarction, and also death--usually as a result of acute infarction--are also seen much more commonly in treadmill exercise testing (1:2,800 and 1:20,000, respectively) than in bicycle ergometry with the patient seated or supine. The step exercise test is associated with an infarction rate of 1:43,000, and a mortality rate of 1:128,000, and is thus a comparatively safe form of exercise testing. Maximum loading of the patient and the mode of the exercise test (test protocol) appear to have no influence on the complication rate. A careful prior examination including history-taking, the presence of a physician and a standby defibrillator are a must.
Cause of Death↗
Physiologic responses to arm ergometry exercise relative to age and gender.
Arm ergometry exercise testing is a valuable alternative method used in the evaluation and management of patients with both cardiac disease and lower limb impairment. The purpose of this study is to provide information concerning the physiologic responses of normal healthy subjects to arm ergometry relative to age and gender, which could serve as a standard for comparison. Eighty healthy subjects (age 22 to 59 years) cycled at 75 to 80 rpm (on a bicycle adapted for arm ergometry) starting at a power output of 10 W, increasing at 10 W/2 min until exhaustion. Sixty subjects were classified on the basis of age into three groups, each with 10 men and 10 women. Men achieved significantly (p less than 0.001) higher power output (95 +/- 25 W) and oxygen consumption (20.7 +/- 3.9 ml/kg per min) than did women (56 +/- 19 W and 15.5 +/- 3.1 ml/kg per min, respectively). The heart rate response to total body oxygen demand during arm ergometry was significantly higher in women than in men (p less than 0.001). These findings were also present when men and women of each age group were analyzed separately. Older subjects reached a significantly (p less than 0.02) lower peak power output than did younger subjects although they reached a similar level of oxygen consumption. Separate regression equations for predicting oxygen consumption at each power output were formulated for men and women and validated in 20 other subjects. Small differences in measured and predicted oxygen consumption at each stage were found. These data provide additional information concerning arm ergometry testing and should prove useful in diagnostic exercise testing and cardiac rehabilitation.
Adult↗
Exercise testing and training of persons with dysvascular amputation: safety and efficacy of arm ergometry.
Recent studies indicate that most persons with dysvascular amputation also have moderate to severe cardiovascular disease with impairment in functional capacity. This may limit the ability to achieve optimal function with their prosthesis because of inadequate conditioning. We developed an exercise testing and training program using arm ergometry in conjunction with standard rehabilitation for persons with acute dysvascular amputation who were profoundly deconditioned after complicated perioperative courses. The program consisted of daily arm ergometry, performed on an interval basis, at an intensity individually optimized through exercise testing. Twenty-five patients, with a mean age of 63 years, completed the inpatient program with pretest and discharge work performance assessment. There was no significant difference between pretest and discharge assessment of baseline or peak heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or Borg rating of perceived exertion. Peak systolic blood pressure was elevated at discharge compared to admission testing (p less than .04). Heart rate responses were decreased during the early stages of testing when comparing discharge telemetry to admission findings. The duration of exercise increased from 12.6 minutes to 16.3 minutes (p less than .0004), and the maximum work output increased from 17.1 watts to 23.5 watts (p less than .0004). There was no significant morbidity associated with either arm ergometry testing or the exercise program. We conclude that arm ergometry testing and training is a safe and effective method for improving the efficiency of arm work in the patient with acute dysvascular amputation.
Aged↗
Cardiorespiratory responses to standing arm ergometry in patients with ischemic heart disease. Comparison with the results of treadmill exercise.
To compare cardiorespiratory responses to standing arm ergometry and treadmill exercise, two graded exercise stress tests were performed in 30 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Cardiac catheterization and expired gas analyses were also done. Standing arm ergometry was discontinued because of arm fatigue in 15 (50%) patients, whereas treadmill exercise was stopped due to leg fatigue in 8 (27%) patients. Maximal increase in rate-pressure product and oxygen uptake, and magnitude of ST-segment depression during standing arm ergometry were significantly smaller (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) than those during treadmill exercise. Furthermore correlations of maximal change in rate-pressure product, oxygen uptake and extent of ST-segment depression were not close between the two exercise tests (r = 0.76, r = 0.67 and r = 0.54, respectively). Our results indicate that the ability to detect IHD with standing arm ergometry is lower than that with treadmill exercise and that it is not possible to predict accurately one's capacity for arm exercise from the treadmill exercise test.
Adult↗
A comparison of maximum oxygen uptake determination by bicycle ergometry at various pedaling frequencies and by treadmill running at various speeds.
Tests of performance on a bicycle ergometer have routinely been standardized with pedaling frequencies of up to 60 rpm. Only rarely have higher speeds been used. It may be hypothesized than a higher VO2, more closely approximating the maximum attainable by treadmill running, may be achieved in bicycle ergometry if higher pedal frequencies are used so that premature fatigue of the leg musculature does not obscure the comparison. Even in treadmill running it remains equivocal which combination of speed and grade of running will produce a maximum VO2. Five male subjects performed maximally at pedal frequencies of 60, 80, 100 and 120 rpm and running speeds of 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 mph, on a bicycle and treadmill respectively. Power output on the bicycle and increasing grade sequence on the treadmill were maintained constant for each speed investigated. The highest VO2 attained in each test was measured and compared both within and between the modes of testing. It was confirmed that peak VO2 during bicycle ergometry is significantly less than VO2 max attained in treadmill running. Pedal frequencies of 80 and 100 rpm produced optimal VO2's in ergometry. No differences were noted between VO2's determined at any speed of treadmill running. Subjects preferred 60 or 80 rpm in ergometry and 6.0 and 7.0 mph in treadmill running; 120 rpm and 7.5 mph in bicycling and treadmill running, respectively, were generally disliked.
Humans↗
Effect of arm ergometry training on wheelchair propulsion endurance of individuals with quadriplegia.
Arm cycle ergometry has been shown to be an effective mode of cardiopulmonary training for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Arm cycle ergometry training results in an increased maximal oxygen uptake, exercise-induced bradycardia, and increased physical work capacity. Whether improvements in cardiopulmonary function parallel improvements in functional endurance, however, is unknown. In addition, no readily available tool to evaluate improvements in functional endurance has been identified. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of arm cycle ergometry training on the wheelchair propulsion endurance of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Eight adult men with quadriplegia were evaluated before and after eight weeks of arm cycle ergometry training. A modified Cooper's 12-minute run-walk test, a sustained wheelchair propulsion task, was used to document improvements in functional endurance. Submaximal exercise heart rate, physical work capacity, and maximal oxygen uptake were used to document improvements in cardiopulmonary function. The results demonstrate that improvements in cardiopulmonary function parallel increases in wheelchair propulsion endurance. A sustained 12-minute wheelchair propulsion task is shown to be a readily available tool in the evaluation of functional endurance of individuals with spinal cord injuries. The improvements in wheelchair propulsion endurance should assist the individual in completing activities of school, work, recreation, and daily living.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Comparison of arm and leg ergometry in patients with moderate chronic obstructive lung disease.
Exercise testing is traditionally performed with leg exercise on either a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer. Many of these tests are terminated before dyspnoea occurs because of leg fatigue, arthritic pain, or claudication. A study was carried out to determine whether arm ergometry testing might serve as an alternative method to leg testing in eight patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The patients had mild to moderate dyspnoea on exertion and required bronchodilator treatment. They had smoked an average of 62 pack years and had a mean FEV1 of 1.88 l. Arm and leg ergometry yielded similar levels of maximum ventilation (arm 47.2, leg 48.6 l/min), maximum heart rates (126 v 124 beats/min), maximum tidal volume (1.5 v 1.6 l), and respiratory rate (30 v 29 breaths/min); but maximum oxygen consumption (1120 v 966 ml/min), maximum power output (62 v 26 w), and oxygen pulse (9.1 v 7.8 ml/beat) were all higher with leg than with arm ergometry. In addition, ventilation and heart rate at a given level of oxygen consumption were higher for arm than for leg work during both submaximal and maximal exercise. It is concluded that arm ergometry offers an alternative testing method to leg testing in patients with moderate chronic obstructive lung disease.
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[The early bicycle ergometry test in drug-stabilized patients with unstable angina pectoris; its risk and benefit].
The risk of an early submaximum symptom-limited bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test and its prognostic value up to the end of the first year since the onset of unstable angina pectoris were studied in 258 patients with unstable angina pectoris who had been stabilized by medicamentous treatment. During the bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test no serious complications were observed. In 22 patients (35.7%) the test was negative and in 166 patients (64.3%) it was positive (angina pectoris and/or horizontal ST depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV at 80 ms from the point J). In the patients with a positive test the prognosis is statistically worse (death, acute myocardial infarction, aortocoronary bypass, relapse of the unstable angina pectoris and angina pectoris of III and IV functional class according to NYNA/than in the patients with a negative bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test. The early bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test is with a high sensitivity (92.6%) and a lower specificity (66.7%) in recognizing the patients with a poor prognosis. The total prognostic accuracy of the test is 80.2%. It classifies the patients with unstable angina pectoris into two groups: with favourable and poor prognosis and helps in the selection of patients for surgical treatment.
Adult↗
Bone mineral density after bicycle ergometry training.
The effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycle ergometry on bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in six spinal cord injury (SCI) quadriplegic men. Each subject trained three days a week for six months on an FES cycle ergometer. Pretraining and posttraining BMD measurements of the proximal femur were performed using dual photon absorptiometry. Mean pretraining BMD (percent norm) for the femoral neck, Ward triangle, and trochanter were 66.65, 57.43, and 57.67, respectively. After six months of FES cycle ergometry, mean BMD measurements were 66.15, 57.07, and 55.13, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the pretraining and posttraining BMD measurements. All subjects were found to have osteoporotic proximal femurs when BMD was expressed as a percent of their age-matched controls. Bone mineral density measurements were subsequently performed on three additional men with SCI who had exercised for three years with the FES cycle ergometry modality. Their mean BMDs were not significantly different from the experimental group. This study demonstrated that six months of FES cycle ergometry did not produce an increase in BMD.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
[Exercise hypertension: historical, physiologic and clinical aspects of ergometry].
More than a decade before Riva Rocci in 1896 described the principles of blood pressure measurement as still employed today, in 1881 Zadek reported that there is an increase in blood pressure during physical work. The blood pressure increase during physical exercise as well as its extent as a relatively constant physiological response to a given workload were delineated accurately for the first time, however, in the 1950s. There is no significant difference between the blood pressure increase seen in conditioned athletes and untrained individuals at comparable workloads. In healthy male subjects, a comparison was carried out of the reactions of cardiopulmonary and metabolic parameters during five different modes of exercise. The highest values for oxygen uptake as well as the highest heart rates can be observed during treadmill ergometry; with this method, the largest muscle mass is activated. During both treadmill ergometry as well as during step climbing, the blood pressure can be measured only invasively. As compared with bicycle ergometry in the seated position, the stroke volume increase is only relatively small during supine pedaling. Accordingly, to reproduce situations similar to that of everyday activity exercise testing should be carried out in an upright position. Vascular and cardiac catheterization, however, can be performed more easily in the supine than in the seated position. With these facts in mind, the appropriate methods should be chosen according to the needs of the study and the condition of the patient. During continuously increasing workloads, the systolic pressure increases proportionately. Immediately after termination of exercise, this pressure decreases rapidly over two to three minutes. The diastolic pressure measured noninvasively during seated bicycle ergometry is not particularly accurate and should be interpreted with caution. In general, exercise blood pressure should be determined during a standardized test beginning with a workload of 30 watts for three minutes and subsequent workloads incremented 40 watts for three minutes each. The normal ranges for younger and older patients differ substantially. Additionally, body weight exerts an influence on exercise blood pressure. During exercise, patients with hypertension may show one of three different reactions: the increased pressure can be maintained relative to the normal values during the specified workloads, the blood pressure can show normalization and the systolic blood pressure can remain constant or even decrease at higher workloads.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Blood Pressure Determination↗
Step ergometry: is it task-specific training?
Maximal exercise responses were measured before and after 10 weeks of training in two groups of men, one trained on a treadmill (n = 12) and the other on a step ergometer (n = 9); the groups were pre- and post-tested on both machines to examine the specificity of the training modes. Training for both groups consisted of 3 days week-1, 30 min day-1, progressing to 50 min day-1, at an intensity of 75%-80% heart rate maximum reserve. Pre-training maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was significantly higher on the treadmill for both groups (X = 8.5%). VO2max increased 6.9% on the treadmill (P less than 0.05) and 6.9% (P greater than 0.05) on the step ergometer after treadmill training. The small increases may be attributed to the specificity of the testing protocols used to elicit VO2max. Significant (P less than 0.01) increases in VO2max were found for both modalities after step-ergometry training (treadmill = 11.8%; step ergometer = 23.2%). These increases resulted in equal post-test VO2max values (4.05 l min-1; 51 ml kg-1 min-1) on the step ergometer and treadmill. The significant increases in VO2max found for both modalities after step-ergometry training shows that (1) step ergometry is an effective training modality, and (2) its effects can be measured on the treadmill and therefore it is not task-specific training.
Adult↗
Physiological and biomechanical differences between wheelchair-dependent and able-bodied subjects during wheelchair ergometry.
The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological and biomechanical responses of wheelchair-dependent persons (WCD) to able-bodied persons (AB) during manual wheelchair ergometry. Five WCD and five AB performed a discontinuous wheelchair ergometer test starting at 12.8 W at 30 rev.min-1 (57 m.min-1) with increments of 7.0 W at 6-min intervals. Biomechanical data were collected 3.5 min into each stage followed by the collection of physiological data. After the fifth stage, peak oxygen consumption was determined by having the subject work against a resistance of 14.7-19.6 N at 30 rev.min-1. The WCD had significantly higher net mechanical efficiency at 26.7, 33.6 and 40.6 W in comparison to the AB. The WCD had significantly greater shoulder extension at the point of initial wheel contact as measured by the shoulder angle, while the AB had significantly greater shoulder range of motion at all work rates in comparison to the WCD. The results demonstrate that a significant physiological difference exists in the manner by which WCD and AB accomplish wheelchair ergometry. The biomechanical differences between AB and WCD were found to be a prominent factor contributing to the higher mechanical efficiency of WCD over AB. It was concluded that basic physiological and biomechanical differences exist between WCD and AB in manual wheelchair locomotion and that these differences are important considerations to the interpretation of data in wheelchair ergometry studies.
Adult↗
[Comparison of bicycle ergometry and step-ladder exercise (author's transl)].
Repeat exercises (three hours apart) on a bicycle ergometer and a vertical step-ladder were performed in a randomised series on 79 subjects: 13 doctors, 44 patients and 22 sportsmen. Duration of exercise was on average 250% longer in the three groups on the step-ladder than the bicycle. Correspondingly, exercise-pulse sums, recovery-pulse sums and exercise indices were two-and-a-half to three times higher than on bicycle ergometry. As a sign of comparability of the exercise by the two methods there was, on average, no significant difference with regard to the final heart rate, although duration of exercise was longer on the step-ladder. 67% of subjects discontinued the exercise because of peripheral muscle fatigue on the bicycle ergometer, compared with only 8% on the step-ladder. During bicycle ergometry lactate concentration rose by 6.7 mmol/l compared with only 0.78 mmol/l during step-ladder exercise. These results indicate that the value of bicycle ergometry exercise is limited by muscle fatigue in the legs: step-ladder exercise can be extended much longer. The practical significance is that patients with coronary heart disease especially have symptoms and/or ECG changes of ischaemia only at higher levels of physical exercise.
Adolescent↗