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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

The incidence of cone epiphyses and ivory epiphyses of the hand in Nigerian children.

Radiographs of the left hand of 594 children from Ibadan, Nigeria were inspected for skeletal anomalies to determine differences in the incidence of cone and ivory epiphyses for the rich and poor children and differences in incidence for four hemoglobin types. Ivory epiphyses ovvurred more often in children in the lower socio-economic class and children with hemoglobin AA. The cone epiphyses observed in Hb SS children were primarily a result of bone infarcts, while cones in children of other hemoglobin types appeared to be normal variants. The incidence of ivory epiphyses was higher in the Nigerian children than in American black children in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. The incidence of cone epiphyses was much lower than those reported for other normal populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure by transplantation of epiphyseal cartilage. An experimental study (author's transl)].

An experimental study was made on 118 rabbits aimed at restoring bone growth after partial epiphyseal closure. In a first stage, a partial epiphyseal closure was made at the level of the lower femoral growth plate by excision of the growth cartilage and insertion of a bone graft. In a second stage, the bony bridge was removed and a segment of iliac crest growth cartilage was transplanted. It was concluded, on the basis of radiographic and histological studies that the best results were obtained when the growth cartilage was transplanted alone or with a thin layer of bone. The results were poor when the layer of bone transplanted with the cartilage was too thick.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The effect of hypophysectomy on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibia--electron microscopy and histochemistry of the epiphyseal proliferative zone (author's transl)].

It is a well-known fact that longitudinal bone growth is affected especially by hypophysis among other various endocrine organs. Using young rats, changes in body weight and in length of the tibia were studied after removal of hypophysis, and alterations occurring in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage plate of the tibia playing an important role in longitudinal bone growth were examined under light and electron microscopes, with special emphasis on the proliferative zone. Alterations of ATP-ase activity of ruthenium red affinity were also examined electron microscopically. Further, quantitative analyses of the alterations of cell organelles were performed using low power electron micrographs. 1) Following hypophysectomy, immediate suppression in weight gain occured, and little or no gain was seen from 14 to 28 days after removal of the gland with plateau in body weight. Longitudinal bone growth of tibia was also suppressed, and little or no growth was seen from the 14th day afterward as was the case for body weight. 2) Changes revealed by light microscopic examination included reduced width of epiphyseal cartilage plate, decreased number and disturbed arrangement of chondrocytes, rapid transition from proliferative zone to degenerative zone, and disturbed formation of the subchondral trabecula. 3) Electron microscopic examination revealed poor development of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cell of proliferative zone, Golgi apparatus ocnsisting of lamellae and a relatively large numbers of vesicles and pronounced decrease in vacuoles. In addition, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen granules were seen together with mitochondria exhibited swelling and elevation of electron density in their matrices. ATP-ase activity was decreased. In the cartilage matrix of the proliferative zone, collagen fibrils and ruthenium red positive granules were decreased in number. 4) Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were treated quantitatively by dividing the proliferative zone into two parts of upper and lower layers. The data showed marked decrease in the every item examined after hypophysectomy. 5) These results indicate that hypophysectomy causes a decrease in intracellular metabolism of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone with a reduced function of matrix formation. The suppression of longitudinal bone growth after hypophysectomy appears to occur under an intimate correlation with a decrease in matrix formation by the chondrocytes of proliferative zone and inhibition of proliferation of the cells in this zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The histology of epiphyseal union in mammals.

Epiphyses of man and dog in various stages of union are described. As union approaches, new cartilage is added to the epiphyseal surface of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate by chondrification of the epiphyseal marrow. Before and during early union the cellular arrangement of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is well preserved, with good cartilage columns. Mineralization of the cartilage, demarcated by tide-lines, spreads from both surfaces, engulfing the cartilage columns. The first union of an epiphysis is by such mineralized tissue, a form of metaplastic bone. In the smaller and earlier-uniting epiphyses, the mineralized cartilage and the sheets of lamellar bone that cover its surfaces are first removed in one restricted area and replaced by new bone and marrow. The original perforation is later enlarged until all the cartilage is destroyed and union in complete, leaving no scar. In the larger and later-uniting epiphyses there are multiple perforations in the epiphyseal plate and remnants of epiphyseal bone often persist as an epiphyseal scar. In both types of union remnants of the peripheral parts of the plates may be found for a while with the cartilage columns set at right angles to the axis of the bone as a whole, an unexplained peculiarity. At full union all such "residual" cartilage is destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete.

The epiphyses and epiphyseal plates are vital structures in the bone development of the growing athlete. The epiphyseal plate is two to five times weaker than the surrounding fibrous tissue in children and adolescents; consequently a force causing a ligamentous tear in adults is likely to cause an epiphyseal plate injury in growing children. Two types of epiphyseal injury that are common in the growing athlete are (a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, and (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis. Each epiphyseal site has specific anatomic features and the forces causing injury differ slightly at each site. An improperly treated separation of an intra-articular pressure epiphysis can have a disastrous effect on the proper functioning of the normally well-fitted articulation of bone ends in the joint. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment are essential. Traumatic epiphysitis can result in chronic inflammation or fragmentation, or both, if the condition is not arrested. Therefore the athlete must discontinue the activities that are causing the trauma until the inflammation is completely arrested. Absolute rest may even be required.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1979

[Physiology and pathology of the epiphyseal cartilage (author's transl)].

Knowledge of the physiology of the epiphyseal cartilage, respectively epiphyseal plate, is essential for an understanding of defective growth and abnormal modeling of the long bones. The epiphyseal cartilage develops from the embryonal, cartilaginous long bone structure. The histology of the epiphyseal cartilage is characterised by definable zones representing the individual differentiation steps from the reformation of cartilage to chondrolysis. Modeling of the ends of the long bones is also influenced by a transversal and longitudinal direction of growth in the epiphyseal cartilage. The intercellular substance mainly contains collagin, proteoglycanes and non-collagenic proteins. These macromolecules are compounded by means of physicochemical bonds and are responsible for the special mechanical qualities of the hyaline cartilage. The process of mineralisation at the base of the epiphyseal cartilage is an essential differentiating step for the ossification processes which take place in the metaphysis. Two pathogenetic principles at the epiphyseal cartilage appear to be important for the defective growth of the long bones. On the one hand, the flowing equilibrium between the differentiation steps of cartilage reformation, transformation of the hyaline cartilage into a mineralised cartilaginous tissue and chondrolysis is changed, whereas on the other hand the turnover of these differentiation steps is retarded or accelerated.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of dynamic loading on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage in the rat.

The Hueter-Volkmann law of epiphyseal pressures describes an inverse relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the axis of epiphyseal growth and the rate of growth of that cartilage. Studies of histological sections of the epiphyseal plate of the fourth metatarsals of (a) control, (b) bipedal and (c) bipedal rats with amputation of the fifth metatarsal show that dynamic compressive forces can stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth. Within certain parameters, both the relief and increase of dynamic compression accelerate epiphyseal growth. It is the amount and kind of loading that are important factors to accelerate epiphyseal growth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

The effect of single dose of oestrogens administered during the early postnatal period on the DNA content of rat bone epiphyses.

It has been shown previously that the administration of a single dose or oestrogens to male rats during the early postnatal life retards growth, after a latent period lasting several weeks, [slowing down of body weight and body lenth increments]. We therefore studied the effect of a single subcutaneous dose of oestrogens (1.25 mg oestradiol dipropionate) administered on the 5th postnatal day on the DNA content and DNA concentration in the parts of long bones associated with growth (distal epiphysis of the femur, and proximal and distal epiphyses of the tibia together with the epiphyseal plates). The rats were decapitated at the age of 18, 25 and 40 days, the given parts of the bones were immediately dissected out, weighed and their absolute DNA content and DNA concentration were analyzed. The weight of the distal femoral epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was found to be significantly lower at 40 days than in the controls. At the same age, its DNA content and concentration were likewise significantly lower in animals given oestrogens on the 5th day of life. The weight of the proximal tibial epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was significantly lower from the 25th day, while its DNA content was already significantly lower on the 18th day and the difference was maintained up to the 40th day of life. A significant decrease in the DNA concentration in oestrogen-treated rats did not appear until the 40th day. The weight of the distal tibial epiphysis of experimental rats was also significantly lower from the 25th postnatal day onwards and its DNA content was significantly lower by the 18th day. At 25 days, the DNA content was slightly lower in oestrogen-treated rats, but the significance of the difference disappeared, although it re-appeared on the 40th day of life. As in the two preceding epiphyses, the DNA concentration in the distal tibial epiphysis was not significantly lower in oestrogen-treated animals before the 40th day of life. The results show that the administration of oestrogens in the early postnatal period significantly affects both the absolute DNA content and the DNA concentration in all the epiphyses in question. The reaction does not appear in all the epiphyses at the same time, however. Differences in the degree of maturity of the epiphyses are evidently responsible for the variability of the response as regards the time at which the above changes occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Responses of articular and epiphyseal cartilage zones of developing avian radii to estrone treatment and a 2-G environment.

Female chicks at 2 weeks post-hatch were maintained for 2 weeks at earth gravity or 2 G with daily injections of 0.2 or 0.4 mg estrone. Animals were sacrificed following the last injection and radii were fixed in 10% NBF, decalcified in 3% Nitric acid, doubly embedded, sectioned at 4 to 5 micrometer, and routinely processed for histological measurements of the midcoronal height and width of the cartilage zones of the proximal and distal epiphyses. Estrone treatment increased the growth in height and width of the cartilage layers of the proximal epiphyses and inhibited the growth in height of the distal epiphyseal cartilage of earth gravity chicks. Animal exposure to 2 G without estrone treatment resulted in increased width of the cartilage layers of the proximal epiphyses and inhibition of both height and width growth of the cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses. Growth in height, but not width, of the cartilage layers of both proximal and distal epiphyses was inhibited by combined estrone treatment and animal exposure to the 2 G environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Autoradiographic analysis of altered glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the epiphyseal cartilage of neonatal brachymorphic mice.

Brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are disproportionately short in stature. Past biochemical studies on neonatal mice (Orkin et al., '76) demonstrated that epiphyseal cartilage from these mutants synthesizes glycosaminoglycans (GAG) that are undersulfated. In this study, synthesis of GAG, as determined autoradiographically with Na2 35SO4 and 3H-glucosamine was reduced in all areas of bm/bm epiphyses both in vivo and in vitro as compared to normal C57BL/6J mice. Incorporation of both isotopic precursors into GAG of the brachymorphic proliferative zone was reduced to a greater extent than in the reserve zone. In addition, incorporation of these precursors into GAG of epiphyseal cartilages in vitro, as determined biochemically, was reduced by 40%. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into protein did not show differences between mutant and normal epiphyses. These results suggest that alterations in GAG synthesis in bm/bm epiphyseal growth plates are not exclusive to any one zone, but do appear to be most pronounced in the proliferative zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Remodelling after distal forearm fractures in children. I. The effect of residual angulation on the spatial orientation of the epiphyseal plates.

The effect of residual fracture angulation on the distal radial and ulnar epiphyseal plates was studied in children aged 1 to 15 years. Thirty-eight fractures located in the distal fifth of the forearm bones were observed for 1 to 25 months after the fractures had healed. The forearms were examined radiographically on two to five occasions and the inclinations of the epiphyseal plates in relation to the long axis of the proximal fragments were measured. The results showed that an abnormal inclination of the epiphyseal plate after healing of a distal forearm fracture induced an alteration of growth in the epiphyseal plate. The redistribution of growth tended to correct the abnormal inclination. The rate of correction followed an exponential course. The age of the child at the time of the fracture and the distance from the fracture to the epiphyseal plate did not influence the capacity for correction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

In 20 children with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, an objective assessment of epiphyseal size was made to determine its value in early diagnosis of this condition. All had wrist radiographs taken at age less than 15 years, and 16 children had knee radiographs. Before the epiphyses become fully ossified, abnormalities of size and shape may be difficult to assess, but carpal length/width ratios were abnormal in 60%, and distal femoral epiphyseal/metaphyseal ratios were abnormal in 56%. When both measurements were combined, 80% could be classified as abnormal. Objective radiologic assessment of epiphyses is of value in early diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Effects of fracture trauma, estrone treatment, and 2-G environment on the epiphyseal cartilage zones of developing avian radii.

Female birds subjected to closed fracture of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching were allowed to heal for 14 d at either earth gravity (1 G) or a 2-G hypergravity state, with saline-injected controls and 0.2- and 0.4-mg estrone (estrogen) treated groups. Animals were sacrificed following the last injection and radii were routinely processed histologically for micrometer measurements of the mid-coronal height and width of the cartilage zones of the proximal and distal epiphyses. Proximal epiphyses of estrone-treated, normo-gravity chicks showed a decreased growth in height of the articular, proliferating, and hypertrophic cartilage zones and an increased interstitial growth of the hypertrophic and calcified layers of estrone-treated, 2-G animals. Growth in height of the cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of fractured radii was primarily stimulated when estrone-treated chicks were also exposed to the 2-G state. Appositional growth of all cartilage layers of the proximal and distal epiphyses of normo-gravity birds was increased by 0.2 mg estrone. In addition, growth in the width of all cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of 2-G animals was increased with the administration of 0.4 mg estrone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of tri-iodothyronine and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on alkaline phosphatase activity, [3H]thymidine incorporation and IGF-I receptor mRNA in cultured rat epiphyseal chondrocytes.

The effects of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on [3H]thymidine incorporation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were studied in rat epiphyseal chondrocytes cultured in monolayer. Chondrocytes from enzymatically digested rat tibia epiphyseal growth plates were seeded in monolayer culture and precultured for 7-14 days in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) newborn calf serum and 1% (v/v) of a serum substitute. After preculture the medium was changed to Ham's F-12 medium containing 1% (v/v) serum from hypophysectomized rats, and the effects of T3 and/or IGF-I on DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation), ALP activity (a late marker of differentiated epiphyseal chondrocytes) and IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were studied. ALP activity was increased by T3 in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal response at 10 micrograms T3/l (678 +/- 86% compared with control culture). The increase in ALP activity was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation (52 +/- 14% compared with control culture). Human GH (hGH; 50 micrograms/l) and IGF-I (25 micrograms/l) had no stimulatory effect on ALP activity. However IGF-I (10 micrograms/l) exerted an inhibition on the T3 (10 micrograms/l)-induced increase in ALP activity (64 +/- 9% compared with T3-treated culture). T3 (3 micrograms/l) inhibited the increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation caused by 25 micrograms IGF-I/l (51 +/- 13% compared with IGF-I-treated culture). Furthermore, IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were increased by 10 micrograms T3/l (137 +/- 4.2% compared with control culture) while no effect of hGH (50 micrograms/l) or IGF-I (25 micrograms/l) was demonstrated. Both T3 and IGF-I were shown to interact with epiphyseal chondrocytes and both substances seemed to affect cell proliferation and maturation and therefore longitudinal bone growth. Furthermore, the results indicated that IGF-I is important for proliferation of the cells while T3 initiates the terminal differentiation of epiphyseal chondrocytes.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metabolism of sex steroid hormones in neuroendocrine organs. I. In vitro androgen metabolism in the hypophyses and epiphyses of rats during the puberal period].

Metabolism of tritium-labeled testosterone, delta4-androstane-3, 17-dion, dihydrotestosterone. 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diod and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-dion by the isolated hypophyses and epiphyses of male and female 30-day rats was studied. The glands were incubated in Eagle's medium containing the mentioned androgens with the concentration of 1-2.10(-8) M for 90 min at 37 degrees C. As revealed, restoration of testosterone and delta4 androstane-3, 17-dion by 5alpha-reductase occurred in the epiphyses and hypophyses; under conditions of incubation androgen hydroxylation was realized only in the 3alpha- and 17beta-positions. Organ and sexual specificity of the androgen metabolism in the hypophyses and the epiphyses was quantitative in character: the metabolism level of all the androgens was greater in female rats than in the male both in the hypophysis and in the epiphyses; the activity of 5-reductase was lower in the epiphyses of animals of the both sexes than in the hypophyses. It appeared that in the process of biotransformation androgens in the organs under study served as precursors of the polar unidentified metabolites poorly retained by the tissues and eliminated from the organs into the incubation medium during the incubation.

15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase↗
PubMed1976

[Management of slipped epiphyses in renal osteodystrophy (author's transl)].

Epiphyseal slipping in uraemia differs strikingly from juvenile epiphyseal slipping with respect to pathology and therapy. Based on our own experience with the treatment of 8 uraemic children with epiphyseal slipping, an effort was made to establish the respective indications for conservative and surgical treatment. Mechanical stabilization of slipped epiphyses was achieved within a few weeks without any surgery and usually without parathyreoidectomy by vitamin D3 alone. The initial dose was 10,000 to 30,000 I.U./day, the total curative dose 1.8 to 5.6 millions I.U. Prolonged immobilization was unnecessary. Rising urinary calcium excretion was a valuable indicator of vitamin D intoxication even in advanced renal failure. In one case, pronounced metaphyseal deformations (distal femur, distal tibia) required surgical correction before the ability to walk normally was restored. - The following therapeutical approach is recommended: metabolic bone disease must be cured by vitamin D therapy with or without parathyreoidectomy. Osteotomy to correct metaphyseal deformities or coxa vara epiphysaria never should be performed before metabolic bone disease is healed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary epiphyseal transplants and bone overgrowth in childhood amputations.

Seventeen children aged newborn to 14 years underwent major through-bone amputations or revision at our two institutions. Ten patients (group 1) had primary autogenous epiphyseal transplants taken from the amputated limb and used to cap the open medullary canal of the residual limb. Seven patients (group 2) did not have epiphyseal transplants. Nine of 10 patients in group 1 (90%) had no problems related to bone overgrowth or delay in prosthetic fitting. In group 2, six of seven patients (86%) had clinically symptomatic bony overgrowth of 20 months after the index amputation on the average. Four patients had surgical revisions. Therefore, provided healthy autogenous donor epiphyses are available, we recommend primary epiphyseal transplants to avoid the complications of bone overgrowth in childhood through-bone amputations.

Adolescent↗