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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Risk factors, epidemiology, screening, and prognostic factors in female genital cancer.

This review, which due to limitations of space cannot be exhaustive, summarizes the recent literature on risk factors and epidemiology, screening and prognostic factors in a cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. There have been a large number of pertinent publications during this period and this paper summarizes and highlights recent advances in the identification of women at particularly high risk of developing gynecologic cancer, analyzes studies on early detection and screening, and reviews prognostic studies with particular reference to selection of therapy according to risk of relapse and likelihood of benefit.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 in breast carcinoma: relation with epidemiologic factors, histologic features and prognosis.

We have performed immunohistochemical staining for p53 and c-erbB-2 on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary invasive ductal carcinomas from 112 patients, with a minimal follow-up time of 60 months. All of them had received postoperative chemoradiation therapy. We have analyzed the association of these factors with epidemiologic risk factors, histopathologic features and hormonal receptor status and the influence on prognosis. Our results indicate that the expression of c-erbB-2 protein defines a group of node-negative patients with poor prognosis. The overexpression of c-erbB-2 has shown a significant association with estrogen receptor status (those tumors expressing c-erbB-2 are usually estrogen receptor negative), presence of fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrates. P53 expression has shown no relation either with prognosis or with any other histopathologic or clinical feature. The only factors with prognostic influence in our series have been tumor size, the presence of node metastases, TNM stage and the prognostic morphometric index (Baak's index), apart from c-erbB-2 in node-negative patients. However, only the TNM stage showed an independent association with prognosis after a multivariate analysis. In summary, in our experience the expression of p53 protein has no prognostic influence on breast carcinoma, and TNM stage remains to be as the most powerful prognostic factor in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Statistical analysis of individually matched case-control studies in epidemiology: factor under study a discrete variable taking multiple values.

It is now well established in case-control studies with individual matching that the statistical analysis must take the fact of individual matching into account. The problems of so doing have been thoroughly dealt with for the situation of the factor of interest being a two-level factor (all-or-none response) and with one or more matched controls per patient. These results are extended in this paper to the situation where the factor can assume multiple levels in studies where each patient is matched with a single control.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of HBsAg subtypes with HBeAg/anti-HBe status and chronic liver disease. Part II: Evaluation of epidemiological factors and suspected risk factors of liver dysfunction.

In this study, we examined a possibility that epidemiological factors or suspected risk factors of liver dysfunction could account for the different HBeAg/anti-HBe status or the different prevalence of liver dysfunction between the adr and adw carriers. A total of 428 HBsAg carriers were surveyed of their age, sex, racial background, socioeconomic status, place of residence, birthplace, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, and history of blood transfusion as epidemiological factors or suspected risk factors of liver dysfunction. Adjustment for those variables using multivariate analyses did not substantially affect the association of the HBsAg subtypes with either prevalence of liver dysfunction or HBeAg/anti-HBe status. HBsAg subtypes seem to directly affect HBeAg/anti-HBe status and consequently influence development of chronic liver disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Acute spinal cord injury: analysis of epidemiologic factors.

The authors studied the epidemiologic aspects of acute spinal cord injury in 358 patients admitted to the Toronto General and Sunnybrook hospitals between 1948 and 1973. The ages of the patients ranged from 14 to 89 years (median 32 years) and the male:female ratio was 4.5:1. The most frequent causes of injury were traffic accidents (34.4%), accidents at work (29.3%), sports-recreational injuries (15.4%) and falls at home (9.8%). Several epidemiologic factors were identified which are important for developing programs to reduce the frequency of cord injury. In particular young persons should be made more aware of the risks they run as automobile drivers and of the hazards of diving in shallow water, middle-aged workers in the construction industry are at risk of spinal cord injury from falls and elderly farmers are at risk of falling from lofts or being crushed by overturned tractors.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1975

Factors affecting risks of congenital malformations. I. Analysis of epidemiologic factors in congenital malformations. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.

An analysis was made of over 30 demographic, biologic and medical variables in relation to risks of congenital malformations which occurred in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The study population consisted of 46,689 single and multiple live births and fetal deaths about whom complete information was available on all study variables. Included in the analysis were 5 general malformation categories, 27 specific major, and 7 specific minor malformations. Several new associations were detected between epidemiologic factors and risks of specific malformations while other previously reported associations were confirmed by the present investigation. The analysis of general categories of malformations showed that multiple births had a higher frequency of major malformations than single births; whenever sex differences in incidence were noted, males, with few exceptions, had an excess of malformations over females; and maternal diabetes during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of major malformations in the fetus. Among specific findings of possible etiologic significance were that the risk for microcephaly was associated with infrequent prenatal visits and the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism; and unusually low weight gain and infrequent prenatal visits were associated with increased risk for lung hypoplasia. There was no significant effect of inbreeding of the fetus or mother on the risks of general or specific types of malformations. Anencephaly was more frequent among white than among Negro infants, whereas no difference in incidence was noted in spina bifida between the two racial groups. This finding points to an inconsistency in the hypothesis of common etiology for these malformations. Whites were also found to have significantly higher incidences over Negroes of pyloric stenosis, congenital dislocation of the hip, micrognathia, and pectus excavatum, while Negroes have higher incidences of metatarsus varus and inguinal hernia.

Cataract↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiological factors associated with neonatal tetanus mortality: observations from a cluster survey in Nigeria.

A cluster survey on neonatal tetanus (NNT) mortality was conducted in Kano Metropolis, Northern Nigeria, to investigate epidemiological factors associated with NNT mortality. The survey was a two-stage cluster sampling technique and lasted for two weeks. A total of 2,623 live-births were recorded over a 12-month period. Less than 40% of the births followed two or more antenatal visits and tetanus toxoid coverage was 32.0%. Over 60% of births were outside hospitals and related facilities. Of the epidemiological factors investigated, only antenatal care, tetanus toxoid coverage, hospital delivery, poor cord management and traditional surgery showed significant association with NNT death. It is suggested that an appropriate community-specific prevention strategy for the region should include health education to improve utilisation of antenatal and hospital-delivery facilities, discourage traditional surgery and improve tetanus toxoid coverage. A case is also made for training and involvement of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) since most deliveries occurred outside hospitals and related facilities.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological factors and vaginal flora changes in vaginal bacteriosis (bacterial vaginosis)].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to know the modifications of the vaginal bacterial flora that occurs in bacterial vaginosis and to know the involvement of these microorganisms and the influence of several epidemiologic factors in the etiology of this disease. METHODS: We studied, by using semiquantitative cultures and GLC, vaginal washings from 50 healthy women and 50 women with bacterial vaginosis. RESULTS: The most remarkable results were the high sensitivity of Amsel's criteria and their good correlation with GLC. Women with bacterial vaginosis showed a great increase of CFUs/ml of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and several species of anaerobic bacteria, and an important decrease of the amounts of aerobic lactobacilli. The main epidemiologic factor among those that were studied was the use of IUDs. CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of bacterial vaginosis is associated with the increase of the amounts of G. vaginalis, Bacteroides or related genera (Prevotella, Porphyromonas), and probably M. hominis and U. urealyticum, also being associated to a decrease of the amounts of aerobic lactobacilli. These facts are probably related with alteration in the ecologic relationship lactobacilli/G. vaginalis/anaerobic bacteria.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Clinical, genetic, and epidemiological factors in neural tube defects.

We examined clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic factors among 512 probands with nonsyndromal neural tube defects (NTDs). Data were analyzed after grouping the probands in four different ways with respect to pathological features and putative pathogenic mechanisms. Apparently unrelated congenital anomalies occurred more frequently among probands with craniorachischisis (62%), encephalocele (30%), or multiple NTDs (25%) than among probands with anencephaly (14.7%) or spina bifida (10.1%) (P much less than .0001). Unrelated congenital anomalies occurred less often among probands with low spina bifida (6.7%) than among probands with high spina bifida (19.5%). NTDs were seen in 7.8% of the siblings of probands with high spina bifida but in only 0.7% of the siblings of probands with low spina bifida, in 2.2% of the siblings of anencephalic probands, and in none of the siblings of probands with craniorachischisis, encephalocele, or multiple NTDS (P less than .001). In all 16 families in which two siblings had NTDs, both had either defects of the type associated with abnormal primary neurulation or defects of the type associated with abnormal canalization. High spina bifida and multiple NTDs were found more frequently than expected among the Sikh probands (P less than .02). The frequency of non-NTD congenital anomalies was higher among siblings of Sikh probands (8.8%) than among siblings of other probands (2.4%) (P less than .05). This excess was due to the occurrence of hydrocephalus without spina bifida in four of 68 siblings of Sikh probands.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Environmental and social factors in rheumatoid factor epidemiology.

The effect of social and environmental conditions on the epidemiology of Rheumatoid Factor (RF) in healthy population was studied. For this purpose 2 sample of 828 subject was studied using 5 tests for RF. Our sample included: 419 randomized subjects from a quarter at the outskirts of Bologna (high rate immigration, non homogeneous habits and health background; 409 randomized subjects from one rural small town on the Romagna's hills (no immigration, no change in residence or profession for generations, uniform, habits and health background). These tests included: three on slide with binded human (2) and rabbit (1) IgGs and sheep-cells tests-one on slide (Scat) and the other in tube (W.-Rose by Mizuoka). The most frequent positive test was Scat test, in urban population and one human IgG latex-test in the rural population. No urban subject reacted at the same time to 4 or 5 tests. Associated positive results for 2, 3 or 4 tests are usually observed in rural subjects. These results are the expression of the different and more uniform social and biological background acquired by rural people.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The influence of epidemiologic factors on drug resistance rates in tuberculosis.

We evaluated the relationship between drug resistance rates and various epidemiologic factors in 376 hospitalized adults with culture-proved tuberculosis, studying 356 cases prospectively, 20 retrospectively. The patient was interviewed in 332 cases. Patients born in the United States, Canada, or Europe were considered to belong to Group I. Group II consisted of patients born in Latin America, Asia, or Africa and was subdivided into II(a), immigrants living in the United States for more than 10 yr, and II(b), those living here less than 10 yr. Of the 70 patients who had received antituberculosis therapy in the past, resistance rates in Group II (n = 31) to isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), and rifampin (RIF) were extremely high: 39, 29, and 19%, respectively. Nineteen percent showed resistance to both INH and RIF. In Group I (n = 39), INH, SM, and RIF resistance rates were 8, 5, and 8%, respectively. Of 283 patients who gave no history of prior antituberculosis therapy, those in Groups I and II(a) (n = 170) rarely showed INH or RIF resistance. Among recent immigrants from Latin America or Asia [Group II(b), n = 113], 11.5% showed INH or RIF resistance and 14% harbored organisms resistant to SM. Thus, the 3 variables that are most helpful in estimating the likelihood of drug resistance are a history of prior antituberculosis therapy, country of origin, and duration of residence in the United States.

Antitubercular Agents↗