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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the automicrobic system: Enterobacteriaceae biochemical cards versus Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical cards.

Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Cards (EBC) may be used in the AutoMicrobic system for identification of enteric bacilli. Recently, the card has been modified to permit identification of enteric and certain nonenteric bacilli. Also, minor modifications have been in the computer program used for interpretation of tests with the new cards (EBC+). The two types of cards (EBC and EBC+) were tested in parallel and found to be in agreement with 97% of 650 Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the discrepancies were resolved when selected strains were retested on 3 separate days. A lack of absolute reproducibility with either system was demonstrated and explained most of the initial discrepancies. Approximately 97% of the AutoMicrobic system identifications agreed with those obtained from standard reference methods, after equivocal AutoMicrobic system results (P less than 0.80) were excluded. Equivocal responses occurred with 4% of our EBC tests and 7% of our EBC+ tests; additional tests are needed before such strains can be identified with confidence.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the 3M Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count plate method for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in foods.

Results of the 3M Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count (EB) plate method were compared with those of the standard violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG) method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae. Studies involving 107 bacterial strains demonstrated that the Petrifilm EB plate method is as sensitive as and more selective than the VRBG method. Sixty of the 62 pure Enterobacteriaceae cultures were recovered by both methods. In addition, 38 of the 45 non-Enterobacteriaceae organisms did not grow on the Petrifilm EB plate, while 28 of the 45 non-Enterobacteriaceae organisms did not grow on the VRBG plate. Colony counts from 174 naturally contaminated and 120 artificially inoculated dairy and nondairy food samples showed that the Petrifilm EB plate method performed as well as or better than the standard VRBG method for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Problems in the laboratory isolation of simian hemorrhagic fever viruses and isolatse metaboli enterobacteriaceae classificat enterobacteriaceae enzymology hydrogen peroxide metaboli enterobacteriaceae metaboliion of the agent responsible for the Sussex-69 epizootic.

At least six epizootics of simian hemorrhagic fever have occurred at four different primate centers. Although these diseases could easily be transmitted to other monkeys of the Macaca species, difficulty has been encountered in isolating the causative virus in cell culture. The results of this study have shown that the isolation of simian hemorrhagic fever virus strains in cell culture is dependent upon the use of a susceptible MA-104 cell strain and that the ability of such strains to support the replication of these viral agents may vary. By using this information we have been able to isolate a viral agent in cell culture from materials derived from the Sussex/69 epizootic.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

3M Petrifilm enterobacteriaceae count plate method for enumeration of enterobacteriaceae in selected foods: collaborative study.

The practice of detecting and enumerating all oxidase-negative, glucose-fermenting-Gram-negative rods (i.e., the family Enterobacteriaceae) is used to indicate unsanitary or inadequate food processing conditions. The objective of this interlaboratory collaborative study was to evaluate and compare the methods described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (SMEDP) and the Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (Compendium) with a commercial product, the 3M Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count Plate, for the recovery of Enterobacteriaceae in foods. Six foods--cheddar cheese, milk, flour, frozen prepared meals, frozen broccoli, and nut pieces--were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae by 12 collaborating laboratories. For each food tested, the collaborators received 8 blind test portions consisting of a control test portion and 3 levels of inoculated test portion, each in duplicate. Each test portion was tested by the Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count Plate method as well as the SMEDP or Compendium methods. The precision estimates (repeatability or within-laboratory variation, and reproducibility or between-laboratory variation) were calculated with standard statistical techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Tigemonam activity against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterobacteriaceae with known mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Tigemonam, a new oral monobactam, was at least as active as aztreonam or carumonam against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (MIC90:0.06-16 mg/l). Tigemonam was very stable in the presence of classical plasmid mediated beta-lactamases but its MICs were increased (4-256 mg/l) in the presence of new broad-spectrum plasmid mediated beta-lactamases (either TEM of SHV derivatives). Increased MICs (0.25-8 mg/l) were also observed for different isogenic mutants of Enterobacteriaceae, which either produced high levels of chromosome-encoded cephalosporinases, or had a permeability defect.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of a new semi-automatic method of identifying enterobacteriaceae, M.I.S.-Enterobacteriaceae].

M.I.S.-Enterobacteriaceae is a new kit for identifying Enterobacteriaceae using a microplate consisting of 21 biochemical characters with automated reading and interpretation. The validity of this method was studied by the identification of 350 strains of enterobacteria belonging to 44 species and comparison with the classical method of identification in test-tubes. Results showed a diagnosis accuracy of 96 p. cent at the species level and 97.7 p. cent at the genus level. Diagnosis accuracy reached 100 p. cent for those bacterial species isolated routinely: Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter. Accuracy was 97 p. cent for E. coli, 95 p. cent for Serratia marcescens and 94 p. cent for C. freundii. For several less frequently isolated species such as Salmonella, Hafnia, Shigella and Yersinia, diagnosis accuracy was 100 p. cent. This identification system for enterobacteria can however also be used for identification of Aeromonas genus and for Pseudomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter baumannii non fermenting Gram-negative bacilli with oxidase negative reaction.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae.

The emergence and spread of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae are complicating the treatment of serious nosocomial infections and threatening to create species resistant to all currently available agents. Approximately 20% of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections and 31% of Enterobacter spp infections in intensive care units in the United States now involve strains not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. Such resistance in K pneumoniae to third-generation cephalosporins is typically caused by the acquisition of plasmids containing genes that encode for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), and these plasmids often carry other resistance genes as well. ESBL-producing K pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are now relatively common in healthcare settings and often exhibit multidrug resistance. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have now emerged in the community as well. Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae that cause gastroenteritis may also be ESBL producers, which is of relevance when children require treatment for invasive infections. Resistance of Enterobacter spp to third-generation cephalosporins is most typically caused by overproduction of AmpC beta-lactamases, and treatment with third-generation cephalosporins may select for AmpC-overproducing mutants. Some Enterobacter cloacae strains are now ESBL and AmpC producers, conferring resistance to both third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is usually the result of chromosomal mutations leading to alterations in target enzymes or drug accumulation. More recently, however, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance has been reported in K pneumoniae and E coli, associated with acquisition of the qnr gene. The vast majority of Enterobacteriaceae, including ESBL producers, remain susceptible to carbapenems, and these agents are considered preferred empiric therapy for serious Enterobacteriaceae infections. Carbapenem resistance, although rare, appears to be increasing. Particularly troublesome is the emergence of KPC-type carbapenemases in New York City. Better antibiotic stewardship and infection control are needed to prevent further spread of ESBLs and other forms of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae throughout the world.

Carbapenems↗
PubMed2006

Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacteriaceae.

The emergence and spread of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae are complicating the treatment of serious nosocomial infections and threatening to create species resistant to all currently available agents. Approximately 20% of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections and 31% of Enterobacter spp infections in intensive care units in the United States now involve strains not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. Such resistance in K pneumoniae to third-generation cephalosporins is typically caused by the acquisition of plasmids containing genes that encode for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), and these plasmids often carry other resistance genes as well. ESBL-producing K pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are now relatively common in healthcare settings and often exhibit multidrug resistance. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have now emerged in the community as well. Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae that cause gastroenteritis may also be ESBL producers, which is of relevance when children require treatment for invasive infections. Resistance of Enterobacter spp to third-generation cephalosporins is most typically caused by overproduction of AmpC beta-lactamases, and treatment with third-generation cephalosporins may select for AmpC-overproducing mutants. Some Enterobacter cloacae strains are now ESBL and AmpC producers, conferring resistance to both third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is usually the result of chromosomal mutations leading to alterations in target enzymes or drug accumulation. More recently, however, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance has been reported in K pneumoniae and E coli, associated with acquisition of the qnr gene. The vast majority of Enterobacteriaceae, including ESBL producers, remain susceptible to carbapenems, and these agents are considered preferred empiric therapy for serious Enterobacteriaceae infections. Carbapenem resistance, although rare, appears to be increasing. Particularly troublesome is the emergence of KPC-type carbapenemases in New York City. Better antibiotic stewardship and infection control are needed to prevent further spread of ESBLs and other forms of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae throughout the world.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Influx of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae into the hospital.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta -lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. The influx of these bacteria into hospitals has major implications for infection-control and empirical treatment strategies. METHODS: Isolates from 2 patient cohorts--patients with gram-negative bacteremia within 2 days after admission and patients screened for fecal colonization at admission--were assessed for ESBL production. ESBL phenotype was confirmed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Predictors of ESBL phenotype were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of 80 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from blood samples obtained at admission to the hospital, 13.7% produced ESBL. Thirty-eight patients with ESBL-positive isolates and 72 with ESBL-negative isolates were included in a case-control study. Predictors of ESBL production were male sex and nursing home residence (area under receiver operator characteristic curve, 0.7). Of 241 persons screened at admission, 26 (10.8%) had fecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Predictors of fecal carriage were poor functional status, antibiotic use, chronic renal insufficiency, liver disease, and use of histamine2 blockers (area under receiver operator characteristic curve, 0.8). Four (15.4%) of the 26 individuals with fecal carriage had subsequent bacteremia with ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, compared with 1 (0.5%) noncarrier (odds ratio, 38.9; P<.001). Of 80 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained at admission, 65 were health care associated, and 15 were community acquired. The 15 community-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae belonged to diverse clones. The most prevalent ESBL gene among these isolates was CTX-M-2 (found in 53.3% of the isolates). CONCLUSIONS: We report high rates of bacteremia and colonization with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae at admission to our institution, which may undermine infection-control measures and complicate the selection of empirical treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunal microflora prevalence and relationship to biochemical and histological evaluations in healthy Colombian men.

When 23 healthy native Southwestern Colombian men were studied to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunal microflora in a sample of thoroughly evaluated tropical inhabitants who were normal by physical examination, chest x-ray, and medical history, 14 of the 23 proved to be Enterobacteriaceae-positive, with counts of 10(3) to 10(9) per milliliter of jejunal aspirate. Thirteen had Escherichia coli, and the fourteenth had Klebsiella pneumoniae. Four had a second species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with E. coli: three were K. pneumoniae, and one was Proteus morganii. Laboratory studies routinely done on all subjects disclosed a total of 18 low biochemical values, 17 of which were associated with 12 of the 14 Enterobacteriaceae-positive subjects: six were low in serum cholesterol, four low in serum vitamin B12, four low in D-xylose excretion, and three low in creatinine coefficient; whereas, the Enterobacteriaceae-negative subjects had normal values for all biochemical tests except for serum vitamin B12 in one case. Nitrogen balance means were significantly different for the two groups: 3.39 g for the Enterobacteriaceae-positive subjects and 1.94 g for the Enterobacteriaceae-negative. No relationship was evident when the histology of the jejunal biopsies was compared with the microbiological or laboratory findings. When the 23 subjects were grouped into those (N = 19) with significant microbial recoveries of any type and those (N = 4) without, the data yielded no meaningful relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in different environments (humans, food, animal farms and sewage).

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in different environments. METHODS: Clinical samples and stool samples from animal farms, sewage, human faecal carriers attending the emergency room and faecal carriers in the context of food-borne disease outbreaks were subcultured onto MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime for the detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Identification, susceptibility pattern and ERIC-PCR were used for clone delineation in each sample. Community consumption of antibiotics was also recorded. RESULTS: An ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae prevalence of 1.9% was observed in human infections. A cross-sectional survey of human faecal carriers in the community showed a general prevalence of 6.6% with a temporal distribution. High use of antibiotics in winter coincided with a lower prevalence in carriers. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the five samples of human sewage, in samples from 8 of 10 pig farms, 2 of 10 rabbit farms, from all 10 poultry farms and in 3 of 738 food samples studied. Faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was detected in samples from 19 of 61 food-borne outbreaks evaluated. All food-borne outbreaks were due to enteropathogens. The prevalence of carriers in these outbreaks ranged from 4.4% to 66.6%. CONCLUSIONS: This widespread occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae suggests that the community could act as a reservoir and that food could contribute to the spread of these strains.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Oligonucleotide probe for detecting Enterobacteriaceae by in situ hybridization.

AIMS: To develop oligonucleotide probes for visualizing bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae. METHODS AND RESULTS: 24-mer oligonucleotide probe (probe D) was designed by comparison of 16S rDNA sequences of 35 species of Enterobacteriaceae, eight species of Vibrionaceae and six species of Pasteurellaceae. The sequence of the probe corresponding to the complementary sequence of a position 1251-1274 of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA was found to be a highly conserved region of 16S rDNA sequence in Enterobacteriaceae different from that of Vibrionaceae and Pasteurellaceae. The fluorescent dye-labelled probe was tested for the specificity by in situ hybridization and epifluorescence microscopy. Seventy-six out of 78 strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were visualized in an optimal hybridization condition. No bacterial strains belonging to Vibrionaceae (31 strains) and Gram-positive bacteria (three strains) were visualized. CONCLUSIONS: In situ hybridization using probe D allows the detection of bacterial cells belonging to Enterobacteriaceae without false positive reaction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In situ hybridization techniques using the probe D are potential tools for detecting Enterobacteriaceae in food and water samples.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2003

Seven-hour fluorescence in situ hybridization technique for enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in food and environmental water sample.

AIMS: A fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique using an Enterobacteriaceae-specific probe (probe D) to target 16S rRNA was improved in order to enumerate, within a single working day, Enterobacteriaceae present in food and environmental water samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to minimize the time required for the FISH procedure, each step of FISH with probe D was re-evaluated using cultured Escherichia coli. Five minutes of ethanol treatment for cell fixation and hybridization were sufficient to visualize cultured E. coli, and FISH could be performed within 1 h. Because of the difficulties in detecting low levels of bacterial cells by FISH without cultivation, a FISH technique for detecting microcolonies on membrane filters was investigated to improve the bacterial detection limit. FISH with probe D following 6 h of cultivation to grow microcolonies on a 13 mm diameter membrane filter was performed, and whole Enterobacteriaceae microcolonies on the filter were then detected and enumerated by manual epifluorescence microscopic scanning at magnification of x100 in ca 5 min. The total time for FISH with probe D following cultivation (FISHFC) was reduced to within 7 h. FISHFC can be applied to enumerate cultivable Enterobacteriaceae in food (above 100 cells g-1) and environmental water samples (above 1 cell ml-1). CONCLUSIONS: Cultivable Enterobacteriaceae in food and water samples were enumerated accurately within 7 h using the FISHFC method. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A FISHFC method capable of evaluating Enterobacteriaceae contamination in food and environmental water within a single working day was developed.

Colony Count, Microbial↗