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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Energy intake, energy expenditure, and smoking in relation to body fatness: the Zutphen Study.

In 1965 within the Zutphen Study information on several possible determinants of body fatness (eg, energy intake, energy expenditure, alcohol intake, coffee consumption, tea consumption, and smoking) was collected. Univariate analyses showed that for 525 men aged 45-64 y and free from cardiovascular diseases, indicators of body fatness were inversely related to the difference between energy intake and expenditure, physical activity per kilogram body weight, smoking, and coffee consumption. Alcohol intake was directly related to Quetelet index, and tea consumption was not related to indicators of body fatness. Inverse associations between indicators of body fatness and the difference between energy intake and expenditure, physical activity per kilogram body weight, and smoking were confirmed in multivariate analyses. The inverse association between body fatness and the difference between energy intake and expenditure may be due to the underestimation of energy intake by obese subjects. In lean people this association may be explained by a thermogenic effect of smoking.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Preprandial ghrelin is not affected by macronutrient intake, energy intake or energy expenditure.

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin, a peptide secreted by endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, is a hormone purported to have a significant effect on food intake and energy balance in humans. The influence of factors related to energy balance on ghrelin, such as daily energy expenditure, energy intake, and macronutrient intake, have not been reported. Secondly, the effect of ghrelin on food intake has not been quantified under free-living conditions over a prolonged period of time. To investigate these effects, 12 men were provided with an ad libitum cafeteria-style diet for 16 weeks. The macronutrient composition of the diets were covertly modified with drinks containing 2.1 MJ of predominantly carbohydrate (Hi-CHO), protein (Hi-PRO), or fat (Hi-FAT). Total energy expenditure was measured for seven days on two separate occasions (doubly labeled water and physical activity logs). RESULTS: Preprandial ghrelin concentrations were not affected by macronutrient intake, energy expenditure or energy intake (all P > 0.05). In turn, daily energy intake was significantly influenced by energy expenditure, but not ghrelin. CONCLUSION: Preprandial ghrelin does not appear to be influenced by macronutrient composition, energy intake, or energy expenditure. Similarly, ghrelin does not appear to affect acute or chronic energy intake under free-living conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Energy balance and rectal cancer: an evaluation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body mass index.

Lack of energy balance, or greater energy intake than expenditure as indicated by a large body mass index (BMI), has been associated with colon cancer, although less is known about its association with rectal cancer. In this study, we examined the association between BMI, energy intake, and energy expenditure and their combined effect on rectal cancer risk. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Utah and Northern California. Incident cases (n = 952) of rectal cancer and population-based controls (n = 1205) were interviewed between 1997 and 2002 to obtain detailed information on body size, dietary intake, and physical activity patterns. BMI (kg/m(2)) was not associated with rectal cancer in either men or women. Participation in vigorous leisure-time physical activity over the past 20 yr was associated with a significant 40% reduction in rectal cancer risk. Energy intake was associated significantly with increased risk of rectal cancer, especially among people whose diagnosis was prior to age 60 yr (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-9.1 for men; OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.1-7.2 for women). There was a significant interaction between energy intake and energy expenditure, although not between BMI and either energy intake or energy expenditure. These data suggest that large BMI, an indicator of lack of energy balance, is not an important component of the etiology of rectal cancer. However, both physical activity and energy intake were significantly associated with rectal cancer risk. These data suggest that energy expenditure and energy intake alter rectal cancer risk through mechanisms other than energy balance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Girls' dairy intake, energy intake, and weight status.

We explored the relationships among girls' weight status, dairy servings, and total energy intake. The hypothesis that consuming dairy could reduce risk for overweight was evaluated by comparing energy intake and weight status of girls who met or consumed less than the recommended three servings of dairy per day. Participants included 172 11-year-old non-Hispanic white girls, assessed cross-sectionally. Intakes of dairy, calcium, and energy were measured using three 24-hour recalls. Body mass index and body fat measures from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were obtained. Because preliminary analyses suggested systematic underreporting of energy intake, the relationships among dairy servings and measures of weight status were examined for the total sample and for subsamples of under-, plausible, and overreporters. Data for the total sample provided support for the hypothesized relationship among weight status, dairy servings, and energy intake. Thirty-nine percent of girls reported consuming the recommended >/=3 servings of dairy per day; these girls also reported higher energy intake but had lower body mass index z scores and body fat than the girls who consumed fewer than three dairy servings each day. Among plausible reporters, no relationship between dairy intake and weight status was noted. This discrepancy may be attributable to a high percentage (45%) of overweight underreporters in the total sample. Our findings reveal that reporting bias, resulting from the presence of a substantial proportion of underreporters of higher weight status, can contribute to obtaining spurious associations between dairy intake and weight status. These findings underscore the need for randomly controlled trials to assess the role of dairy in weight management.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Associations between BMI, energy intake, energy expenditure, VDR genotype and colon and rectal cancers (United States).

Components of energy balance are important elements associated with colorectal cancer risk. In this study we examine the association between VDR genotypes, BMI, physical activity, and energy intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Data from a population-based case-control study of colon (1174 cases and 1174 controls) and rectal (785 cases and 1000 controls) cancer was used to evaluate the associations. The Bsm1, polyA, and Fok1 VDR polymorphisms were evaluated. For colon cancer, those who are obese were at greater risk of colon cancer if they had the SS or BB (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.75-7.03; p interaction 0.03) or ff (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.15-5.99; p interaction 0.12/) VDR genotypes. On the other hand, those who were least physically active were at greater risk of colon cancer if they had the ff VDR genotype (OR = 3.46; 95% CI = 1.58-7.58; p interaction 0.05). The association between energy intake and colon cancer appears to be driven more by energy intake than Bsm1 or polyA VDR genotypes, although there was a significant interaction between the Fok1 VDR polymorphism and energy intake and risk of both colon and rectal cancer (p interaction 0.01 for colon and 0.04 for rectal). These data suggest a relationship between VDR genotype and factors related to energy balance in modifying colorectal cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Replacement of dietary fat by sucrose or starch: effects on 14 d ad libitum energy intake, energy expenditure and body weight in formerly obese and never-obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of a high-sucrose diet vs a high-starch and a high-fat diet on 14 d ad libitum energy intake, body weight, energy expenditure and sympathoadrenal activity. MEASUREMENTS: Food intake; body weight and composition (bioelectrical impedance); 24 h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rates, spontaneous physical activity, heart rate and appetite sensations in a respiration chamber (VAS scores); plasma catecholamine concentration and blood pressure. SUBJECTS: Twenty normal-weight, healthy women, 9 post-obese (body mass index (BMI): 22.9 +/- 0.7 kg/m2) and 11 closely matched controls (BMI: 22.6 +/- 0.4 kg/m2). RESULTS: Average 14 d ad libitum energy intake was 13% and 12% lower on the starch diet compared with the sucrose and fat diets, respectively (P < 0.05). In both post-obese and normal-weight subjects, body weight and fat mass decreased significantly on the starch diet (by 0.7 +/- 0.2 kg and 0.4 +/- 0.1 kg, respectively, P < 0.05). No changes were observed on the fat or sucrose diets. After 14 d on the sucrose diet, 24 h energy expenditure as well as postprandial plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, were significantly increased compared with the other two diets. Overall satisfy and palatability ratings were also highest on the sucrose diet. CONCLUSION: Intake of a 14-d ad libitum high-starch diet decreased energy intake and body weight compared with a high-fat or high-sucrose diet. The increased energy expenditure observed on the sucrose-rich diet can probably be explained both by the increased intake of energy and fructose (mainly from sucrose) on this diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of 3 modified fats and a conventional fat on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in healthy men.

BACKGROUND: Different dietary fats are metabolized differently in humans and may influence energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, appetite regulation, and body weight regulation. OBJECTIVE: We examined the short-term effects of 4 triacylglycerols (test fats) on subjective appetite, ad libitum energy intake, meal-induced thermogenesis, and postprandial substrate oxidation. DESIGN: Eleven healthy, normal-weight men (mean age: 25.1 +/- 0.5 y) consumed 4 different test fats [conventional fat (rapeseed oil) and 3 modified fats (lipase-structured fat, chemically structured fat, and physically mixed fat)] in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. RESULTS: No significant differences in appetite sensations or ad libitum energy intakes were observed between the 4 test fats. Overall, the 4 fats exerted different effects on energy expenditure (meal effect: P < 0.01) and substrate oxidation (interaction between meal and time: P < 0.05). In post hoc tests, the 3 modified fats resulted in significantly higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation than did the conventional fat (P < 0.008, Bonferroni adjusted); no significant differences were observed between the 3 modified fats. CONCLUSIONS: Structured fats do not change short-term postprandial appetite sensations or ad libitum energy intakes but do result in higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation than do conventional fats and hence promote negative energy and fat balance. In humans, a physically mixed fat (trioctanoate + rapeseed oil) is metabolized as quickly as are structured fats. The position of medium-chain fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols does not seem to affect energy expenditure or appetite.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal changes in weight in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women: effects of dietary energy intake, energy expenditure, dietary calcium intake and hormone replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether energy intake or energy expenditure affects 5-7 y weight gain in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, and whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use or dietary calcium (Ca) intake are contributory factors. DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational study of healthy women around the menopause. SUBJECTS: A total of 1064 initially premenopausal women, selected from a random population of 5119 women aged 45-54 y at baseline. In all, 907 women (85.2%) returned 6.3+/-0.6 y later for repeat measurements. Of these, 36% were postmenopausal (no HRT) and 45% had taken HRT, and 898 women completed the questionnaires. MEASUREMENTS: Weight, height, estimation of energy intake by food frequency questionnaire and physical activity level (PAL) by questionnaire. RESULTS: Change in PAL influenced weight change explaining 4.4% (P=0.001) of the variation. Alterations in dietary energy intake also had a small but significant effect (0.6% P=0.013). Dietary Ca intake had no effect on weight or weight change. CONCLUSION: Mean weight had increased and was influenced more by reduced energy expenditure rather than increased energy intake. HRT and dietary Ca intake did not influence weight gain.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1992

Energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition of poor rural Philippine women throughout the first 6 mo of lactation.

Between 6 and 30 wk postpartum, body weight and body-fat mass of 40 healthy, rural, lactating Filipino women decreased by 1.5 (P < 0.05) and 0.7 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. Energy intake decreased slightly (NS) from 8.84 +/- 2.05 MJ/d (2113 +/- 489 kcal/d; mean +/- SD) at 6 wk to 8.67 +/- 2.37 MJ/d (2073 +/- 566 kcal/d) at 30 wk. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) remained unchanged throughout lactation, and physical-activity level increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 1.61 +/- 0.17 x BMR at 6 wk to 1.97 +/- 0.18 x BMR at 30 wk. Energy intakes at 6 and 30 wk of lactation were 1.02 and 0.77 MJ/d (244 and 185 kcal/d) higher (P < 0.05), respectively, than in early pregnancy. At ages 1-6 mo, mean weights and lengths of mainly breast-fed infants had Z scores between 0 and -1. By using the growth patterns of the breast-fed infants as proxy indicators for adequacy of lactational performance, this study suggests that present recommended energy intakes for lactation are too high for healthy Filipino women who show adequate lactational performance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Effects of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, glucose and fat metabolism in obese and lean subjects.

Peptide YY (PYY)(3-36) has been shown to produce dramatic reductions in energy intake (EI), but no human data exist regarding energy expenditure (EE), glucose and fat metabolism. Nothing is known regarding PYY1-36. To compare effects of PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36) on appetite, EI, EE, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations, 12 lean and 12 obese males participated in a blinded, randomized, crossover study with 90-min infusions of saline, 0.8 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36). Only four participants completed PYY(3-36) infusions because of nausea. Subsequently, six lean and eight obese participants completed 0.2 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) PYY(3-36) and 1.6 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) PYY(1-36) infusions. PYY(3-36) [corrected] produced [corrected] lower ratings of well-being and [corrected] increases in heart rate, [corrected] FFA, and [corrected] postprandial [corrected] insulin concentrations. Furthermore, high-dose [corrected] PYY(3-36) (0.8 [corrected] pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) produced decreased [corrected] EI and increased postprandial [corrected] glucose concentrations and tendency to reduced EE [corrected]

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Energy intake, energy expenditure, and reproductive costs of female wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).

Callitrichid females are often described as energetically constrained. We examined the energy budgets of 10 female wild golden lion tamarins (GLTs, Leontopithecus rosalia) in an effort to understand how energy intake and expenditure might influence physical condition and therefore reproductive performance. We used focal animal sampling to record behavioral data and conducted energy analyses of foods consumed by GLTs to estimate intake and expenditure. We used two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare intake in the reproductive vs. nonreproductive period and expenditure in the reproductive vs. nonreproductive period. Energy intake decreased during the reproductive period compared to the nonreproductive period. While total expenditure did not vary significantly across the two periods, females spent more time and therefore expended significantly more energy engaged in energetically inexpensive behaviors (i.e., sleeping or being stationary) during the reproductive period compared to the nonreproductive period. We suggest that reproductive female GLTs may adopt a reproductive strategy that includes high intake prior to pregnancy and lactation, and energy conservation during pregnancy and lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dietary energy intake, energy expenditure and activity pattern among selected rural and urban poor in Bangladesh.

Rural-urban and seasonal differences in energy balance were studied among selected free living subjects, chosen from the poor population groups in Bangladesh. Individual dietary energy intakes were estimated by a combination of 24 hours recall and weighing method. Time allocation to various occupational and non-occupational activities were recorded by observation and questioning, and energy expenditures were calculated by using FAO/WHO/UNU guidelines. The male working adults in both the population groups studied were found to be in negative energy balance in both the seasons observed. In Jan-Feb when employment opportunities for the rural poor were few all age and sex groups were in negative energy balance, and when employment opportunities improved during May-June the situation reversed except for the male working adults. In urban areas, on the other hand, all age and sex groups, except the male working adults were in positive energy balance in both the seasons. Rural children under 10 years, had significantly higher energy expenditure (P < 0.023) than their urban counterparts. Seasonal difference in energy expenditure among the rural male adults is quite high. In the urban group there was no such seasonal difference. Apparently very high rural-urban difference in energy expenditure of the male adults (18-30 y) in season 1 may be attributed to very high energy demanding activities in which the observed subjects in rural areas were engaged during this season. Compared to their urban counterparts rural male adults (18-30 yrs.) were found to be devoted significantly higher time in occupational and heavy household activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Repeated measurements of energy intake, energy expenditure and energy balance in lactating Bangladeshi mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in energetic parameters and nutritional status of chronically malnourished lactating women over a period of 13 months postpartum. DESIGN: A study of 15 lactating Bangladeshi mothers, of whom eight were tea pluckers and seven housewives, was conducted over a 13 months period from the birth of the child. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were determined on five occasions (at 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 10 and 13 months) and energy expenditure (heart rate monitoring method), and energy intake (3-day weighing) on three occasions at 3.5, 10 and 13 months. RESULTS: The mothers, all of whom were of low BMI (range 14.9-18.1 kg/m2 at the end of the study) undertook high levels of physical activity (pluckers more so than housewives). There was evidence of weight loss over the 13 months, particularly between the fourth and sixth months postpartum, mainly due to a significant decrease in fat-free mass. Food intake and expenditure were higher in pluckers than housewives but energy balance was not significantly different, although workers were, on average, in negative balance on all three occasions. Food intake was based on cereals and fat deficient. CONCLUSIONS: A Bangladeshi sample of breast-feeding mothers studied over 13 months postpartum showed evidence of chronic malnutrition with women living on very low fat diets. All mothers, either housewives or tea pluckers were involved in energy demanding activities. There was a general tendency towards negative energy balance. Mothers lost weight, mainly fat-free mass over the study period.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2000

Restriction of energy intake, energy expenditure, and aging.

Energy restriction (ER), without malnutrition, increases maximum life span and retards the development of a broad array of pathophysiological changes in laboratory rodents. The mechanism responsible for the retardation of aging by ER is, however, unknown. One proposed explanation is a reduction in energy expenditure (EE). Reduced EE may increase life span by decreasing the number of oxygen molecules interacting with mitochondria, thereby lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. As a step toward testing this hypothesis, it is important to determine the effect of ER on EE. Several whole-body, organ, and cellular studies have measured the influence of ER on EE. In general, whole-body studies have reported an acute decrease in mass-adjusted EE that disappears with long-term ER. Organ-specific studies have shown that decreases in EE of liver and gastrointestinal tract are primarily responsible for initial reductions in EE with ER. These data, however, do not determine whether cellular EE is altered with ER. Three major processes contributing to resting EE at the cellular level are mitochondrial proton leak, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and protein turnover. Studies suggest that proton leak and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity are decreased with ER, whereas protein turnover is either unchanged or slightly increased with ER. Thus, two of the three major processes contributing to resting EE at the cellular level may be decreased with ER. Although additional cellular measurements are needed, the current results suggest that a lowering of EE could be a mechanism for the action of ER.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Influence of protein intake, energy intake and stage of gestation on growth, reproductive performance, nitrogen balance and carcass composition in gestating gilts.

Thirty-six crossbred gilts were fed three levels of protein (146, 255 and 364 g/d) and two levels of energy (6,200 and 7,440 kcal of digestible energy/d) throughout gestation in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five-day N balance studies were conducted in early (0 to 30 d), mid- (30 to 60 d) and late (60 to 90 d) gestation. At slaughter (90 d of gestation), reproductive tracts were weighed and evaluated for reproductive performance and samples of the reproductive tract, liver and semimembranosus muscle (SM) were analyzed for crude protein. The right half of the carcass was subjected to a physical separation of fat, lean and bone. Neither dietary protein nor energy level significantly affected weight gain or reproductive performance. Nitrogen retention increased as dietary protein level increased and stage of gestation progressed (linear effect, P less than .01), but efficiency of N utilization and dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing protein intakes (quadratic effect, P less than .05 and linear effect, P less than .01, respectively). Nitrogen retention (P less than .01), efficiency of N retention (P less than .05) and dry matter digestibility (P less than .01) were higher in gilts fed high (H) energy compared with gilts receiving moderate (M) energy diets. Increasing dietary protein increased total carcass separable lean tissue (quadratic effect, P less than .01), liver weight (linear effect P less than .01) SM weight (quadratic effect, P less than .05) and SM percentage M (linear effect P less than .10). Similarly, total carcass N and carcass lean N increased as protein level increased (quadratic effect, P less than .10, P less than .05, respectively). In contrast to the increase in muscle N, N in uterine tissue and fluids was not affected by dietary protein level. The results of this experiment suggest that 146 g of crude protein/d during gestation is just as effective as higher levels of crude protein for litter size or storage of N in reproductive tissue, but 255 to 364 g of protein/d are required to maximize muscle N.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect of psyllium gum and wheat bran on spontaneous energy intake.

Energy intake, fecal energy output, and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured in 12 females who consumed either approximately 23 g/d supplementary fiber or a 4 g/d fiber control. Fiber supplements were crackers containing psyllium gum, wheat bran, or a combination of the two fiber sources. After 1 wk on the control cracker, subjects consumed the three high-fiber crackers and the control cracker for 2-wk periods in a balanced design. Gum and combination supplements gave increased bloating and flatulence. Increase in abdominal pain was reported with gum supplement. Mean daily fecal energy was 96 kcal/d with control crackers and was increased by 63 kcal with high-fiber crackers. Gum and combination supplements significantly decreased intake of digestible energy by 153 and 115 kcal/d, respectively. This suppression was not dependent upon fiber intolerance. Wheat bran supplement had no effect on energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Determinants of energy intake and energy expenditure in HIV and AIDS.

To determine the relative importance of various factors in the causation of wasting related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), quantitative analysis and linear structural modeling was performed on energy metabolism data collected longitudinally and prospectively from 33 men positive for the human immunodeficiency virus at 105 time points over a 3-y period before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Measured variables included energy intake, total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, rate of change in weight, CD4 count, clinical status, appetite, and mood. Derived variables included energy balance, activity-related energy expenditure, and physical activity level. Relative contributions were assessed by linear structural modeling based on multiple regression expressing results as path coefficients for individual relationships. The primary determinant of energy balance was energy intake (r = 0.80). Total energy expenditure made a very minor contribution to energy balance (r = -0.04). Total energy expenditure was primarily determined by activity level (r = 0.91), which itself was negatively related to the presence of opportunistic infection and CD4 count. Energy intake was related to activity level (r = 0.28) and appetite (r = 0.30), which were closely interrelated (r = 0.59). Such linear structural models allow quantitative importance to be apportioned to factors determining weight change in those infected with HIV and represent a powerful tool for future metabolic studies.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗