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Results for “Endometrial Cancer--etiology”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Estrogens and endometrial cancer: aspects of etiology and survival rate.

With a clinical study it could be demonstrated, that the frequency of diabetes hypertension, estrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium was significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer than in a control group (p less than or equal to 0.001). Obesity was also significantly more frequent (0.02 less than p less than 0.01). In vitro studies demonstrated a significantly higher aromatization of androstendione to estrone in adipose tissue of endometrial cancer patients (p less than 0.01), indicating etiologic correlations between endometrial cancer and extraglandular estrone production. An additional clinical study indicated a better 5-years-survival rate if parameters, indicating endogenous estrogen effect were present.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Biology of female sex hormone action in relation to contraceptive agents and neoplasia.

This article will present an overview of estrogen and progestin action at a cellular level, with emphasis on points that are relevant to neoplasia. In breast, endometrium and ovary, these two classes of hormone are clearly implicated in carcinogenesis, but their involvement with cancers of the liver, cervix and other tissues is more problematic. In the latter situations, I will highlight the major points to be considered if the hormones are involved without wishing to judge whether there actually is a causal involvement.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Hormonal contraception and cancer.

The natural menstrual cycle can influence the development of some cancers. Combined oral contraceptives, which replace normal hormonal fluctuations with steadier levels of artificial sex hormones, appear to protect against cancers of the endometrium and ovary, but their effect on carcinomas of the breast and cervix remains uncertain.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

A population-based case-control study of endometrial cancer in Shanghai, China.

A case-control study of 268 patients with endometrial cancer and 268 population controls was conducted during 1988-1990 in Shanghai, China, to evaluate etiologic factors in a population whose risk had not been substantially altered by the use of exogenous estrogens. In spite of this, the major risk factors resembled those found in other studies. The risk of endometrial cancer was significantly elevated among nulligravidas (OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.0-14.6) and decreased with number of pregnancies (p less than 0.01). Late age at menopause was associated with increased risk, while early age at menarche was unrelated. Use of oral contraceptives for more than 2 years was associated with a reduction in endometrial cancer risk (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1-1.2), while short-term use of oral contraceptives and other methods of contraception were unrelated. Obesity was a strong predictor of risk, with women in the highest quartile of weight having 2.5 times the risk of those in the lowest quartile. In contrast to many other studies, cigarette smokers were at elevated risk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9-3.0). Risk was also elevated among women reporting a history of gall-bladder disease, polycystic ovaries, menstrual symptoms, and non-estrogen hormone use.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s.

The most recent statistical evidence confirms a protective effect of oral contraceptive use against ovarian and endometrial cancers. Studies of the association between oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer continue to be hampered by confounding factors; however, results suggest that the overall risk of invasive cervical neoplasia is not increased. Although the association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer remains controversial, existing data strongly suggest that overall risk of breast cancer is not increased by the use of oral contraceptives. In most candidates for oral contraceptive use, the benefits greatly outweigh the risks.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Endometrial cancer and estrogen use. Report of a large case-control study.

Our case-control study of the relation between estrogen use and endometrial cancer involved 451 cases and 888 controls. The overall risk of endometrial carcinoma was sixfold for estrogen users as compared with nonusers; long-term users (greater than five years) had a 15-fold risk. Excess risk was present for both diethylstilberstrol and conjugated estrogens. The risk associated with cyclic use was as great as that for continuous use. Increased risk was associated with estrogen use for all histologic grades of the tumor. The risk of advanced-stage carcinoma was fourfold for estrogen users, but rhe confidence interval was wide, and this question requires further study. Finally, this investigation contradicts the speculation that the association between this cancer and estrogen use can be explained by swifter diagnosis for estrogen users, misclassification of estrogen-related hyperplasia or treatment of early symptoms of the tumor with estrogen.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

Review of epidemiologic studies of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen.

Epidemiologic literature on the association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer is reviewed. Descriptive studies have documented fluctuations in the incidence of endometrial cancer, mainly of localized disease, associated with estrogen use. Etiologic studies have established an association between estrogen use during menopause and the occurrence of endometrial cancer. Although the association appears to be a valid one, several biases may have falsely increased the magnitude of this association. The association also appears to be strongest for local disease and weakest for the most invasive disease, which implies that the etiology for the more invasive endometrial cancers is largely unaccounted for by estrogen use. A need for a prospective study to define other potential risks and benefits of estrogen therapy is clear. However, appreciation of factors known to modify the risk of endometrial cancer from exogenous estrogen can help the clinician to use these preparations judiciously.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1978

Anovulation and increased androgenic activity as breast cancer risk in women with fibrocystic disease of the breast.

The urine of 26 otherwise healthy women with fibrocystic disease of the breast was assayed by gas chromatography for testosterone and androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol), the major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone. The mean values for both androgens were significantly higher than in 18 normal women in the same age range. Sixteen of the 26 fibrocystic disease patients also had endometrial hyperplasia. Since the endometrial specimen was obtained in the premenstrual period, the presence of hyperplasia proved that the menstrual cycle in over two-thirds of the fibrocystic disease patients was nonovulatory.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives.

The potential association between the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and certain types of cancer remains an important concern. Epidemiologic studies published over the past decade indicate that the overall risk of breast cancer is not increased among women exposed to OCs. Some studies have suggested an increased risk among younger women with long-term use, and this issue requires further study. OCs confer significant protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers, and the effect is duration-related: longer use is more protective. In the largest study to date, the protection against these two types of cancer persisted for at least 15 years after OCs were discontinued. Several studies have linked long-term OC use with an increased risk of cervical cancer or its precursors, but methodologic difficulties in studying cervical cancer are such that the potential association with OC use may never be clarified. A large international study has found no association between OC use for any duration and liver cancer. Neither malignant melanoma nor pituitary adenoma appears to be linked to OC use. In summary, OCs protect against endometrial and ovarian cancers and have no overall effect on the risk of breast cancer. Women using OCs should have regular Papanicolaou screening.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of cervical cancer by cell type.

A multicenter case-control study of 481 invasive cervical cancer patients and 801 population controls enabled comparison of risk factors for squamous cell tumors (n = 418), adenosquamous cancers (n = 23), and adenocarcinomas (n = 40). The epidemiology of the squamous cell tumors resembled that found in other studies, with the major risk factors being absence of Pap smear screening (relative risk = 3.6 to 4.8 for those not screened within 5 yr), multiple sexual partners (relative risk = 2.9 for over ten partners), and history of genital infections or sores (relative risk = 2.3). Although based on small numbers, adenosquamous tumors appeared to share some of these risk factors, notably number of sexual partners, years since last Pap smear, and level of education. Adenocarcinomas were not similarly affected, although sexual practices were marginally predictive. Obesity increased the risk of adenocarcinoma, but no other similarities to endometrial adenocarcinoma were observed. Smoking was a significant predictor of squamous cell tumors but did not affect adenocarcinomas. Extended use of oral contraceptives was a risk factor for all tumor types, especially adenocarcinoma, and a familial tendency to cervical cancer was also observed for all cell types.

Adenocarcinoma↗