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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Potential arbovirus emergence and implications for the United Kingdom.

Arboviruses have evolved a number of strategies to survive environmental challenges. This review examines the factors that may determine arbovirus emergence, provides examples of arboviruses that have emerged into new habitats, reviews the arbovirus situation in western Europe in detail, discusses potential arthropod vectors, and attempts to predict the risk for arbovirus emergence in the United Kingdom. We conclude that climate change is probably the most important requirement for the emergence of arthropodborne diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, bluetongue, and African horse sickness in the United Kingdom. While other arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Tahyna virus, and Louping ill virus, apparently circulate in the United Kingdom, they do not appear to present an imminent threat to humans or animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[West Nile virus, an emerging arbovirus].

The West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus), first isolated in 1937 in Africa, is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted through Culex mosquitoes bite. Its natural cycle includes a vector (Culex mosquitoes), a reservoir (birds of various species) and humans and large mammals are epidemiological dead-ends. PROGRESSIVE DISSEMINATION: This virus recently drew attention after several epidemics and epizooties were identified in France, Russia, Romania, and Israel. However, the most striking fact is its introduction in 1999 into the north-eastern United States, a country previously West Nile virus-free, and its progressive spread according to North-South and West-East gradients to finally cover the near-totality of the north American territory (USA, Canada and Mexico), in 2002. The year 2002 has been particularly prone to disseminating West Nile virus in the Unites States: more than 4,000 human cases have been recorded and resulted in the death of almost 300. In 2003, around 10,000 cases were recorded. From January to October 2004, around 2,000 human cases have been recorded in the USA. Among infected patients, few develop a symptomatic form, and only a small proportion of the latter will develop a neurological form. REGARDING DIAGNOSIS AND SURVEILLANCE: Although virus isolation remains the technique of reference, routine diagnosis basically relies on serology (detection of increased levels of specific antibodies on two blood tests at 21 days interval, detection of IgM on a single test) and on molecular techniques (detection of the viral genome); the latter have been developed in quantitative and real-time formats that provide results within 24 hours. We describe the situation in France following the equine epizooty that occurred in 2000, and the surveillance modalities initiated at that time.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Oropouche virus infection: clinical spectrum, geographic expansion, and emerging maternal-fetal implications.

Oropouche virus (OROV), an emerging arbovirus of the genus Orthobunyavirus, has become a growing public health concern following its recent expansion across the Americas and its potential to cause severe clinical outcomes in maternal and child health. Although Oropouche fever has classically been described as an acute self-limited febrile illness, accumulating evidence indicates that OROV is associated with meningitis and fatal infection, as well as evidence of vertical transmission associated with adverse fetal outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and neuropathological alterations resembling those observed in congenital Zika syndrome. The OROV presents two transmission cycles, namely sylvatic and urban, with Culicoides paraensis as its main vector. The absence of specific vaccines or treatments, together with the wide distribution of competent vectors and the possibility of sexual transmission, underscores the urgent need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance, elucidate the mechanisms of fetal pathogenesis, and develop effective prevention and control strategies to protect vulnerable populations.

Orthobunyavirus↗
PubMed2026

Oropouche virus: viral evolution, epidemiological trends, and challenges for control.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent years, OROV has emerged as a significant public health threat beyond the Amazon region. Here we review current epidemiological, virological, clinical and ecological knowledge of OROV to inform health practitioners, public health authorities and the scientific community and to facilitate the development of effective control strategies for OROV. RECENT FINDINGS: We describe the epidemiological, virological, ecological and clinical characteristics of OROV, focusing on lessons from the recent expansion, and highlighting needs for control and management of this emerging arbovirus. SUMMARY: This review aims to inform health practitioners, public health authorities and the scientific community of the recent reemergence and expansion of OROV beyond the Amazon Basin. The ecology, epidemiology, virology of OROV and clinical presentations of OROV infection are discussed, and knowledge gaps are identified.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Surveillance of tick-borne viruses in the border regions of the Tumen River Basin: Co-circulation in ticks and livestock.

BACKGROUND: The unique eco-geographical patterns and climatic conditions of the China-Tumen River border region, combined with frequent cross-border tourism and trade activities, collectively establish this area as a recognized hotspot for tick-borne disease outbreaks. However, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the eco-epidemiology of emerging tick-borne viruses and the distribution of their potential reservoir hosts within this trinational ecosystem spanning China, North Korea, and Russia. METHODS: We collected a total of 2,004 ticks from the study area, along with blood samples obtained from 42 sheep and 45 cattle. Following viral metagenomic analysis of the ticks, dual verification of target pathogens in all samples was performed using qRT-PCR and RT-PCR assays. Phylogenetic trees were constructed and nucleotide sequences were analyzed to delineate relationships between the obtained virus strains and reference sequences. RESULTS: Viral metagenomics identified three viruses in ticks: Dabieshan tick virus (DBTV), Songling virus (SGLV), and Yanggou tick virus (YGTV). PCR analysis detected DBTV exclusively in Hunchun ticks (minimum infection rates, MIR:4.73%) and YGTV in Antu specimens (MIR:0.97%). Conversely, SGLV was detected in ticks from all four regions, with MIR of 1.68% (Helong), 0.74% (Hunchun), 1.61% (Antu), and 4.79% (Longjing). Concurrently, SGLV was detected in 19 sheep blood samples from Longjing, yielding a positivity rate of 45.24%, while YGTV was identified in 13 cattle blood samples from Antu, with a positivity rate of 28.89%. Phylogenetically, the DBTV strain clustered with previously reported DBTV and Yongjia tick virus 1 isolates. Sheep-derived SGLV strains shared close evolutionary ties with tick-borne SGLV, whereas YGTV from cattle and ticks formed a distinct cluster with Russian strains but diverged into two branches from Chinese variants, suggesting evolutionary instability. CONCLUSION: These findings address critical knowledge gaps in the transmission dynamics and genetic diversity of emerging arboviruses while providing vital insights for developing cross-border surveillance strategies with significant public health implications.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks from Costa Rica.

UNLABELLED: Jingmenviruses are a group of segmented flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates that have attracted growing public health interest due to the recognition of some members as emerging human arboviral pathogens. As part of a study aimed at deciphering the virome of ticks of medical and veterinary importance in Costa Rica, we detected Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in host-feeding Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete genome segments and one partial segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that JMTV from Costa Rica (JMTV Costa Rica) shares a common viral ancestor with JMTV viruses identified in ticks from the Caribbean and Latin America. Two distinct clades of Jingmenviruses were identified in the American continent, suggesting two distinct introductions: one from Europe/Asia and the other from Africa/Asia. Of note, JMTV Costa Rica falls in the same clade as viruses from Europe and Western Asia, including sequences found in humans. Our study constitutes the first detection of JMTV in Amblyomma mixtum. This tick species feeds on a wide range of hosts, including wildlife, domestic animals, and frequently parasitizes humans in Central America. Further research involving the detection of active and past infections by JMTV in humans and horses after tick bites is needed to evaluate the risk of spillover in Central America, including Costa Rica. IMPORTANCE: Jingmenviruses are flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates, reported in several countries worldwide. Some members cause disease and infections in humans; therefore, they are considered emergent human arboviruses. In Costa Rica and Central America, there is no information on tick-associated viruses or the role of ticks as putative vectors of viruses. Here, we report the first regional detection of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete and one partial viral segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the JMTV detected in Costa Rica is closely related to other detections from Latin America and the Caribbean and is located in the same clade as viruses reported in humans. Additionally, we detected two separate introductions of JMTV to Latin America. To determine whether this JMTV is an emergent arbovirus locally, research on past or active infections in humans is required.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses.

A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of these viruses, except for information on date, time, source, and method of isolation, as well as their capacity to infect laboratory animals. This paper reviews ecological and epidemiological data and analyzes the impact of vector and host population changes on various viruses as a result of profound changes in the natural environment. Deforestation, mining, dam and highway construction, human colonization, and urbanization were the main manmade environmental changes associated with the emergence and/or reemergence of relevant arboviruses, including some known pathogens for humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. I. Isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent, Rocio virus.

In April, 1975, an epidemic of human encephalitis was detected in several counties in the State of São Paulo, Brazil; the epidemic continued into 1976. A virus was isolated from central nervous system (CNS) tissues of a 39-year-old male who died on December 8, 1975; the virus was found to be a new flavivirus for which the name Rocio virus is proposed. Nine further isolations of Rocio virus were obtained from CNS tissues of 17 patients who died with clinical symptoms of encephalitis. Isolations of virus and serologic evidence of Rocio virus infection in a significant proportion of the encephalitis patients suggested that Rocio virus was the etiologic agent of the epidemic. Rocio virus was isolated only from patients who died within 5 days of onset of illness. The virus was isolated from two sentinel mice exposed in the epidemic zone and from a rufous collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) collected in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. II. Epidemiologic studies on 1975 epidemic.

In April, 1975, an outbreak of human encephalitis caused by Rocio virus, a new flavivirus, occurred in the coastal region of southern São Paulo, Brazil. The epidemic started during the second half of March, 1975, and ended in June, 1975. A total of 465 cases with 61 deaths were recorded, and the overall attack rate was 15 per thousand population. The mortality rate was two per thousand inhabitants and the overall case-fatality rate was 13%. However, the case-fatality rate was markedly decreased when adequate hospital care was provided. The number of cases in the 15--30 years age group was higher than in the other age groups and the rate was higher in males than in females. Lack of evidence of person-to-person transmission, based on a study of families involved in the epidemic and on the antigenic relationship to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, suggested that the virus was transmitted by a vector and that wild animals were involved in the virus cycle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. III. Isolation of Rocio virus from Psorophora Ferox (Humboldt, 1819).

A newly described flavivirus was responsible for a large encephalitis epidemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. The etiologic agent, Rocio virus, was isolated from human patients and sentinel mice. The natural history of the virus is unknown although presumed to be arthropod-borne. Rocio virus was isolated from a single pool containing 19 Psorophora ferox of 47 pools (283 specimens) of this species tested. The positive pool contained 16 deplete, 2 gravid, and 2 engorged mosquitoes. No isolations were made from 2183 pools of other species. The positive pool was collected during the year of the epidemic at the same approximate time and place where vertebrate isolations were made.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Emergence and virulence of encephalitogenic arboviruses.

Each arbovirus that causes encephalitis is geographically restricted by the availability of appropriate vectors and reservoir hosts. These viruses evolve regionally by recombination, reassortment and point mutation and can "emerge" as causes of human encephalitis through extension to new geographic regions or by selection of more virulent or more efficiently transmitted virus variants. The properties of arboviruses that result in encephalitis involve efficient replication in peripheral tissues after initiation of infection, production of a viremia, entry into the central nervous system and efficient replication in neurons with spread to additional populations of neurons. Many of these steps are determined by properties of the envelope glycoproteins responsible for cellular attachment, but changes in noncoding regions of the genome, as well as in other structural and nonstructural proteins, also contribute to neurovirulence.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

West Nile virus--the eye of the storm: a case study.

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus that emerged in the United States in 1999 and is migrating westward across the country. It occurs in the late summer or fall when there is an abundance of mosquitoes. Symptoms develop 3-14 days after an infected mosquito bites a person. Most WNV infections are asymptomatic or produce mild symptoms; however, 1 in 150 cases is severe with significant neurological deficits. The virus can attack the anterior horn cells, causing acute flaccid paralysis resulting in a poliomyelitis-like syndrome. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical presentation, and laboratory tests. In the late summer or fall, WNV infections should be suspected in persons with unexplained encephalitis, meningitis, or flaccid paralysis. There is no definitive medical treatment for WNV. Preventive measures are the most effective means to combat the disease.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Papua New Guinea].

Papua New Guinea is an independent country located in Oceania with a population of 4.9 million. Urban development is low and the estimated population density is 9 inhabitants per square kilometre. The terrain is mountainous and accessibility for health care services is difficult in some locations. Medical care facilities are organized in 18 provinces that are divided into 2 to 8 districts in which basic health care and hospital services are delivered through 1765 first aid units, 319 dispensaries, 189 specialized clinics and centers and 19 hospitals. There are no local schools for training medical and paramedical personnel who come from outside the country. Malaria, filariasis, leprosy, tuberculosis, infant diarrheal diseases, viral hepatitis, and envenomation are major public health problems. Buruli ulcer, dengue fever and arboviruses are emerging diseases.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1986

Viral encephalitis.

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Arbovirus Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological considerations of the arbo- and arenaviruses].

The complex epidemiological process of arboviral and arenaviral diseases, their dependence on a multitudine of etiologic agents, the risk of severe manifestations, absence of a specific treatment and difficulties in preparing the vaccines, place these diseases among those of high concern at national and international level. The multidisciplinary investigations carried out in Moldavia by M. Duca, Eugenia Duca, Gr. Teodorovici, Alla Vâţă, St. Dumitriu, V. Luca, D. Buiuc, A. Ivan and others have elucidated numerous aspects regarding the epidemiology and prevention of arboviral diseases. The increased morbidity by meningitis and meningoencephalitis recorded in Romania the interval summer--early fall 1996 was attributed based on serologic diagnosis, to West Nile virus. The etiological investigations were done both in our country (Cantacuzino Institute, Institute of Virology, Laboratory of the Ministry of National Defence) and abroad (Pasteur Institute at Paris, Colindale Institute London, CDC, Atlanta, USA). For the Romanian population the risk for a periodical re-emergence of some arbovirus diseases is due to favorable local conditions with the relationships with geographical areas were these diseases have and endemic-epidemic evolution are added.

Arbovirus Infections↗
PubMed2002

Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus and West Nile virus from crows during increased arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, 2000.

The emergence of the West Nile virus (WNV) in the northeastern United States has drawn emphasis to the need for expanded arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut. Although the state of Connecticut began a comprehensive mosquito-screening program in 1997, only since 1999 have there been efforts to determine the prevalence of arboviruses in bird populations in this state. Herein, we report on our results of an arbovirus survey of 1,704 bird brains. Included in this report are the first known isolations of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) from crows and data on the geographic and temporal distribution of 1,092 WNV isolations from crow species. Moreover, these nine isolations of EEEV identify regions of Connecticut where the virus is rarely found. With the exception of WNV and EEEV, no other arboviruses were isolated or detected. Taken together, these data illustrate the distribution of avian borne EEEV and WNV in 2000 and support the need for ongoing avian arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut.

Animals↗