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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Impact of a clinic-based growth monitoring programme on maternal nutrition knowledge in Lesotho.

An evaluation of the impact of a nationwide clinic-based growth monitoring (GM) programme was done in Lesotho to determine if clinic attendance was associated with improved maternal knowledge of weaning practices and diarrhoea. A total of 907 mothers from eight clinics were included in the study. Our results showed that mothers who had attended the clinics knew more about the appropriate timing for introducing animal protein-rich foods in the child's diet and about the use of oral rehydration salts for diarrhoea, than those who had not. The difference in knowledge between previous clinic attendants and new attendants was particularly marked among mothers with less than secondary schooling and mothers with young babies (less than 6 months). From observation in the clinics, we believe that group nutrition education, although it was not integrated with growth monitoring, was probably responsible for the positive association between clinic attendance and maternal knowledge. Prior clinic attendance was not specifically associated with improved knowledge about feeding during diarrhoea or the need to stop breastfeeding gradually. These need to be better incorporated into present clinic nutrition education. Whether improvements in growth monitoring would further significantly improve nutrition education remains to be seen.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes in age at marriage of women in rural north India.

There has been a dramatic increase in age at marriage for women in a rural area of north India. Age at marriage rose from under 12 years before 1930 to about 19 years in 1988, mainly as a result of socioeconomic development and advances in education of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A hazard logit model analysis of covariates of childhood mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh.

In a prospective study in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, the relationship between a variety of covariates and childhood mortality was examined. Economic status of household, education of mother, sex of the children, health intervention programmes, age of mother, and live birth order of the children were identified as having a statistically significant impact on child survival when the effect of age was controlled. The effects of sex of the children, health programmes, age of mother, and birth order were found to be dependent on the age of the children, but the effect of mother's education was dependent on sex of the children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticipated child loss to migration and sustained high fertility in an east Caribbean population.

Development today is commonly accompanied by rapid urbanization and, where possible, high rates of migration to industrialized countries. At the same time, the expected demographic transition has often not materialized despite decreases in death rates. Child-to-woman ratios in St. Vincent and the Grenadines are related to the educational attainment of women in a census district, the percentage of men engaged in agriculture, whether the district has direct access to the outside world through a port or airport, and, when the other variables are controlled, the stability of a district's population. Those districts with the greatest stability of population had the lowest child-to-woman ratios, suggesting that the anticipated loss of children to migration may be an important factor in maintaining high reproductive rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female education, age, parity, and reproduction cessation in Ghana.

Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey is employed to determine the existence of a relationship between the amount of education a woman has and her intent to cease childbearing. The findings are that with increasing levels of education, a female's desire to cease reproduction also increases. However, this relationship is obscured if parity is not controlled.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The mediating effect of maternal nutrition knowledge on the association between maternal schooling and child nutritional status in Lesotho.

The present study tested whether maternal nutrition knowledge was a mediating factor in the association between maternal schooling and child nutritional status, and whether the mechanism involved differed according to socioeconomic status. The data were collected in Lesotho on 921 mother-child pairs and included scores from a nutrition knowledge test, socioeconomic and demographic information, and the child's anthropometric data. A wealth factor derived from a factor analysis was used to stratify the sample into two socioeconomic groups. Two-stage least-squares estimation was used to test the mediating role of nutrition knowledge between maternal schooling and child weight-for-age. Results showed that both the importance of maternal schooling and the mechanism by which it affects the child's weight-for-age are contingent upon the family's socioeconomic status. While maternal schooling was positively associated with weight-for-age for both wealthier and poorer households, the size of the effect was much larger for the latter group. The effect of maternal schooling on weight-for-age was mediated by the mother's nutrition knowledge only among wealthier households. These results imply that, in Lesotho, nutrition education for mothers could contribute to improving children's growth, but only in households that have access to a minimum level of resources. For poorer households, nutrition education would not be sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The risk approach to intervention in severe malnutrition in rural Bangladesh.

To determine whether clinical marasmus occurs in small groups of children from easily recognizable high-risk households, the authors conducted a case-control study to identify risk indicators that may be used in targeted interventions. Cases were children whose mid-upper arm circumference measured less than 110 mm, and controls were children matched for age and sex with arm circumferences greater than 120 mm. Between June 1988 and June 1989, 164 such pairs of children aged 1-4 years were studied in Matlab, Bangladesh. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of marasmus among children from families with other children under 5 years of age (odds ratio = 2.80, 95% confidence interval 1.56-5.02) and children who consumed formula foods (odds ratio = 18.81, 95% confidence interval 4.15-85). Higher maternal education was associated with reduced risk of marasmus. Further examination of these risk indicators suggests that the resources saved through targeting fewer households will be negated by missing many children with marasmus. The authors conclude that the application of targeted interventions against marasmus, using the risk approach, is unlikely to be efficient.

Arm↗
PubMed1992

Patterns and predictors of high-risk sexual behavior in female partners of HIV-infected men with hemophilia.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize and quantify high-risk heterosexual activity in HIV-discordant couples. DESIGN: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal questionnaire data from 217 HIV-negative female sexual partners of HIV-infected hemophilic men. METHODS: Comparison of prevalence rates of anal sex, oral sex, vaginal intercourse with or without condoms, and use of other contraceptives between 1985 and 1991. Logistic regression analysis of demographic, sexual and clinical variables to predict unprotected vaginal sex. Actuarial estimates of semi-annual relapse rates to unsafe sex. RESULTS: The proportion of women at low risk increased from 7 to 69% between 1985 and 1991, mainly because more women were using condoms during all acts of vaginal intercourse. Other contraceptive practices did not change during this time. The proportion engaging in oral or anal sex decreased (from 26 to 13% and 13 to 4%, respectively). Unprotected vaginal sex was more common among women who enrolled earlier, had less education, engaged in oral or anal sex, and among those whose partners had not had AIDS. Unprotected vaginal sex before enrollment was the strongest predictor of this high-risk activity during follow-up. Two-year rates of relapse to high-risk behavior were significantly higher among women who enrolled at high risk compared with those who enrolled at low risk (39 versus 8%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Although high-risk sexual behavior became much less prevalent in this population between 1985 and 1991, many continued to have unprotected vaginal sex occasionally. Counseling efforts should target couples who have been the most sexually active or have less education, and should emphasize not only initial risk reduction but also maintenance of low-risk behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relinquishment of premarital births: evidence from national survey data.

According to 1982 and 1988 NSFG data, unmarried white women are far less likely than they were in the early 1970s to place their children for adoption. The levels of relinquishment among black women have remained low throughout this period, and relinquishment among Hispanic women may be virtually nonexistent. Multivariate analysis of the determinants of relinquishment among unmarried non-Hispanic white women suggests that having a well-educated mother, being in school at the time of conception, having no labor force experience, and being older are positively associated with placing a child for adoption. Sons were found to be less likely to be relinquished than daughters.

Adoption↗
PubMed1992

Factors affecting the use of immunization among urban settlement dwellers in Papua New Guinea.

This paper examines the importance of selected social factors in the acceptance of childhood immunization in urban settlements in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The study found that the provision of information to mothers on when to start immunization and how often the child should be immunized were key factors in determining immunization status. Maternal education was found to be positively associated with knowledge of immunization, but was not significantly associated with actual immunization practice. Over 70% of the women studied found out when to attend for immunization from the local maternal and child health (MCH) staff, hence emphasizing their importance in disseminating information. If coverage is to be increased further in urban settlements with mobile populations, maximal use must be made of local community organizations to disseminate the key immunization information and for follow-up of newborns and infants new to the community. Efforts to encourage mothers to deliver under supervision should also continue as this is an important point of first contact for immunization.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Diarrhoea and feeding practices of young children attending two selected urban clinics in Dhaka.

Data were collected from 150 mothers attending the outpatient departments (OPD) of one maternal-child health (MCH) clinic and one paediatric hospital in Dhaka for treatment of diarrhoea of their children during the period from March '90 to May '90. Feeding practices before and after occurrence of diarrhoea were evaluated to determine the knowledge and practice of changes in dietary patterns. The majority (58.67%) of children, who were all less than 5 years old, were in the younger age group (0-1 year) with slightly more occurrence in male children. The incidence rate was higher among children of low-income families and uneducated mothers. Among the children, 60.67% had 6-8 loose stools per day and 66% suffered from watery diarrhoea, which was mostly in the younger (0-1 year) age group (p < 0.001). The majority (60%) of mothers had incorrect knowledge about changing their children's diets; only 40% knew how to do it correctly, which was significantly (p < 0.001) related to the educational level. During diarrhoeal episodes among the 0-1 year age group, the number of mothers exclusively breastfeeding increased considerably (14.77% to 35.23%), and the number of mothers only partially breastfeeding decreased (62.5% to 43.18%), withholding (48.38%) or adding (9.68%) some items, or both (13.98%), showing significant change (p < 0.005) in diet with the education of mothers. "Some food items cause diarrhoea, others increase the frequency of loose motion, and withholding or adding some food cures it," they believed. The results of the study show that, through proper nutrition education, mothers can be helped to provide better home management of diarrhoea.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1992

Some factors contributing to protein-energy malnutrition in the middle belt of Nigeria.

A number of risk factors leading to malnutrition were investigated among 400 mothers of malnourished children in the middle belt of Nigeria. Poverty, family instability, poor environmental sanitation, faulty weaning practices, illiteracy, ignorance, large family size and preventable infections are the main factors responsible for malnutrition. The strategies for intervention are in the area of health education emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding, family stability, responsible parenthood and small family sizes through culturally acceptable family planning methods. There is need to improve weaning methods through nutrition education, growth monitoring and food demonstration with community participation. Political will is needed to improve literacy status, farming methods and general living conditions.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of fragile X relatives with different attitudes toward terminating an affected pregnancy.

Female relatives of individuals with fragile X syndrome were asked whether they would terminate an affected pregnancy. Women were grouped according to how they answered this question and compared according to demographic characteristics, knowledge about the syndrome, perception of their risk for having an affected child, factors they considered important in family-planning decisions, and the magnitude of individual problems they perceived to be associated with raising an affected child. Important differences were identified between women willing to consider abortion and those who would not abort and between women who indicated what they would do and those who were unsure.

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed1991

The association between pregnancy and human papilloma virus prevalence.

This study examined the effects of pregnancy on the prevalence of HPV infection, comparing 69 pregnant and 54 nonpregnant age-frequency matched female patients. HPV prevalence was detected by DNA hybridization using the ViraPap/ViraType dot blot procedure. The prevalence of HPV among pregnant women increased with gestational age from 8.0% in the first trimester, to 16.7% in the second, and 23.1% in the third trimester. This finding suggests that HPV infection may be activated by hormonal or other effects of pregnancy and may explain why number of pregnancies is known to be associated with increased risk of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Oncogenic HPV types 16/18 and 31/33/35 were identified with almost equal frequency in the study population whereas HPV 6/11 was seen rarely. The logistic regression models indicate that there were no significant differences between HPV positive and HPV negative groups by age, income, number of sex partners, age of first intercourse, average frequency of intercourse per month, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptive duration, or pregnancy status. There were no interaction effects. A current Pap result of cervical dysplasia (OR = 8.9; 95% confidence interval: 2.1, 38.8), oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.1; 0.03, 0.6), and education (OR = 1.4; 1.1, 1.8) were significant predictors of HPV status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Birth order, neuroticism, and psychoticism among Iranian children.

To investigate the effects of birth order, parents' education, and parents' occupation on four dimensions of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 262 elementary school students (100 boys and 162 girls) were selected randomly from four elementary schools in Shiraz. Analyses showed the main effects of birth order were significant on Neuroticism and Lie scales. Further, the effects of mothers' occupation on the Lie scale and fathers' education on the Neuroticism scale were significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal mortality in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: a study of risk factors.

The objective of this study was to determine which background factors predispose women to maternal mortality at the Obafemi Awolowo University Hospital in Nigeria. The study examined 35 cases of maternal death occurring in the hospital during the period 1 October 1989 to 30 April 1991. The control group comprised 35 women who were admitted to the hospital with similar complications during the same period, but who survived. Both cases and controls were investigated for their sociodemographic characteristics, their use of prenatal care, and the incidence of delay in clinical management. The results showed that the maternal deaths involved women who were younger and of poorer socioeconomic status than the women in the control group. Both groups showed an equal lack of prenatal care. However, a higher incidence of delayed treatment was found in the management of the cases of maternal deaths. Maternal mortality in the study population can be reduced through improved transportation and institutional management, and, on a long-term basis, through the adoption of measures to improve the socioeconomic status of women.

Adolescent↗