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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Relation of high blood pressure to glucose intolerance, plasma lipids and educational status in an Arabian Gulf population.

BACKGROUND: In Bahrain and other populations of the Arabian Peninsula, glucose intolerance is associated with raised plasma total cholesterol, postmenopausal status and low educational status. These associations are not generally seen in other populations with high diabetes prevalence. A study was undertaken in order to determine if hypertension in Bahrainis is associated with the same factors as those related to glucose intolerance. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 2120 Bahrainis aged 40-69 years. RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (defined as current treatment for hypertension, systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or = 95 mmHg) rose with increasing degrees of glucose intolerance. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 21% (95% CI: 19-24%) in those with normal glucose tolerance, 31% (95% CI: 27-36%) in those with impaired glucose tolerance, and 38% (95% CI: 34-42%) in those with diabetes. In a multivariate analysis adjusting for age and sex, raised blood pressure was independently associated with waist girth, plasma cholesterol, glucose intolerance, family history of hypertension and (in women) postmenopausal status. There was an inverse relationship between blood pressure and educational status that was independent of other variables. This association parallels the inverse relationship of diabetes to educational level and is consistent with low educational level being a marker for socioeconomic deprivation in early life in this population. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes in Bahrainis are manifestations of a pattern of metabolic disturbances that includes raised plasma cholesterol levels. Both hypertension and diabetes are associated with low educational status, which in this population is a marker for socioeconomic deprivation in early life. This suggests that the risk of hypertension may be set by environmental factors in early life.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Enhancing the training of internal medicine residents at Stanford by establishing a model group practice and raising its clinical educators' status.

The education of residents is shifting to the ambulatory care setting. In addition, there is a growing trend toward managed care and increasing competition for patients to be served by "real-world" practices. The authors describe the formation and operation of a program that was established in 1981 at the Stanford University School of Medicine to respond to these changes: the Stanford Medical Group (SMG), a model group practice in internal medicine that operates within the academic medical center. Because raising the status of the clinician-educator faculty was a critical issue for the SMG, the authors also describe the Medical Center Professoriate, a separate faculty track created in 1989 to recognize and reward Stanford's clinician-educators. The authors conclude that the SMG has succeeded in its training and patient care goals and has weathered the great changes in the health care environment that have taken place since 1981. They also report that the separate faculty track is serving its purpose well. They hope that educators and program directors at other academic medical centers may find the descriptions of the SMG and the professoriate useful in solving similar problems.

California↗
PubMed2002

Association of educational status with heart rate recovery: a population-based propensity analysis.

PURPOSE: An abnormally attenuated heart rate recovery after exercise is a predictor of mortality that is thought to reflect decreased parasympathetic activity. Lower educational level may be associated with automatic imbalance. We sought to assess the association of educational level with heart rate recovery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Among 5246 healthy adults from a population-based cohort who underwent exercise testing, 874 (17%) did not graduate from high school, 1823 (35%) completed high school, and 2549 (49%) attended at least some college. An abnormal heart rate recovery was defined as a difference of </=42 beats per minute between the peak heart rate and that after 2 minutes of recovery. Propensity scores were used to account for differences by educational status. RESULTS: An abnormal heart rate recovery was more common among adults who did not graduate from high school compared with those who attended at least some college (50% [440/874] vs. 28% [701/2549]; odds ratio [OR]: 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3 to 3.1; P <0.001). After using propensity scores, lower educational status remained associated with an abnormal heart rate recovery (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.6 to 2.4; P <0.001). During 12-years of follow-up, there were 327 deaths. Poor educational status was associated with greater mortality (9% [80/874] vs. 6% [247/4372]; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.5; P <0.001). However, after accounting for age, sex, and heart rate recovery, educational status was a weaker predictor (HR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Educational status is independently associated with an abnormal heart rate recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Is higher income and educational status associated with poorer outcome in patients with Hodgkin's disease?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the impact of socioeconomic status on relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with Hodgkin's disease. METHODS: A number of factors were analyzed for their impact on relapse-free and overall survival in Hodgkin's disease using Cox regression. These factors included socioeconomic status (as defined by education and income), different treatment modalities and established clinical risk factors [e.g. age at diagnosis, stage of disease, involvement of three or more lymph nodes, presence or absence of a large mediastinal mass, E stages or elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]. The study used an initial sample of 126 patients recruited between 1969 and 1995 and a larger sample of 218 patients (recruited until 2002). Clinical data on disease and treatment characteristics were collected from medical records. RESULTS: In a univariate analysis, the following parameters had impact on RFS: treatment modality (combined treatment resulted in an improved RFS compared with patients treated with chemo- or radiotherapy alone), educational status and income. The 5- and 10-yr relapse-free survival rates were found to increase with decreasing educational level and decreasing average income per month. These results were significant in the initial and total samples and were also significant using multivariate analysis (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest education group: 5.88; 95% confidence interval 1.87-18.52; for highest vs. lowest income group: 4.36; 95% confidence interval 1.35-14.05). CONCLUSION: Hodgkin's disease appears to be a striking exception from the usual positive correlation between high socioeconomic status and favorable treatment outcome in patients suffering from tumor. It is suggested that future studies on tumor genetics and biology and more detailed analysis of further socioeconomic parameters may be useful in clarifying this observation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Unintended rapid repeat pregnancy and low education status: any role for depression and contraceptive use?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of depressive symptoms and poor contraceptive use early in the first postpartum year to the risk of unintended repeat pregnancy at the end of that year among adults with low educational status (< 12th grade or equivalence). STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective observational cohort study of 643 sexually active, low-income, inner-city adult women (age > or = 19) who enrolled prenatally (14.7 +/- 6.9 weeks gestational age) and were followed twice after delivery (3.3 +/- 1.3 months and 11.0 +/- 1.3 months). Associations were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Low educational status (odds ratio, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.25-4.33) and less effective contraceptive use (odds ratio, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.05-4.51) were associated with unintended pregnancy. Neither depressive symptoms nor contraceptive use reduced the risk of pregnancy that was associated with low educational status. CONCLUSION: Low educational status was associated with more than twice the risk of unintended pregnancy 1 year after delivery. We found no evidence that depression or poor contraceptive use mediate this relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Educational status and life expectancy].

The article provides a foundation for the necessity of studying the social differentiation of mortality, in particular the influence of educational status and character of labour on length of life. It is indicated that higher indices of length of life are found among populations with high educational status and among people engaged in intellectual pursuits. The description is given of the methodological approaches to the construction of life expectancy tables according to the educational status and character of labour.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Substance use in the US college-age population: differences according to educational status and living arrangement.

OBJECTIVES: Substance use in the college-age population is an important public health and educational concern. This study compared rates of use among college students and nonstudents, including high school dropouts, from a single data source representative of the nation. METHODS: Rates of use were estimated from the combined National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse from 1991 to 1993. Logistic regression models were used to test the effects of educational status and living arrangement. RESULTS: Educational status and living arrangement were found to be significant predictors of substance use. Rates of illicit drug and cigarette use were highest among high school dropouts, while current and heavy alcohol use were highest among college students who did not live with their parents. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variation in substance use patterns within the college-age population suggests that overall rates of use for young adults should not be used to characterize specific subgroups of young adults. These data from a single source will thus help planners more clearly distinguish the service needs of the diverse subgroups within this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Occupational status, educational level, and the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in a general population sample of middle-aged Swedish men and women: results from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.

The associations among educational level, occupational status, and atherosclerosis were investigated during 1992-1994 in a general population sample of 4,176 Swedish men and women. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid stenosis were determined by B-mode ultrasound. Socioeconomic differences in mean carotid IMT and odds ratios for carotid stenosis prevalence were estimated. In women, the associations among educational level, occupational status, and IMT were weak. In men, there was no association between education and IMT, while low occupational status was associated with a thicker IMT. Women with low education had an increased odds of carotid stenosis compared with women with high education (odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53, 2.73), while this pattern was weaker among men. Women in manual occupations had an increased odds of carotid stenosis compared with women in high- or medium-level nonmanual occupations (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.36), which could not be seen among men. After adjustment for risk factors, the association between IMT and occupational status in men disappeared, while the associations among educational level, occupational status, and carotid stenosis in women persisted. The results imply that the atherosclerotic process is associated with socioeconomic status in both sexes, and they also indicate the possibility of sex differences in the mechanisms connecting socioeconomic status to atherosclerosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Smoking, educational status and health inequity in India.

Health related behaviours, especially smoking and tobacco use, are major determinants of health and lead to health inequities. Smoking leads to acute respiratory diseases, tuberculosis and asthma in younger age groups and non communicable diseases such as chronic lung disease, cardiovascular diseases and cancer in middle and older age. We observed an inverse association of educational status with tobacco use (smoking and other forms) in western Indian State of Rajasthan. In successive cross-sectional epidemiological studies- the Jaipur Heart Watch (JHW)- in rural (JHWR; n=3148, men=1982), and urban subjects: JHW-1 (n=2212, men=1415), JHW-2 (n=1124, men=550) and JHW-3 (n=458, men=226), we evaluated various cardiovascular risk factors. The greatest tobacco consumption was observed among the illiterate and low educational status subjects (nil, 1-5, 6-10, >10 yr of formal education) as compared to more literate in men (JHW-R 60, 51, 46 and 36% respectively; JHW-1 44, 52, 30 and 18% JHW-2 54, 43, 29 and 24%; and JHW-3 50, 27, 25 and 25%) as well as women (Mantel Haenzel test, P for trend <0.05). In the illiterate subjects the odds ratios (OR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI) for smoking or tobacco use as compared to the highest educational groups in rural (men OR 2.68, CI 2.02, 3.57; women OR 3.13, CI 1.22, 8.08) as well as larger urban studies- JHW-1 (men OR 2.47, CI 1.70, 3.60; women OR 13.78, CI 3.35, 56.75) and JHW-2 (men OR 3.81; CI 1.90, 7.66; women OR 13.73, CI 1.84, 102.45) were significantly greater (P<0.01). Smoking significantly correlated with prevalence of coronary heart disease and hypertension. Other recent Indian studies and national surveys report similar associations. Health ethicists argue that good education and health lead to true development in an underprivileged society. We propose that improving educational status, a major social determinant of health, can lead to appropriate health related behaviours and prevent the epidemics of non communicable diseases in developing countries.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1980

Educational status and health.

Some of the problems with the traditional measures of socioeconomic status include (1) the loss of information resulting from combining different factors that have varying associations with health problems; (2) the reverse causal pathway that exists from health and illness to income and occupation; and (3) a number of particular problems with deriving socioeconomic status from census tract information. In contrast there are clear advantages to using educational status as the primary socioeconomic index. A wide variety of literature is reviewed pointing to a strong positive relationship between years of schooling and health. Three models that attempt to account for this association are described. It is suggested that the educational status of patients should be part of their data base.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Nutritional status and problems with obesity in relation to educational status in young people in the Czech Republic].

UNLABELLED: The cross section study was performed with the aim to detect health prone nutritional behaviour and describe its relationship to the education in the groups of 20-25 years old people. Two groups: 449 undergraduate medical students (UG) and 116 non-graduate control people (C) were compared in respect of their food habits (food frequency questionnaire), nutrition (3 days dietary records data) and health nutritional state (measurement of body weight, height, percentage of body fat using Harpenden calliper). UG male performed higher energy intake, however, they did not differ in BMI, but they showed lower proportion of body fat ¿95% CI:(-4.22; -4.18)% of body content¿, probably due to higher physical activity. UG female performed lower energy intake and lower body mass index in comparison to C ¿95% CI:(-4.18; -4.8) kg/m2¿. CONCLUSION: Higher level of education is associated with health prone behaviour and is reflected on health nutritional state already in age of early adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical findings and educational status in chest pain patients admitted to an emergency department. Report from a three-month survey at Be'sat hospital, Teheran, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in Iran. With regard to the socio-economic status, a low educational level is associated with a higher frequency of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a developing country, the influence of educational level and gender on the prevalence of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chest pain at the time of admission and after 3 months of follow-up. METHODS: We studied 240 consecutive patients (113 males, 127 females, age 16-97 years) who presented with chest pain believed to be of cardiac origin. The patients were admitted to a metropolitan hospital in Teheran from September 8, 2001 to December 8, 2001. RESULTS: Males were found to have a higher educational level than females (p = 0.0001). Females more frequently had a history of hypertension (44.9 vs 23%, p = 0.0001) and of diabetes mellitus (24.4 vs 11.5%, p = 0.01) and presented with more electrocardiographic abnormalities (37.0 vs 27.4%, p = 0.033) than males. Furthermore, patients with a low educational level were less likely to be on beta-blockers (23.9 vs 53.3%, p = 0.000), nitrates (20.2 vs 42.2%, p = 0.002) and acetylsalicylic acid (22.4 vs 50%, p = 0.000) compared to patients with a high educational level. Males were more often transported by ambulance to the hospital than females (p = 0.001). There was a high prevalence of risk factors for ischemic heart disease (cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia) (65% had one or more risk factors) with no relation to educational level. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an Iranian population admitted with chest pain. In particular less educated women were at an increased risk and had more electrocardiographic abnormalities. Our findings stress the importance of the socio-economic status in cardiovascular disease and of the need for health promotion and lifestyle changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of age, educational status, ethnicity and geographic location on prostate symptom scores.

We evaluated the effect of patient age, educational status, ethnicity and geographic location upon the American Urological Association benign prostatic hyperplasia symptom scores. Using patients attending Prostate Cancer Awareness Week, we collected additional data on the symptom score and also on education received. A total of 2,245 records was obtained from 4 different centers. Of the population 72% were white and 13% were black. Regression analysis of patient age versus symptom score demonstrated an increase with patient age from 4.59 at age 40 years to 8.17 at age 70 years. Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences in age-adjusted scores between sites from 6.24 in New Orleans, Louisiana to 8.58 in Madison, Wisconsin. No effect was noted for education or ethnicity on symptom scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between occupational status, educational attainment, and IQ: a study of twins.

Scores of occupational status, educational attainment, and IQ were obtained for 507 monozygotic and 575 dizygotic male twin pairs born 1931-1935 and 1944-1960. A multivariate genetic analysis with statistics from different cohorts showed heterogeneity between cohorts, and analyses were performed in four separate cohorts. The only set of results which departed clearly from the rest was found for the group born 1931-1935, where the ratio of environmental to genetic effects exceeded those of the other groups. Typical heritability values in the three youngest groups (weighted means) were .43, .51, and .66 for occupation, education, and IQ, respectively. The values in the oldest group were .16, .10, and .37, but this sample is small and the estimates are unstable. Genetic variance influencing educational attainment also contributed approximately one-fourth of the genetic variance for occupational status and nearly half the genetic variance for IQ. The values for the between-families variances (reflecting family environment and assortative mating) varied from 2 to 35% in the three youngest groups but were higher for education (62%) and IQ (45%) in the oldest groups. All the between-families variance was common to all three variables. For educational attainment and IQ, the bulk of this between-families variance is probably genetic variance due to assortative mating. The common-factor environmental within-family variances were generally small, and the specific estimates seemed to contain mainly measurement error.

Achievement↗