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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Dentists' incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: 1952 to 1976. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research.

Throughout the 20-year period from 1952 to 1972, dentists' net incomes, adjusted for inflation, increased and provided greater monetary rewards to the practice of dentistry. Evidence discloses a close association between the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes and the general level of economic activity (measured by the GNP inconstant dollars). Dentists are not immune to temporary recessions. The period from 1972 to 1974, with the imposed fee guidelines of Nixon's Economic Stabilization Act, was unusual. With effective fee guidelines during the latter two phases coupled with freely fluctuating input prices, dentists were caught in an income squeeze. During 1972 to 1974, the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes fell at a rate of 10.1% per year as the price index of practice costs outpaced dentists' fees. After the Economic Stabilization Act expired in 1974, trends returned to normal. Dentists' net incomes increased at rates consistent with changes in the GNP and dentists' fees increased slightly faster than the "Price Index of Cost of Conducting a Dental Practice."

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1977

[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. III. Economic evaluation: results obtained by model calculations (authors transl)].

A reduction of the forced replacement rate is found to be of major economic importance on the farm level. In the model, the income earned from a fifth lactation of a cow showing an average production is approximately Dfl 440 higher than the earned income per annum over the average herd life of 4.3 lactations. A farm with a herd of fifty cows showing average production and an average herd life of 5.3 years will have approximately Dfl 9600 more earned income each year than a similar farm with an average herd life of 3.3 years. The yield resulting from a longer herd life is subject to the law of diminishing returns. For the annual income from a dairy herd, a sixth lactation is of less importance than a fifth lactation, etc. The economic importance of a long herd life appears to be remarkably stable, i.e. hardly affected by: (a) The average productive capacity of the herd as regards milk and/or meat. (Note: Differences in milk-producing capacity within a herd have a marked effect on the economic value of an additional lactation by an individual cow). (b) The presence or absence of a moderate genetic improvement (1 per cent per annum) in milk-yield.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. II. The replacement of dairy cows: an economic model (author's transl)].

A model, initially based on the work of Zeddies (10), is presented , by which the economic aspects of the replacement problem may be studied. First, the principle underlying the replacement decision is discussed. Then, the data to be included in the model are determined. This mainly concerns the elements associated with age, such as milk production, the value of newborn calves, the slaughter of the cows, the feed cost and the cost of a pregnant heifer just before calving. The age-associated probability of culling is also included in the model. A number of questions regarding the economic importance of the duration of herd life have been studied using this model. In the third paper, the results of this application of the model will be presented.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Economic management. Why economic regulation of prevention?].

There is much lip service but little practical every day behavior aiming at prevention. Instructors and practitioners or health promotion and health protection experience much less recognition than the healers of diseases. Infrastructure and training for prevention let much to be desired. Only a political action on a higher level can give preventive measures the weight they deserve. Economic mechanisms seem the most appropriate way of regulation.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1975

An economic perspective on dental practice: the economics of increasing practice size.

Group dental practice is a form of organization which can show substantial professional and public benefits. Part of the support for group practice is derived from an extrapolation of the theory of economies of scale. Applied to dentistry, the theory holds that as practices grow they will be able to use their resources more efficiently than do smaller practices, and lower, thereby, the average costs of producing dental services.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal Relations among Perceived Economic Stress, Teacher-Student Relationships, and Cybervictimization: Exploring Within-Person Links.

Family economic hardship has been identified as a risk factor for adolescents' cybervictimization. Nevertheless, existing studies have primarily focused on objective economic conditions, and little is known about the within-person association between perceived economic stress and adolescents' cybervictimization and the mediating mechanisms underlying this association. To fill these gaps, the random intercept cross-lagged model was employed to examine the dynamic relations among perceived economic stress, teacher-student relationships, and cybervictimization. The data were obtained from a sample of 2407 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.75, SD = 0.58, 50.23% girls at baseline) recruited from seven schools and assessed at three time points over one year. At the between-person level, there were no significant associations among perceived economic stress, teacher-student relationships, and cybervictimization. At the within-person level, perceived economic stress positively predicted later cybervictimization over time, and this effect was unidirectional. The bidirectional relations between perceived economic stress and teacher-student relationships remained stable over time. Cybervictimization significantly and negatively predicted subsequent teacher-student relationships across time, indicating a unidirectional predictive effect. Additionally, perceived economic stress indirectly predicted cybervictimization through teacher-student relationships. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing within-person from between-person processes and shed light on the longitudinal role of teacher-student relationships in the association between perceived economic stress and cybervictimization.

Humans↗