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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Environmental, health and economic conditions perceived by 50 rural communities in Bangladesh.

For randomly selected 50 villages in Bangladesh, an interview survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted to reveal their perception on the environmental, health and economic conditions at present and for the past 10-year change. The eight following items were analyzed in this paper: air pollution and water pollution, which represent environmental conditions with close relation to health conditions, soil degradation and deforestation, which represent environmental conditions with close relation to economic conditions, epidemic diseases and malnutrition, which represent health conditions, and poverty and jobless, which represent economic conditions. Among the 50 villages, deforestation was most frequently perceived serious at present and worsened in the past 10 years. Of the remaining seven items, those related to economic conditions were more seriously perceived than those related to health and environmental conditions. As revealed by the cluster analysis for the inter-item relations, epidemic diseases, which formed the same cluster with the environmental items, were recognized less serious whereas malnutrition, which formed the same cluster with the economic items, was recognized more serious. These findings are useful not only for rural development programs but also for mitigation programs toward health and environmental hazards in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1984

International drug treaties: the connexion between ratification and social and economic conditions.

This study examines social and economic conditions in 152 countries and relates them to ratification of the two major international drug control treaties , the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The findings show that: (i) countries which ratified only the Single Convention had the greatest drug problems; (ii) ratifications were more common among developed countries than developing ones; (iii) ratifications were not more common among larger countries or those having higher expenditures on health and education, but they were more common among older U.N. member countries and those having ratified more non-drug treaties ; (iv) the best predictors of ratifications were a high level of life expectancy, a high degree of economic development and a substantial drug problem. The trend has been for more countries to ratify these treaties over time. However, a shorter-term solution would involve international support for those poorer countries which have not yet ratified them. Technical advice in the form of legal experts and translators is one example of such support.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2004

Significant correlation of trauma epidemiology with the economic conditions of a community.

HYPOTHESIS: Depressed economic conditions are associated with increased trauma and violent crime. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data. SETTING AND INTERVENTIONS: Population and labor force data from 1992 to 2002 were obtained from the state Employment Development Department and the US Census Bureau. County data regarding the total number of trauma activations and mechanism of trauma were recorded. Crime statistics were obtained from the state Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Correlation statistics were performed. Health care coverage for victims of penetrating trauma was also analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation between unemployment rate, trauma epidemiology, and crime indexes. RESULTS: The correlation between the percentage penetrating trauma and the unemployment rate was R = 0.92 (Orange County, California) and R = 0.95 (Los Angeles County, California) (P<.001). The unemployment rate was also tightly correlated with Federal Bureau of Investigation crime indexes in both counties and in the state (P<.001). The overall county population was positively correlated with the total number of trauma occurrences in both counties (P<.001) but was negatively correlated with the number of penetrating traumas and crime indexes (P<.001). Seventy-five percent of penetrating trauma victims had no health care coverage or had state or county aid only. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of violent crime in a community is closely associated with the unemployment rate of that community and will vary longitudinally over time. The overall county population is less important. These data may be used for public policy initiatives regarding resource allocation to trauma centers, law enforcement planning, and programs aimed at crime prevention.

California↗
PubMed1999

A note on 'Economic conditions and alcohol problems'.

This paper reexamines the effect of the business cycle on alcohol consumption using U.S. state-level analysis introduced by Rhum [Ruhm, C.J., 1995. Economic conditions and alcohol problems. Journal of Health Economics 14, 583-603]. Using an extended panel, this analysis finds that Ruhm's estimates are biased and inconsistent due to the problem of non-stationarity in alcohol consumption and state economic condition time series. Corrected estimation using logarithmic first differences confirms Ruhm's original finding of pro-cyclical alcohol consumption, but these results, unlike Ruhm's, are robust to sample period.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[On activities of sanitary-epidemiological services under new economic conditions. The data of sociological study].

The paper deals with a pressing problem: activities of centers of sanitary and epidemiological survey under new economic conditions. The authors discuss problems of centralization and adaptation of sanitary epidemiological service under present-day economic conditions. They analyze the opinions of heads of sanitary epidemiological institutions from various regions of Russia on the present-day status of organization and management of the service. Assessment of the sources of additional financing of the institutions, of new forms of labor organization of departments and specialists, of distribution of additional allotments at sanitary epidemiological institutions is presented. Suggestions on improvement of the activities of institutions engaged in sanitary epidemiological survey under conditions of reformation of sanitary epidemiological service are offered.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1985

Socio-economic conditions in childhood and mortality and morbidity caused by coronary heart disease in adulthood in rural Finland.

In this study, the hypothesis that bad socio-economic conditions in childhood may increase the probability of coronary heart disease in adulthood is examined. The study is based partly on the data of the East-West Study in Finland, which is part of the Seven Countries Study. The study began with 823 men in Eastern Finland and 888 men in Western Finland in 1959. The mortality and morbidity of the cohorts were followed from 1959 to 1974. Risk factors were measured in medical examinations in 1959, 1964, 1969 and 1974. Parents of those included in the sample were traced by using parish registers from 1900 to 1919. Over 90% of those in the East-West Study were found. The parents' socio-economic position (socio-economic conditions in childhood) was determined. According to our findings, the relative risks of coronary death, myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease are systematically increased for those born landless in East Finland. Variables partly explaining the increased risk were body height and smoking. The effect of cholesterol was negligible.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Assessing the effects of global warming and local social and economic conditions on the malaria transmission.

OBJECTIVE: To show how a mathematical model can be used to describe and to understand the malaria transmission. METHODS: The effects on malaria transmission due to the impact of the global temperature changes and prevailing social and economic conditions in a community were assessed based on a previously presented compartmental model, which describes the overall transmission of malaria. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The assessments were made from the scenarios produced by the model both in steady state and dynamic analyses. Depending on the risk level of malaria, the effects on malaria transmission can be predicted by the temperature ambient or local social and-economic conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of health care of the urban population under new economic conditions].

Presents a model of reorganization of medical service for the urban population under novel economic conditions, which is effective from economic, medical, and social viewpoints. The model is based on the family medicine principle and provides the creation of an effective system of disease prevention, consisting in dynamic follow-up of the health status of the population in the Ukraine.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2003

Does bone mineralization reflect economic conditions? An examination using a national US sample.

BACKGROUND: Bone density is the most important determinant of osteoporotic fractures, which lead to significant morbidity, disability and mortality for older persons, particularly women. Sensitive periods for bone mineralization in infancy, childhood and adolescence overlap with those for height attainment. After peak density is reached in early adulthood, there is age-related decline. We ask whether bone density, as height, reflects economic conditions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of the US population which over-sampled Blacks and Mexican Americans, we examine the associations between adult bone mineral content (BMC) adjusted for bone and body size and three economic indicators: education, height and the poverty income ratio (PIR). We compare four groups: US-born Whites, Blacks and Mexican Americans and Mexican-born Mexican Americans. RESULTS: Education is positively associated with BMC only for White women, although there are similar, non-significant associations for Black women and White and Black men. For women, BMC is more strongly associated with height for Mexican Americans, especially the Mexican-born, than for Whites. For men, the only significant association is a negative one with education for men born in Mexico. PIR is not significantly associated with BMC, although there is pattern of lower income being associated with lower BMC for Whites and Blacks and higher BMC for Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION: Bone density does not reflect economic conditions as strongly or consistently as does physical stature. However, for women there is evidence that lower economic status in childhood or adolescence is associated with lower bone density.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Self-rated economic condition and the health of elderly persons in Hong Kong.

Studies have documented that health and income are important variables affecting the quality of life in old age. However, there is little knowledge about whether perceived financial sufficiency affects the health of elderly persons. Recent research has documented that in addition to material and behavioural determinants, psychosocial pathways also have an influence on health inequalities. This is the first paper to examine the relation between self-rated economic condition (measured with a single item question) and reported health conditions (i.e., somatic complaints, diagnosed physical diseases, functional health (Activities of Daily Living), self-rated health, and mental health status (General Health Questionnaire-30 [GHQ-30]) among elderly persons in Hong Kong. The respondents of the study were persons aged 65 and over residing in public housing estates in the Southern District of Hong Kong Island. Four hundred and fifty respondents were interviewed in 1995 by means of a structured questionnaire. The study found that although it did not record the actual income levels of the respondents, the subjective measure vividly demonstrated the health differentials among the elderly respondents. Multiple regression analyses suggested that self-rated economic condition was a significant predictor of the number of somatic complaints and physical illnesses reported, as well as of functional health, self-rated health, and mental health status (controlling for socio-demographic variables). However, the measure explained a higher proportion of variance in models related to psychological health than those related to physical health. The findings substantiated the role of psychosocial processes in understanding perceived health and illness and health inequalities in particular.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1980

The influence of the sun, moon, climate and economic conditions on crisis incidence.

Investigated the relationship between 2,344 cases of crisis incidence over a 1-year period (1976) and geophysical, climatic and seasonal conditions. Results revealed an intricate interactive effect between the variables of sex, nature of crisis, period of analysis, and environmental conditions. Males crisis became more likely, with downward economic trends or decreased solar activity. In contrast to female incidence of crisis, which peaked in spring, that of males peaked in autumn. Increased solar activity was related strongly to the incidence of crisis experienced by people who were retarded, abused drugs and were guilty of assault and/or rape. The waxing of the moon was related closely to cases of assault and/or rape, while retardates were influenced further by the moisture content in the air. Temporal considerations revealed a positive relationship between full moon and crisis incidence on alternate months only. Generally, the increased cloud cover, rainfall and temperature in summer, gave rise to more crisis consultations. Finally, geophysical, climatic and economic conditions also were seen to act in conjunction with each other to influence crisis incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Improvement in the management of medical care under the new economic conditions].

The tasks of economic methods of medical care administration include a rigid mechanism uniting quality and scope of activities with the amount of economic stimulation. This ensures protection of the patients from inadequate medical care. Expertise control commissions are forms of moral and psychological training of medical personnel for work in conditions of budget-insurance medicine.

Health Services↗
PubMed1989

[Experience with the organization of research in phthisiopulmonology under present economic conditions].

Transfer to new economic forms of management in the branch science requires, methodological lay-out with due regard for the medical science specificity. On the model of phthisiopulmonology, the Moscow Research Institute of Tuberculosis, the RSFSR Ministry of Public Health, is developing a new system for the work of scientific institutions (a problem research centre, PRC). The system is based on solution of a number of scientific and organizational tasks: development of the procedure for choosing goals and problems, estimation of the priority of the trends in research studies, development of efficient procedures for introduction of scientific achievements into practice, establishment of economic control levers for management of the science and introduction into practice of its achievements, etc. The primary experience indicated that the PRC was promising when a system approach to organization of its activity and adequate methods for planning and arrangement of the branch science were used.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation in adult body dimensions in relation to economic condition among the Mahishyas of Howrah district, West Bengal, India.

The body dimensions of adults in three economic subgroups of the Mahishya caste population of Chakpota village, Howrah district, West Bengal, India, were studied. In both sexes, with the decline in economic condition values of body size measurements, skinfold thickness, body fat and anthropometric indices decrease, with the exception of the ponderal index, the value of which increases. The sex difference in height increases with increasing economic status. The correlation between weight and height is highest in the low economic subgroups.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Breastfeeding, socio-economic conditions and nutritional status of children younger than 12 months in Brazil.

Taking account of socio-economic determinants such as maternal education and family income, nutritional status and its relationship to breastfeeding and socio-economic conditions were studied in 419 children aged 3-12 months in the city of Niterói in south-eastern Brazil. Data were obtained by sampling a population during a high coverage (90%) vaccination campaign in 1992. After stratifying by maternal educational level, the relative risk (prevalence ratio) for height-for-age (H/A) Z-score < -1 in relation to no breastfeeding was 2.2 (95% CI 1.1-4.2) for families where mothers had been educated for less than 4 years and 0.7 (95% CI 0.4-1.1) otherwise, indicating a significant interaction (modifying effect) between breastfeeding and the control variable (chi 2 = 7.4; p = 0.006). Similar results were found when family income was used as the stratification variable (RR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3 in the lower and RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.2 in the higher income stratum; chi 2 = 6.7; p = 0.009). The population-attributable risk fraction indicated that in the age group analysed a reduction of about 40% in the number of children with HAZ < -1 could be achieved in low-income/low-education families by the widespread adoption of breastfeeding.

Brazil↗
PubMed1998

From lynching to gay bashing: the elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime.

Trends in bigoted violence are often explained by reference to frustrations arising from macroeconomic downturns. Historical and recent time-series studies have turned up significant links between economic conditions and lynchings of Blacks in the pre-Depression South (e.g., Hepworth & West, 1988; Hovland & Sears, 1940). However, replicating the time-series analyses of lynching, extending them through the Great Depression, and applying similar techniques to contemporary data fail to provide robust evidence of a link between economic performance and intolerant behavior directed against minorities. The authors speculate that the predictive force of macroeconomic fluctuation is undermined by the rapid rate of decay in the frustration-bred aggressive impulse and the absence of prominent political actors affixing economic blame on target groups.

Adult↗